Venous thromboembolism in chronic gastrointestinal disorders

References

• Zöller B, Li X, Sundquist J, et al. Autoimmune diseases and venous thromboembolism: a review of the literature. Am J Cardiovasc Dis. 2012;2(3):171–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tichelaar YI, Kluin-Nelemans HJ, Meijer K. Infections and inflammatory diseases as risk factors for venous thrombosis. A systematic review. Thromb Haemost. 2012;107(5):827–837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman MG, Hooper WC, Critchley SE, et al. Venous thromboembolism: a public health concern. Am J Prev Med. 2010;38(4):S495–501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Therrien A, Kelly CP, Silvester JA. Celiac disease: extraintestinal manifestations and associated conditions. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2020;54(1):8–21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannotta M, Tapete G, Emmi G, et al. Thrombosis in inflammatory bowel diseases: what’s the link? Thromb J. 2015;13(1):14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Iba T, Levy JH. Inflammation and thrombosis: roles of neutrophils, platelets and endothelial cells and their interactions in thrombus formation during sepsis. J Thromb Haemost. 2018;16(2):231–241 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson SP, Darbousset R, Schoenwaelder SM. Thromboinflammation: challenges of therapeutically targeting coagulation and other host defense mechanisms. Blood. 2019;133(9):906–918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borgel D, Bianchini E, Lasne D, et al. Inflammation in deep vein thrombosis: a therapeutic target? Hematology. 2019;24(1):742–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutua V, Gershwin LJ. A review of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) in disease: potential Anti-NETs therapeutics. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2021;61(2): 194–211 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Branchford BR, Carpenter SL. The role of inflammation in venous thromboembolism. Front Pediatr. 2018;6:142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaric BL, Obradovic M, Bajic V, et al. Homocysteine and hyperhomocysteinaemia. Curr Med Chem. 2019;26(16):2948–2961.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sharma P, Senthilkumar RD, Brahmachari V, et al. Mining literature for a comprehensive pathway analysis: a case study for retrieval of homocysteine related genes for genetic and epigenetic studies. Lipids Health Dis. 2006;5(1):1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai WK, Kan MY. Homocysteine-induced endothelial dysfunction. Ann Nutr Metab. 2015;67(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koupenova M, Clancy L, Corkrey HA, et al. Circulating platelets as mediators of immunity, inflammation, and thrombosis. Circ Res. 2018;122(2):337–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraiem I, Hadhri S, Ben Rejeb M, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and procoagulant profile in tunisians with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2016;22(8):734–742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuffrida P, Aronico N, Rosselli M, et al. Defective spleen function in autoimmune gastrointestinal disorders. Intern Emerg Med. 2020;15(2):225–229.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kirkineska L, Perifanis V, Vasiliadis T. Functional hyposplenism. Hippokratia. 2014;18(1):7–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenti MV, Rugge M, Lahner E, et al. Autoimmune gastritis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2020;6(1):56 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti L, Lenti MV, Di Sabatino A, et al. Seronegative autoimmune atrophic gastritis is more common in elderly patients. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52(11):1310–1314.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miceli E, Lenti MV, Padula D, et al. Common features of patients with autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10(7):812–814.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miceli E, Vanoli A, Lenti MV, et al. Natural history of autoimmune atrophic gastritis: a prospective, single centre, long-term experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(11–12):1172–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Castro KI, Franceschi M, Noto A, et al. Clinical manifestations of chronic atrophic gastritis. Acta Biomed. 2018;89(8–S):88–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Santarelli L, Gabrielli M, Cremonini F, et al. Atrophic gastritis as a cause of hyperhomocysteinaemia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(1):107–111 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenti MV, Lahner E, Bergamaschi G, et al. Cell blood count alterations and patterns of anaemia in autoimmune atrophic gastritis at diagnosis: a multicentre study. J Clin Med. 2019 Nov 15; 8(11):1992.
   Google Scholar
• Welch GN, Loscalzo J, Epstein FH. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1998;338(15):1042–1050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenti MV, Miceli E, Cococcia S, et al. Determinants of diagnostic delay in autoimmune atrophic gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(2):167–175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Den Heijer M, Koster T, Blom HJ, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for deep-vein thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(12):759–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravari H, Zafarghandi MR, Alvandfar D, et al. Serum homocysteine in deep venous thrombosis, peripheral atherosclerosis and healthy Iranians: a case-control study. Pak J Biol Sci. 2009;12(14):1019–1024.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Den Heijer M, Blom HJ, Gerrits WBJ, et al. Is hyperhomocysteinemia a risk factor for recurrent venous thrombosis? Lancet. 1995;345(8954):882–885.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ekim M, Ekim H, Keser Yilmaz Y, et al. Study on relationships among deep vein thrombosis, homocysteine and related B group vitamins. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(2):398–402.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herrmann M, Whiting MJ, Veillard A, et al. Plasma homocysteine and the risk of venous thromboembolism: insights from the FIELD study. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2012;50(12):2213–2219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernández-Miranda C, Yebra Yebra M, Ribera Casado C, et al. Tromboembolia venosa e hiperhomocisteinemia como primera manifestación de una anemia perniciosa [Venous thromboembolism and hyperhomocysteinemia as first manifestation of pernicious anemia]. Rev Clin Esp. 2005;205(10):489–492.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ammouri W, Tazi ZM, Harmouche H, et al. Venous thromboembolism and hyperhomocysteinemia as first manifestation of pernicious anemia: a case series. J Med Case Rep. 2017;11(1):250.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lahner E, Zagari RM, Zullo A, et al. Chronic atrophic gastritis: natural history, diagnosis and therapeutic management. A position paper by the Italian society of hospital gastroenterologists and digestive endoscopists [AIGO], the Italian society of digestive endoscopy [SIED], the Italian society of gastroenterology [SIGE], and the Italian society of internal medicine [SIMI]. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51(12):1621–1632 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ramagopalan SV, Wotton CJ, Handel AE, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism in people admitted to hospital with selected immune-mediated diseases: record-linkage study. BMC Med. 2011;9(1):1 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miehsler W, Reinisch W, Valic E, et al. Is inflammatory bowel disease an independent and disease specific risk factor for thromboembolism? Gut. 2004;53(4):542–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Welander A, Lassila R, et al. Risk of thromboembolism in 14,000 individuals with coeliac disease. Br J Haematol. 2007;139(1):121–127 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ungprasert P, Wijarnpreecha K, Tanratana P. Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with celiac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31(7):1240–1245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johannesdottir SA, Erichsen R, Horva ́th-puho ́ E, et al. Coeliac disease and risk of venous thromboembolism: a nationwide population-based case-control study. Br J Haematol. 2012;157(4):499–501.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zoller B, Li X, Sundquist J, et al. Risk of pulmonary embolism in patients with autoimmune disorders: a nationwide follow-up study from Sweden. Lancet. 2012;9812(9812):244–249. .
   Google Scholar
• Di Sabatino A, Carsetti R, Corazza GR. Post-splenectomy and hyposplenic states. Lancet. 2011;378(9785):86–97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saibeni S, Lecchi A, Meucci G, et al. Prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in adult gluten-sensitive enteropathy at diagnosis: role of B12, folate, and genetics. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005;3(6):574–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laine O, Pitkänen K, Lindfors K, et al. Elevated serum antiphospholipid antibodies in adults with celiac disease. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50(5):457–461.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Turcu A, Bonnotte B, Fein F, et al. Association maladie coeliaque et syndrome des antiphospholipides [Association of celiac disease and antiphospholipid syndrome]. Presse Med. 1998;27(35):1789.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gupta D, Mirza N. Systemic lupus erythematosus, celiac disease and antiphospholipid antibody syndrome: a rare association. Rheumatol Int. 2008;28(11):1179–1180.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jorge O, Jorge A, Camus G. Enfermedad celiaca asociada a síndrome antifosfolípido [Celiac disease associated with antiphospholipid syndrome]. Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 2008;100(2):102–103.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lerner A, Agmon-Levin N, Shapira Y, et al. The thrombophilic network of autoantibodies in celiac disease. BMC Med. 2013;11(1):89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Upadhyay R, Park RH, Russell RI, et al. Acute mesenteric ischaemia: a presenting feature of coeliac disease? Br Med J. 1987;295(6604):958–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzam NA, Al Ashgar H, Dababo M, et al. Mesentric vein thrombosis as a presentation of subclinical celiac disease. Ann Saudi Med. 2006;26(6):471–473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ludvigsson JF, Bai JC, Biagi F, et al. Diagnosis and management of adult coeliac disease: guidelines from the British society of gastroenterology. Gut. 2014;63(8):1210–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai JC, Ciacci C. World gastroenterology organisation global guidelines: celiac disease February 2017. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2017;5(9):755–768.
   Google Scholar
• Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó IR, et al. ESPGHAN working group on coeliac disease diagnosis; ESPGHAN gastroenterology committee; European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition. European society for pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology, and nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012;54(1):136–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabó I, et al. European society paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition guidelines for diagnosing coeliac disease 2020. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(1):141–156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beyrouti R, Mansour M, Kacem A, et al. Recurrent cerebral venous thrombosis revealing celiac disease: an exceptional case report. Acta Neurol Belg. 2017;117(1):341–343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tuire I, Marja-Leena L, Teea S, et al. Persistent duodenal intraepithelial lymphocytosis despite a long-term strict gluten-free diet in celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):1563–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szakács Z, Mátrai P, Hegyi P, et al. Younger age at diagnosis predisposes to mucosal recovery in celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: a meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2017;12(11):e0187526.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheng K, Faye AS. Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2020;26(12):1231–1241.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grainge MJ, West J, Card TR. Venous thromboembolism during active disease and remission in inflammatory bowel disease: a cohort study. Lancet. 2010;375(9715):657–663.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grip O, Svensson PJ, Lindgren S. Inflammatory bowel disease promotes venous thrombosis earlier in life. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;35(6):619–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloan WP Jr, Bargen JA, Gage RP. Life histories of patients with chronic ulcerative colitis: a review of 2,000 cases. Gastroenterology. 1950;16(1):25–38.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talbot RW, Heppell J, Dozois RR, et al. Vascular complications of inflammatory bowel disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1986;61(2):140–145.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein CN, Blanchard JF, Houston DS, et al. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism among patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a population-based cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2001;85(3):430–434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saleh T, Matta F, Yaekoub AY, et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism with inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2011;17(3):254–258.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali F, Al-Kindi SG, Blank JJ, et al. Elevated venous thromboembolism risk following colectomy for IBD is equal to those for colorectal cancer for ninety days after surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018;61(3):375–381.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen GC, Sam J. Rising prevalence of venous thromboembolism and its impact on mortality among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103(9):2272–2280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vegh Z, Golovics PA, Lovasz BD, et al. Low incidence of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel diseases: prevalence and predictors from a population-based inception cohort. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50(3):306–311.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isene R, Bernklev T, Høie O, et al., EC-IBD Study Group. Thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a prospective, population-based European inception cohort. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2014;49(7):820–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faye AS, Wen T, Ananthakrishnan AN, et al. Acute venous thromboembolism risk highest within 60 days after discharge from the hospital in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(5):1133–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ando K, Fujiya M, Nomura Y, et al. The incidence and risk factors of venous thromboembolism in Japanese inpatients with inflammatory bowel disease: a retrospective cohort study. Intest Res. 2018;16(3):416–425.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCurdy JD, Israel A, Hasan M, et al. A clinical predictive model for post-hospitalisation venous thromboembolism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(12):1493–1501 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nylund CM, Goudie A, Garza JM, et al. Venous thrombotic events in hospitalized children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56(5):485–491.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kappelman MD, Horvath-Puho E, Sandler RS, et al. Thromboembolic risk among Danish children and adults with inflammatory bowel diseases: a population-based nationwide study. Gut. 2011;60(7):937–943.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen AT, Erichsen R, Horváth-Puhó E, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and venous thromboembolism during pregnancy and the postpartum period. J Thromb Haemost. 2017;15(4):702–708.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim YH, Pfaller B, Marson A, et al. The risk of venous thromboembolism in women with inflammatory bowel disease during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019;98(38):e17309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bollen L, Vande Casteele N, Ballet V, et al. Thromboembolism as an important complication of inflammatory bowel disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28(1):1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Solem CA, Loftus EV, Tremaine WJ, et al. Venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004;99(1):97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weng MT, Park SH, Matsuoka K, et al. Incidence and risk factor analysis of thromboembolic events in East Asian patients with inflammatory bowel disease, a multinational collaborative study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(8):1791–1800.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alhassan N, Trepanier M, Sabapathy C, et al. Risk factors for post-discharge venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing colorectal resection: a NSQIP analysis. Tech Coloproctol. 2018;22(12):955–964.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McKechnie T, Wang J, Springer JE, et al. Extended thromboprophylaxis following colorectal surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a comprehensive systematic clinical review. Colorectal Dis. 2020;22(6):663–678.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarlos P, Szemes K, Hegyi P, et al. Steroid but not biological therapy elevates the risk of venous thromboembolic events in inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2018;12(4):489–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Panés J, Sands BE, et al. Venous thromboembolic events in the tofacitinib ulcerative colitis clinical development programme. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;50(10):1068–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins PD, Skup M, Mulani PM, et al. Increased risk of venous thromboembolic events with corticosteroid vs biologic therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:316–321.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ananthakrishnan AN, Cagan A, Gainer VS, et al. Thromboprophylaxis is associated with reduced post-hospitalization venous thromboembolic events in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(11):1905–1910.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen GC, Bernstein CN, Bitton A, et al. Consensus statements on the risk, prevention, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: Canadian Association of Gastroenterology. Gastroenterology. 2014;146(3):835–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American college of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;142(Suppl):141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ra G, Thanabalan R, Ratneswaran S, et al. Predictors and safety of venous thromboembolism prophylaxis among hospitalized inflammatory bowel disease patients. J Crohns Colitis. 2013;7(10):e479–e485.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenti MV, Armuzzi A, Castiglione F, et al., IG-IBD. Are we choosing wisely for inflammatory bowel disease care? The IG-IBD choosing wisely campaign. Dig Liver Dis. 2020;52(1):44–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hochart H, Jenkins PV, Smith OP, et al. Low-molecular weight and unfractionated heparins induce a downregulation of inflammation: decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and nuclear factor-kappaB in LPS-stimulated human monocytes. Br J Haematol. 2006 Apr;133(1):62–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bazzoni G, Beltran NA, Mascellani G, et al. Effect of heparin, dermatan sulfate and related oligo-derivatives on human polymorphonuclear leukocyte function. J Lab Clin Med. 1993;121(2):268–275.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tyrrell DJ, Kilfeather S, Page DC. Heparin beyond its traditional role as an anticoagulant. Trend Pharmacol Sci. 1995;16(6):198–204
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vitiello A, Ferrara F. Low molecular weight heparin, anti-inflammatory/Immunoregulatory and antiviral effects, a short update. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2021. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10557-021-07251-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLeod RS, Geerts WH, Sniderman KW, et al. Canadian colorectal surgery DVT prophylaxis trial investigators.Subcutaneous heparin versus low-molecular-weight heparin as thromboprophylaxis in patients undergoing colorectal surgery: results of the Canadian colorectal DVT prophylaxis trial: a ran-domized,double-blind trial. Ann Surg. 2001;233(3):438–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming FJ, Kim MJ, Salloum RM, et al. How much do we need to worry about venous thromboembolism after hospital discharge? A study of colorectal surgery patients using the national surgical quality improvement program da- tabase. Dis Colon Rectum. 2010;53(10):1355–1360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming F, Gaertner W, Ternent CA, et al. The American society of colon and rectal surgeons clinical practice guideline for the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease in colorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2018 Jan;61(1):14–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carty E, MacEy M, Rampton DS. Inhibition of platelet activation by 5-aminosalicylic acid in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2000;14:1169–1179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas G, Skrinska VA, Lucas FV. The influence of glutathione and other thiols on human platelet aggregation. Thromb Res. 1986;44(6):859–866.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hommes DW, van Dullemen HM, Levi M, et al. Beneficial effect of treatment with a monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody on markers of coagulation and fibrinolysis in patients with active Crohn’s disease. Haemostasis. 1997;27(6):269–277.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papa A, Tursi A, Danese S, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: the role of pharmacological therapy and surgery. J Clin Med. 2020;9(7):2115.
   Google Scholar
• Kahn SR, Lim W, Dunn AS, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonsurgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of chest physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2):e419S–e496S.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mowat C, Cole A, Windsor A, et al. IBD section of the British society of gastroenterology. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut. 2011;60(5):571–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gionchetti P, Dignass A, Danese S, et al.; ECCO. 3rd European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of Crohn’s Disease 2016: part 2: surgical management and special situations. J Crohns Colitis. 2017;11(2):135–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bièvre MA, Vrij AA, Schoon EJ, et al. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of low molecular weight heparin in active ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2007;13(6):753–758.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen GC, Bernstein CN. Duration of anticoagulation for the management of venous thromboembolism in inflammatory bowel disease: a decision analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(9):1486–1495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colecchia A, Sandri L, Capodicasa S, et al. Diverticular disease of the colon: new perspectives in symptom development and treatment. World J Gastroenterol. 2003;9(7):1385–1389.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Floch MH, White J. Diverticulitis: new concepts and new therapies. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2005;39(5):355–356.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strate LL, Modi R, Cohen E, et al. Diverticular disease as a chronic illness: evolving epidemiologic and clinical insights. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(10):1486–1493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harpaz N, Sachar DB. Segmental colitis associated with diverticular disease and other IBD look-alikes. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2006;40(Suppl 3):S132–5 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imperiali G, Meucci G, Alvisi C, et al. Segmental colitis associated with diverticula: a prospective study. Gruppo di Studio per le Malattie Infiammatorie Intestinali (GSMII). Am J Gastroenterol. 2000;95(4):1014–1016.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Horgan AF, McConnell EJ, Wolff BG, et al. Atypical diverticular disease: surgical results. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001;44(9):1315–1318.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kealy WF. Lymphoid tissue and lymphoid-glandular complexes of the colon: relation to diverticulosis. J Clin Pathol. 1976;29(3):245–249.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strate LL, Erichsen R, Horváth-Puhó E, et al. Diverticular disease is associated with increased risk of subsequent arterial and venous thromboembolic events. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12(10):1695–701.e1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Choudhry AJ, Baghdadi YM, Amr MA, et al. Pylephlebitis: a Review of 95 Cases. J Gastrointest Surg. 2016;20(3):656–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto S, Lerner T, Lingamaneni G, et al. Superior mesenteric vein thrombosis as a complication of cecal diverticulitis: a case report. Int J Surg Case Rep. 2016;25:71–74.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lenti MV, Aronico N, Giuffrida P, et al. Multidimensional prognostic index predicts clinical outcome and mortality in hospitalised older patients with diverticular disease. Gerontology. 2021;13:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Rothenberg ME. Eosinophilic gastrointestinal disorders (EGID). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113(1):11–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hentschel F, Lüth S. Eosinophile Erkrankungen des Gastrointes tinaltrakts [Eosinophilic Gastrointestinal Disorders]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2019;144(1):46–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dellon ES. Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2014;43(2):201–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen ET, Martin CF, Kappelman MD, et al. Prevalence of eosinophilic gastritis, gastroenteritis, and colitis: estimates from a national administrative database. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;62(1):36–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Meng X, Feng J, et al. Hypereosinophilia with concurrent venous thromboembolism: clinical features, potential risk factors, and short-term outcomes in a Chinese cohort. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):8359.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moosbauer C, Morgenstern E, Cuvelier SL, et al. Eosinophils are a major intravascular location for tissue factor storage and exposure. Blood. 2007;109(3):995–1002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hogan SP, Rosenberg HF, Moqbel R, et al. Eosinophils: biological properties and role in health and disease. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008;38(5):709–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulkerson PC, Rothenberg ME. Targeting eosinophils in allergy, inflammation and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013;12(2):117–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santana García S, Fuertes Martín A, Guerrero Peral AL, et al. Gastroenteritis eosinofílica y tromboembolismo pulmonar. Asociación casual? [Eosinophilic gastroenteritis and pulmonary thromboembolism. A chance association?]. An Med Interna. 1995;12(2):73–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar