Mining on communal land as a new frontier –a case study of the Kunene Region, Namibia

References

• Abuya, W. (2017). Resource conflict in Kenya’s titanium mining industry: Ethno-ecology and the redefinition of ownership, control, and compensation. Development Southern Africa, 34(5), 593–606.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agnes Kahimbi Kashela v Katima Mulilo Town Council and Others (SA 15/2017) (2018). NASC 409.
   Google Scholar
• Aryee, B., Ntibery, B., & Atorkui, E. (2003). Trends in the small-scale mining of precious minerals in Ghana: A perspective on its environmental impact. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11(2), 131–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakkes, C., & Fargnoli, M. (2017). Report field visit to okaaruu mining claim sites july 18, 2017. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Bebbington, A., Bornschlegl, T., & Johnson, A. (2013). Political economies of extractive industry: From documenting complexity to informing current debates. Development and Change, 1–16. doi:10.1111/dech.12057
   Google Scholar
• Bernard, H. (2006). Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. Lanham, Md. [etc.]: AltaMira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bollig, M. (2016). Towards an Arid Eden? Boundary-making, governance and benefit-sharing and the political ecology of the new commons of Kunene Region, Northern Namibia. The International Journal of the Commons, 10(2), 771–799.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollig, M., & Gewald, J. B. (2000). People, cattle and land-transformations of pastoral society: An introduction. Cologne: Köppe.
   Google Scholar
• Bollig, M., & Olwage, E. (2016). The political ecology of hunting in Namibia’s Kaokoveld: From Dorsland Trekkers’ elephant hunts to trophy-hunting in contemporary conservancies. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 34(1), 61–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowell, R., Ermolina, O., van der Plas, W., van Us, J., & Steiner, M. (2013). Minerals of the Kaokoveld district Kunene region, Namibia. Mineralogical Record, 44(5), 485–504.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, D., & Geenen, S. (2016). Artisanal frontier mining of gold in Africa: Labour transformation in Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo. African Affairs, 115(459), 296–317.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chamber of Mines of Namibia. (2016). Annual Review 2016. Windhoek: Camber of Commerce.
   Google Scholar
• Chigumira, E. (2018). A political ecology of agrarian transformation: The nexus of mining and agriculture in Sanyati District, Zimbabwe. Journal of Rural Studies, 61, 265–276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craven, P. (2002). Plant species diversity in the Kaokoveld, Namibia. In M. Bollig, E. Brunotte, & T. Becker (Eds.), Kaokoland—Interdisziplindre Perspektiven zu Kultur-und Landschaftswandel im ariden und semi-ariden Nordwesten Namibias (pp. 23–31). Cologne: Geographisches Institut der Universität zu Köln.
   Google Scholar
• de Vette, M. (2009). Emergent properties in community-based natural resource management. The case of conservancy formation in Caprivi, Namibia (Unpublished Master Thesis). Wageningen University, Wageningen.
   Google Scholar
• de Vette, M., Kashululu, R.M., & Hebinck, P. (2012). Conservancies in Namibia: A discourse in action. In B. Arts, S. van Bommel, M. Ros-Tonen, & G. Verschoor (Eds.), Forest-people interfaces (pp. 121–139). Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Dobler, G. (2008). From scotch whisky to Chinese Sneakers: International commodity flows and new trade networks in Oshikango, Namibia. Africa, 78(3), 410–432.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobler, G. (2017). China and Namibia, 1990 to 2015: How a new actor changes the dynamics of political economy. Review of African Political Economy, 44(153), 449–465.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisher, E. (2007). Occupying the margins: Labour integration and social exclusion in artisanal mining in Tanzania. Development and Change, 38(4), 735–760.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. (1991). Governmentality. In G. Burchell, P. Gordon, & P. Miller (Eds.), The Foucault effect. Studies of governmentality (pp. 87–105). Chicago: Chicago University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Namibia. (1990). The Constitution of the Republic of Namibia. Windhoek: Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Government of the Republic of Namibia and Another v Cultura 2000 and Another (SA 2/92) (1993). NASC 1.
   Google Scholar
• GSC. (2017). Environmental assessment for the SEAMCO proposed copper processing facility near Omao Village in Kunene Region: Scoping report. Final version. Windhoek: GSC Consultanants Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Guyer, J. (1981). Household and community in African Studies. African Studies Review, 24(2/3), 87–137.
   Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. (2003). Editorial. Introduction to this special issue on environmental management in the small-scale mining industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 11, 91–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilson, G. (2010). Child labour in African artisanal mining communities: Experiences from Northern Ghana. Development and Change, 41(3), 445–473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoole, A. (2008). Community-Based Conservation and Protected Areas in Namibia: Social-Ecological Linkages for Biodiversity (PhD). University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba.
   Google Scholar
• Jacobson, P., Jacobson, K.M., & Seely, M.K. (1995). Ephemeral rivers and their catchments: Sustaining people and development in Western Namibia. Windhoek: Desert Research Foundation of Namibia.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, S., & Zenker, O. (2015). Homelands as Frontiers: Apartheid’s loose ends - an introduction. Journal of Southern African Studies, 41(5), 937–952.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, B. (1999). Policy lessons from the evolution of a community-based approach to wildlife management, Kunene Region, Namibia. Journal of International Development, 11(2), 295–304.
   Google Scholar
• Jønsson, J., & Bryceson, D. (2009). Rushing for gold: Mobility and small‐scale mining in East Africa. Development and Change, 40(2), 249–279.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J.S.I. Consultancy. (2017a). Background information document extraction and processing of copper sulphate ore concentrate in mining claims in Otuani, Kunene Region. Windhoek: JSI Consultancy.
   Google Scholar
• J.S.I. Consultancy. (2017b). Background information document for small scale exploration activities in mining claims 67568-67575 in Okaaruu, Kunene Region. Windhoek: JSI Consultancy.
   Google Scholar
• Kaplinsky, R., & Morris, M. (2009). Chinese FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa: Engaging with large dragons. The European Journal of Development Research, 21(4), 551–569.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kashululu, R.M. (2008). Conservancy as an arena of power struggle. A case study of Uukwaludhi Conservancy, Namibia. Wageningen: Wageningen University.
   Google Scholar
• Kiaka, R. (2018). Environmental (In)Justice in Namibia. Costs and benefits of community-based water and wildlife management (Unpublished PhD Thesis). University of Hamburg, Hamburg.
   Google Scholar
• Koot, S., & Hitchcock, R. (2019). In the way: Perpetuating land dispossession of the indigenous Hai//om and the collective action lawsuit for Etosha National Park and Mangetti West, Namibia. Nomadic Peoples, 23(1), 55–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopytoff, I. (1987). The African frontier: The reproduction of traditional African societies. Bloomington, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Korf, B., Hagmann, T., & Doevenspeck, M. (2013). Geographies of violence and sovereignty: The African frontier revisited. In B. K & T. Raeymaekers (Eds.), Violence on the Margins (pp. 29–54). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Kronenburg García, A., & van Dijk, H. (2019). Towards a theory of claim-making: Bridging access and property theory. Society & Natural Resources, 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, M., Mearns, R., & Scoones, I. (1997). Community-based sustainable development: Consensus or conflict? IDS Bulletin, 28(4), 1–3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legal Assistance Centre, & Namibia National Farmers’ Union. (2009). Guide to the Communal Land Reform Act, 2002 (No. 5 of 2002). Windhoek: Legal Assitance Centre/Namibia National Farmer's Union.
   Google Scholar
• Legal Assistance Centre, & Stanford Law School. (2009). Striking a better balance: An investigation of mining practices in Namibia’s protected areas. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre. Retrieved from http://www.lac.org.na/projects/lead/Pdf/StrikingaBetterBalance.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Littlewood, D. (2014). ‘Cursed’ Communities? Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Company towns and the mining industry in Namibia. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(1), 39–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlewood, D. (2015). Corporate social responsibility, mining and sustainable development in Namibia: Critical reflections through a relational lens. Development Southern Africa, 32(2), 240–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lombe, W. (2003). Editorial. Small scale mining and the environment: Bloom beyond the doom and gloom? Journal of Cleaner Production, 11, 95–96.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long, N. (2000). Exploring local/global transformations. In A. Arce & N. Long (Eds.), Anthropology, Development and Modernities: Exploring discourses, counter-tendencies, and violence (pp. 184–201). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Long, N. (2001). Development sociology: Actor perspectives. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lubilo, R. (2018). Enactment of ‘community’ in community-based natural resource management in the Zambezi region, Namibia (Unpublished PhD thesis). Wageningen University, Wageningen.
   Google Scholar
• Mapaure, I., Chimwamurombe, P.M., Mapani, B.S., & Kamona, F.A. (2011). Impacts of mine dump pollution on plant species diversity, composition and structure of a semiarid savanna in Namibia. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 28(3), 149–154.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinzen-Dick, R., & Pradhan, R. (2001). Implications of legal pluralism for natural resource management.In L. Mehta, M. Leach, & I. Scoones Eds. Environmental governance in an uncertain world, (Vol. 32, no.4, pp. 10–17). Brighton: Institute of Development Studies, University of Sussex.
   Google Scholar
• Melber, H. (2010). Economic and social transformation in the process of colonisation: Society and state before and during German rule. In C. Keulder (Ed.), State, society and democracy. A reader in Namibian politics (pp. 16–49). Windhoek: Macmillan Education Namibia.
   Google Scholar
• Melber, H. (2018). Namibia Africa yearbook (Vol. 14, pp. 485–493). Boston/Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• MET, & MME. (2017). National policy on prospecting and mining in protected areas (February 2017). Windhoek: Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• MME. (2004). Minerals Policy of Namibia. Windhoek: Ministry of Mines and Energy.
   Google Scholar
• Nuulimba, K., & Taylor, J. (2015). 25 years of CBNRM in Namibia: A retrospective on accomplishments, contestation and contemporary challenges. Journal of Namibian Studies: History Culture Politics, 18, 89–110.
   Google Scholar
• Odendaal, W., Bakkes, C., & Fargnoli, M. (2017a). Notes Field Visit to Otuani Mine Site, September 6, 2017. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Odendaal, W., Bakkes, C., & Fargnoli, M. (2017b). Notes Field Visit to Okaaruu Mine Site, September 7, 2017. Windhoek: Legal Assistance Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrom, E. (1992). Crafting institutions for self-governing irrigation systems. San Francisco: ICS.
   Google Scholar
• Poteete, A., & Ostrom, E. (2004). Heterogeneity, group size and collective action: The role of institutions in forest management. Development and Change, 35, 435–461.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, M., & Lund, C. (2018). Reconfiguring frontier spaces: The territorialization of resource control. World Development, 101, 388–399.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renkhoff, N. (2011). Public Participation in the development of mining in Namibia – Towards a benefit-sharing relationship between occupants of communal land and the mining industry. In O. Ruppel & G. Winter (Eds.), Justice from within legal pluralism in Africa and beyond. Liber amicorum manfred O. Hinz (pp. 134–147). Windhoek: University of Namibia.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Namibia. (1992). The minerals (prospecting and mining) act 33 of 1992. Windhoek: Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Namibia. (1995a). Nature conservation amendment act, 1996 (No. 5 of 1996). Windhoek: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Namibia. (1995b). The traditional authorities act, 1995 (No. 17 of 1995). Windhoek: Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Namibia. (1996). The nature conservation amendment act 5 of 1996. Windhoek: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Namibia. (2002). Communal land reform act of 2002. Windhoek: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Namibia. (2007). Environmental management act. Windhoek: Government Printer.
   Google Scholar
• Ribot, J., & Peluso, N. (2003). A theory of access. Rural Sociology, 68(2), 153–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, J., & Li, X.C. (2002). Environmental impact of diamond mining on continental shelf sediments off southern Namibia. Quaternary International, 92(1), 101–112.
   Google Scholar
• Schnegg, M. (2018). Institutional multiplexity: Social networks and community-based natural resource management. Sustainability Science, 13(4), 1017–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, G. (2009). Treasures of the Diamond Coast: A century of diamond mining in Namibia. Windhoek: Macmillan Education Namibia Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, J.C. (1998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sikor, T., & Lund, C. (2009). Access and property: A question of power and authority. Development and Change, 40(1), 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terminski, B. (2012). Mining-induced displacement and resettlement: Social problem and human rights issue. Geneva: University of Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Van der Walt, A.J. (1999). Constitutional property clauses: A comparative analysis. Cape Town and Cambridge (Mass., USA): Juta and Kluwer Law Intl.
   Google Scholar
• Von Benda-Beckmann, F. (2002). Who’s afraid of legal pluralism? Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law, 47, 1–46.
   Google Scholar
• Von Benda-Beckmann, F., Von Benda-Beckmann, K., & Wiber, M. (2006a). The properties of property. In F. von Benda-Beckmann, K. von Benda-Beckmann, & M. Wiber (Eds.), Changing properties of property (pp. 1–39). Oxford: Berghahn Press.
   Google Scholar
• Von Benda-Beckmann, F., Von Benda-Beckmann, K., & Wiber, M. (Eds.). (2006b). Changing properties of property. Oxford: Berghahn Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wallace, M. (2011). A history of Namibia. From the beginning to 1990. Cape Town: Jacana Press.
   Google Scholar
• Werner, W. (1993). A brief history of land dispossession in Namibia. Journal of Southern African Studies, 19(1), 135–146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin, R. (2017). Case study research and applications: Design and methods. London: Sage publications.
   Google Scholar