192
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The paradigm shift to end tuberculosis. Are we ready to assume the changes?

, , &
Pages 565-579 | Received 01 Feb 2017, Accepted 24 May 2017, Published online: 05 Jun 2017

References

  • Monedero I, Caminero JA, Bhavaraju R, et al. The changing landscape in drug resistant-tuberculosis: an analysis of recent advances. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016;10(6):603–606.
  • Keshavjee S, Farmer PE. Tuberculosis, drug resistance, and the history of modern medicine. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(10):931–936.
  • Gandhi NR, Moll A, Sturm AW, et al. Extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis as a cause of death in patients co-infected with tuberculosis and HIV in a rural area of South Africa. Lancet. 2006;368(9547):1575–1580.
  • WHO. Anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world. Fourth Global Report. WHO/HTM/TB/2008.394. Geneva, Switzerland WHO; 2008.
  • WHO. Global tuberculosis report 2016. WHO/HTM/TB/2016.13, editor2016.
  • Glaziou P, Floyd K, Weil D, et al. TB deaths rank alongside HIV deaths as top infectious killer. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(2):143–144.
  • WHO. WHO treatment guidelines for drug-resistant tuberculosis. 2016 update. WHO/HTM/TB/2016.04: World Health Organization; 2016.
  • WHO. The use of molecular line probe assays for the detection of mutations associated with resistance tofluoroquinolones (FQs) and second-line injectable drugs (SLIDs). Policy guidance.2016.
  • WHO. Xpert MTB/RIF implementation manual: technical and operational ‘how-to’; practical considerations. France: World Health Organization; 2014.
  • Boehme CC, Nicol MP, Nabeta P, et al. Feasibility, diagnostic accuracy, and effectiveness of decentralised use of the Xpert MTB/RIF test for diagnosis of tuberculosis and multidrug resistance: a multicentre implementation study. Lancet. 2011;377(9776):1495–1505.
  • Caminero JA. Likelihood of generating MDR-TB and XDR-TB under adequate national tuberculosis control programme implementation. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12(8):869–877.
  • Sanchez-Padilla E, Merker M, Beckert P, et al. Detection of drug-resistant tuberculosis by Xpert MTB/RIF in Swaziland. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(12):1181–1182.
  • WHO. High-priority target product profiles for new tuberculosis diagnostics. Report of a consensus meeting. WHO/HTM/TB/2014.18: World Health Organization; 2014.
  • David Alland MR, Smith L, Ryan J, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra: a new near-patient TB test with sensitivity equal to culture. Seattle, Washington: CROI 2015; 2015.
  • Denkinger C, editor The TB diagnose pipeline. 46th Union World Conference on Lung Health; 2015; Cape Town, South Africa.
  • Theron G, Peter J, Richardson M, et al. GenoType(R) MTBDRsl assay for resistance to second-line anti-tuberculosis drugs. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;9:CD010705.
  • WHO. The use of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TB-LAMP) for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis: policy guidance. WHO/HTM/TB/2016.07: World Health Organization 2016; 2016.
  • WHO. The use of lateral flow urine lipoarabinomannan assay (LF-LAM) for the diagnosis and screening of active tuberculosis in people living with HIV. Policy guidance. WHO/HTM/TB/2015.25. 2015 WHO, editor2015.
  • Peter JG, Zijenah LS, Chanda D, et al. Effect on mortality of point-of-care, urine-based lipoarabinomannan testing to guide tuberculosis treatment initiation in HIV-positive hospital inpatients: a pragmatic, parallel-group, multicountry, open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10024):1187–1197.
  • Churchyard GJ, Stevens WS, Mametja LD, et al. Xpert MTB/RIF versus sputum microscopy as the initial diagnostic test for tuberculosis: a cluster-randomised trial embedded in South African roll-out of Xpert MTB/RIF. The Lancet Global Health. 2015;3(8):e450–7.
  • Katagira W, Walter ND, Den Boon S, et al. Empiric TB treatment of severely Ill patients with HIV and presumed pulmonary TB improves survival. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72(3):297–303.
  • Hosseinipour MC, Bisson GP, Miyahara S, et al. Empirical tuberculosis therapy versus isoniazid in adult outpatients with advanced HIV initiating antiretroviral therapy (REMEMBER): a multicountry open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10024):1198–1209.
  • Gupta RK, Lucas SB, Fielding KL, et al. Prevalence of tuberculosis in post-mortem studies of HIV-infected adults and children in resource-limited settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Aids. 2015;29:1987–2002.
  • Pankhurst LJ, Del Ojo Elias C, Votintseva AA, et al. Rapid, comprehensive, and affordable mycobacterial diagnosis with whole-genome sequencing: a prospective study. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(1):49–58.
  • Votintseva AA, Bradley P, Pankhurst L,, . Same-day diagnostic and surveillance data for tuberculosis via whole genome sequencing of direct respiratory samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55:1285–1298.
  • Walker TM, Merker M, Kohl TA, et al. Whole genome sequencing for M/XDR tuberculosis surveillance and for resistance testing. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(3):161–166.
  • Schon T, Miotto P, Koser CU, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug-resistance testing: challenges, recent developments and perspectives. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2017;23(3):154–160.
  • Starks AM, Aviles E, Cirillo DM, et al. Collaborative effort for a centralized worldwide tuberculosis relational sequencing data platform. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 3):S141–6.
  • Oxford U Modernising medical microbiology. CRyPTIC Project 2016 [cited 2017]. Available from: http://modmedmicro.nsms.ox.ac.uk/cryptic/.
  • Tessema B, Nabeta P, Valli E, et al. FIND tuberculosis strain bank: a resource for researchers and developers working on tests to detect mycobacterium tuberculosis and related drug resistance. J Clin Microbiol. 2017;55(4):1066–1073.
  • Shafer RW. Rationale and uses of a public HIV drug-resistance database. J Infect Dis. 2006;194(Suppl 1):S51–8.
  • Wallis RS, Maeurer M, Mwaba P, et al. Tuberculosis–advances in development of new drugs, treatment regimens, host-directed therapies, and biomarkers. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(4):e34–46.
  • WHO. UNITAID Tuberculosis diagnostics technology and market landscape _4th_edition_Oct_2015.pdf) 4th edition ed2015.
  • WHO. The use of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: interim policy guidance. WHO/HTM/TB/2013.6. World Health Organization. Geneva S, editor2013.
  • Furin J, Brigden G, Lessem E, et al. Global progress and challenges in implementing new medications for treating multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 2016;22(3).
  • Dheda K, Barry CE 3rd, Maartens G. Tuberculosis. Lancet. 2016;387(10024):1211–1226.
  • Harausz E, Cox H, Rich M, et al. QTc prolongation and treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(4):385–391.
  • Pontali E, D’Ambrosio L, Centis R, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and beyond: an updated analysis of the current evidence on bedaquiline. Eur Respir J. 2017;49:3.
  • WHO. Report of the guideline development group meeting on the use of bedaquiline in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. A review of available evidence (2016). WHO/HTM/TB/2017.012017.
  • Skripconoka V, Danilovits M, Pehme L, et al. Delamanid improves outcomes and reduces mortality for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2013;41(6):1393-1400.
  • Wells CD, Gupta R, Hittel N, et al. Long-term mortality assessment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients treated with delamanid. Eur Respir J. 2015;45(5):1498–1501.
  • WHO. The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Interim policy guidance. WHO/HTM/TB2014.23 2014.
  • WHO. The use of delamanid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in children and adolescents: interim policy guidance. WHO/HTM/TB/2016.14. Organization WH, editor2016.
  • Gupta R, Geiter LJ, Hafkin J, et al. Delamanid and QT prolongation in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(10):1261–1262.
  • Migliori GB, Pontali E, Sotgiu G, et al. Combined use of delamanid and bedaquiline to treat multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2017;18:2.
  • Tadolini M, Lingtsang RD, Tiberi S, et al. Cardiac safety of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis regimens including bedaquiline, delamanid and clofazimine. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(5):1527–1529.
  • Stover CK, Warrener P, VanDevanter DR, et al. A small-molecule nitroimidazopyran drug candidate for the treatment of tuberculosis. Nature. 2000;405(6789):962–966.
  • Diacon AH, Dawson R, Von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, et al. Bactericidal activity of pyrazinamide and clofazimine alone and in combinations with pretomanid and bedaquiline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191:943–953.
  • Grosset JH, Singer TG, Bishai WR. New drugs for the treatment of tuberculosis: hope and reality. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(8):1005–1014.
  • Development GAfTD. A phase 3 study assessing the safety and efficacy of bedaquiline plus PA-824 plus linezolid in subjects with drug resistant pulmonary tuberculosis 2015 [5 January 2016]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02333799.
  • Dawson R, Diacon AH, Everitt D, et al. Efficiency and safety of the combination of moxifloxacin, pretomanid (PA-824), and pyrazinamide during the first 8 weeks of antituberculosis treatment: a phase 2b, open-label, partly randomised trial in patients with drug-susceptible or drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet. 2015;385(9979):1738–1747.
  • Diacon AH, Dawson R, Von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, et al. Bactericidal activity of pyrazinamide and clofazimine alone and in combinations with pretomanid and bedaquiline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(8):943–953.
  • Pan Act, Boeree MJ, Gillespie SH, Hoelscher M. Therapy for tuberculous meningitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(22):2187–2188.
  • Boeree MJ, Diacon AH, Dawson R, et al. A dose-ranging trial to optimize the dose of rifampin in the treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;191(9):1058–1065.
  • Merle CS, Sf AN, Galperine T, et al.;D Affolabi on behalf of the RAFA team. High-dose rifampicin TB treatment regimen to reduce 12-month mortality of TB/HIV co-infected patients: the RAFA trial results. AIDS2016 21st International AIDS conference July 18-22, 2016; Durban, South Africa. 2016.
  • Boeree MJ, Heinrich N, Aarnoutse R, et al. 2016 High-dose rifampicin, moxifloxacin, and SQ109 for treating tuberculosis: a multi-arm, multi-stage randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(1):39-49.
  • Jindani A, Harrison TS, Nunn AJ, et al. High-dose rifapentine with moxifloxacin for pulmonary tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1599–1608.
  • Sterling 4TR, Villarino ME, Borisov AS, et al. Three months of rifapentine and isoniazid for latent tuberculosis infection. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(23):2155–2166.
  • Crabol Y, Catherinot E, Veziris N, et al. Rifabutin: where do we stand in 2016? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2016;71(7):1759–1771.
  • Horne DJ, Spitters C, Narita M. Experience with rifabutin replacing rifampin in the treatment of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2011;15(11):1485–9, i.
  • Aung KJ, Van Deun A, Declercq E, et al. Successful ‘9-month Bangladesh regimen’ for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among over 500 consecutive patients. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2014;18(10):1180–1187.
  • Farhat MR, Mitnick CD, Franke MF, et al. Concordance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis fluoroquinolone resistance testing: implications for treatment. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2015;19(3):339–341.
  • Chien JY, Chien ST, Chiu WY, et al. Moxifloxacin improves treatment outcomes in patients with ofloxacin-resistant multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(8):4708–4716.
  • Cholo MC, Mothiba MT, Fourie B, et al. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacies of the lipophilic antimycobacterial agents clofazimine and bedaquiline. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(2):338–353.
  • Tyagi S, Ammerman NC, Li SY, et al. Clofazimine shortens the duration of the first-line treatment regimen for experimental chemotherapy of tuberculosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2015;112(3):869–874.
  • Swanson RV, Adamson J, Moodley C, et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of clofazimine in a mouse model of tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(6):3042–3051.
  • Tang S, Yao L, Hao X, et al. Clofazimine for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled study in China. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(9):1361–1367.
  • Padayatchi N, Gopal M, Naidoo R, et al. Clofazimine in the treatment of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis with HIV coinfection in South Africa: a retrospective cohort study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(11):3103–3107.
  • Hwang TJ, Dotsenko S, Jafarov A, et al. Safety and availability of clofazimine in the treatment of multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: analysis of published guidance and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ Open. 2014;4(1):e004143.
  • O’Donnell MR, Padayatchi N, Metcalfe JZ. Elucidating the role of clofazimine for the treatment of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(12):52–57.
  • Nunn AJ, Rusen ID, Van Deun A, et al. Evaluation of a standardized treatment regimen of anti-tuberculosis drugs for patients with multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis (STREAM): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:353.
  • Almeida D, Ioerger T, Tyagi S, et al. Mutations in pepQ confer low-level resistance to bedaquiline and clofazimine in mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(8):4590–4599.
  • Lee M, Lee J, Carroll MW, et al. Linezolid for treatment of chronic extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(16):1508–1518.
  • Cox H, Ford N. Linezolid for the treatment of complicated drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(4):447–454.
  • Brown AN, Drusano GL, Adams JR, et al. Preclinical evaluations to identify optimal linezolid regimens for tuberculosis therapy. Mbio. 2015;6(6):e01741–15.
  • Nuermberger E. Evolving strategies for dose optimization of linezolid for treatment of tuberculosis. Int J Tuberclung Dis. 2016;20(12):S48–S51.
  • Agyeman AA, Ofori-Asenso R. Efficacy and safety profile of linezolid in the treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2016;15(1):41.
  • Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, Centis R, et al. Carbapenems to treat multidrug and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: a systematic review. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(3):373.
  • Tiberi S, Sotgiu G, D’Ambrosio L, et al. Comparison of effectiveness and safety of imipenem/clavulanate- versus meropenem/clavulanate-containing regimens in the treatment of MDR- and XDR-TB. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(6):1758–1766.
  • Van Rijn SP, Van Altena R, Akkerman OW, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ertapenem in patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(4):1229–1234.
  • Dhar N, Dubée V, BAllell L, et al. Rapid cytolysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by faropenem, an orally bioavailable β-lactam antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59:1308–1319.
  • Srivastava S, Deshpande D, Pasipanodya J, et al. Optimal clinical doses of faropenem, linezolid, and moxifloxacin in children with disseminated tuberculosis: goldilocks. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(suppl 3):S102–S9.
  • Nathan C. Cooperative development of antimicrobials: looking back to look ahead. Nat Reviews Microbiol. 2015;13(10):651–657.
  • Pai M, Ma B, Dowdy D, et al. Tuberculosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2016;2:16076.
  • Laughon BE, Nacy CA. Tuberculosis - drugs in the 2016 development pipeline. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17015.
  • Wallis RS, Dawson R, Friedrich SO, et al. Mycobactericidal activity of sutezolid (PNU-100480) in sputum (EBA) and blood (WBA) of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Plos One. 2014;9(4):e94462.
  • Sacksteder KA, Protopopova M, Barry CE 3rd, et al. Discovery and development of SQ109: a new antitubercular drug with a novel mechanism of action. Future Microbiol. 2012;7(7):823–837.
  • Colditz GA, Berkey CS, Mosteller F, et al. The efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccination of newborns and infants in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analyses of the published literature. Pediatrics. 1995;96(1 Pt 1):29–35.
  • Kaufmann SH. Tuberculosis vaccines: time to think about the next generation. Semin Immunol. 2013;25(2):172–181.
  • Behr M, Ellis R, Ernst J, et al. Developing vaccines to prevent sustained infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Conference proceedings. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland USA, November 7, 2014. Vaccine. 2015 Jun 12;33(26):3056-3064.
  • Kaufmann SH, Weiner J, Von Reyn CF. Novel approaches to tuberculosis vaccine development. Int J Infect Dis. 2017;56:263–267.
  • Keshavjee S, Farmer PE. History of tuberculosis and drug resistance. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(1):89–90.
  • Merle CS, Fielding K, Sow OB, et al. A four-month gatifloxacin-containing regimen for treating tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1588–1598.
  • Gillespie SH, Crook AM, McHugh TD, et al. Four-month moxifloxacin-based regimens for drug-sensitive tuberculosis. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(17):1577–1587.
  • Gegia M, Winters N, Benedetti A, et al. Treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis with first-line drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;17(2):223-234.
  • Furin J, Gegia M, Mitnick C, et al. Eliminating the category II retreatment regimen from national tuberculosis programme guidelines: the Georgian experience. Bull World Health Organ. 2012;90(1):63–66.
  • WHO. Guidelines for the treatment of drug-susceptible tuberculosis and patient care, 2017 update. WHO/HTM/TB/2017.052017.
  • Braga JU, Trajman A. Effectiveness of RHZE-FDC (fixed-dose combination) compared to RH-FDC + Z for tuberculosis treatment in Brazil: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:81.
  • Aseffa A, Chukwu JN, Vahedi M, et al. Efficacy and safety of ‘fixed dose’ versus ‘loose’ drug regimens for treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in two high TB-burden african countries: a randomized controlled trial. Plos One. 2016;11(6):e0157434.
  • Gallardo CR, Rigau Comas D, Valderrama Rodriguez A, et al. Fixed-dose combinations of drugs versus single-drug formulations for treating pulmonary tuberculosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;5:CD009913.
  • Van Deun A, Maug AK, Salim MA, et al. Short, highly effective, and inexpensive standardized treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010;182(5):684–692.
  • Varaine F, Guglielmetti L, Huerga H, et al. Eligibility for the shorter multidrug-resistant tuberculosis regimen: ambiguities in the World Health Organization recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;194(8):1028–1029.
  • Lienhardt C, Nahid P, Rich ML, et al. Target regimen profiles for treatment of tuberculosis: a WHO document. Eur Respir J. 2017;49:1.
  • Group TAS, Danel C, Moh R, et al. A trial of early antiretrovirals and isoniazid preventive therapy in Africa. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(9):808–822.
  • WHO. Treatment of tuberculosis: guidelines – 4th ed.WHO/HTM/TB/2009.420 Geneva, Switzerland, 2009.
  • Khan FA, Minion J, Pai M, et al. Treatment of active tuberculosis in HIV-coinfected patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(9):1288–1299.
  • WHO. Consolidated guidelines on the use of antiretroviral drugs for treating and preventing HIV infection. Recommendations for a public health approach. 2nd ed. Geneva: WHO Document Production Services. 2016.
  • Jenkins HE, Yuen CM, Rodriguez CA, et al. Mortality in children diagnosed with tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;17(3):285-295.
  • Monedero I, Furin J. Programmatic management of children with drug-resistant tuberculosis: common sense and social justice. Public Health Action. 2015;5(2):92.
  • Harausz EP, Garcia-Prats AJ, Seddon JA, et al. New/Repurposed drugs for pediatric multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: practice-based recommendations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017 May 15;195(10):1300-1310.
  • Sterling TR, Scott NA, Miro JM, et al. Three months of weekly rifapentine and isoniazid for treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV-coinfected persons. Aids. 2016;30(10):1607–1615.
  • Reichman LB. The tuberculosis taboo. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21(3):251–255.
  • Ja Fd S, Amanullah F, Schaaf HS, et al., Post-exposure management of multidrug-resistant, tuberculosis contacts: evidence-based recommendations. Policy Brief No. 1. Dubai UAEHMSCfGHDD. Post-exposure management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis contacts: evidence-based recommendations. Policy Brief No. 1. Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery–Dubai.2015.
  • Marks SM, Mase SR, Bamrah Morris S. Systematic review, meta-analysis, and cost effectiveness of treatment of latent tuberculosis infection to reduce progression to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis. 2017.
  • Milstein AB M, Varaine F, Mitnick CD. (Re)moving the needle: prospects for all-oral treatment for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(12):S18–S23.
  • WHO. Global tuberculosis report. WHO/HTM/TB/2013.11. France: World Health Organisation. 2013.
  • Siroka A, Ponce NA, Lonnroth K. Association between spending on social protection and tuberculosis burden: a global analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(4):473–479.
  • Saunders MJ, Evans CA. Fighting poverty to prevent tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(4):395–396.
  • Albert H, Nathavitharana RR, Isaacs C, et al. Development, roll-out and impact of Xpert MTB/RIF for tuberculosis: what lessons have we learnt and how can we do better? Eur Respir J. 2016;48(2):516–525.
  • Bonnet M, Bastard M, Du Cros P, et al. Identification of patients who could benefit from bedaquiline or delamanid: a multisite MDR-TB cohort study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2016;20(2):177–186.
  • Guglielmetti L, Hewison C, Avaliani Z, et al. Examples of bedaquiline introduction for the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in five countries. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21(2):167–174.
  • Diseases LI. Editorial: antibiotic research priorities: ready, set, now go. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17:117.
  • Blower S, Supervie V. Predicting the future of XDR tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7(7):443.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.