954
Views
38
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Respiratory muscle function and exercise limitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a review

, , , , ORCID Icon, , & show all
Pages 67-79 | Received 11 Aug 2017, Accepted 25 Oct 2017, Published online: 06 Nov 2017

References

  • Vogelmeier CF, Criner GJ, Martinez FJ, et al. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017.
  • Parshall MB, Schwartzstein RM, Adams L, et al. An official American Thoracic Society statement: update on the mechanisms, assessment, and management of dyspnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185(4):435–452.
  • O’Donnell DE. Hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise intolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3(2):180–184.
  • Faisal A, Alghamdi BJ, Ciavaglia CE, et al. Common mechanisms of dyspnea in chronic interstitial and obstructive lung disorders. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(3):299–309.
  • Killian KJ, Jones NL. Respiratory muscles and dyspnea. Clin Chest Med. 1988;9(2):237–248.
  • Decramer M, Demedts M, Rochette F, et al. Maximal transrespiratory pressures in obstructive lung disease. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir. 1980;16(4):479–490.
  • Gosselink R, Troosters T, Decramer M. Peripheral muscle weakness contributes to exercise limitation in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;153(3):976–980.
  • Laghi F, Tobin MJ. Disorders of the respiratory muscles. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2003;168(1):10–48.
  • Levine S, Kaiser L, Leferovich J, et al. Cellular adaptations in the diaphragm in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(25):1799–1806.
  • Testelmans D, Crul T, Maes K, et al. Atrophy and hypertrophy signalling in the diaphragm of patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(3):549–556.
  • Similowski T, Yan S, Gauthier AP, et al. Contractile properties of the human diaphragm during chronic hyperinflation. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(13):917–923.
  • Gorman RB, McKenzie DK, Pride NB, et al. Diaphragm length during tidal breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(11):1461–1469.
  • Rochester DF. The diaphragm in COPD. Better than expected, but not good enough. N Engl J Med. 1991;325(13):961–962.
  • Langer D, Ciavaglia CE, Neder JA, et al. Lung hyperinflation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: mechanisms, clinical implications and treatment. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2014 Dec;8(6):731–749.
  • Marchand E, Decramer M. Respiratory muscle function and drive in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Chest Med. 2000;21(4):679–692.
  • Gosselink R, De Vos J, Van Den Heuvel SP, et al. Impact of inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD: what is the evidence? Eur Respir J. 2011;37(2):416–425.
  • Gea J, Agusti A, Roca J. Pathophysiology of muscle dysfunction in COPD. J Appl Physiol. 2013;114(9):1222–1234.
  • American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory S. ATS/ERS Statement on respiratory muscle testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002Aug 15;166(4):518–624. PMID: 12186831 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.166.4.518.
  • Gea J, Casadevall C, Pascual S, et al. Respiratory diseases and muscle dysfunction. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2012;6(1):75–90.
  • Decramer M, Lacquet LM, Fagard R, et al. Corticosteroids contribute to muscle weakness in chronic airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1994;150(1):11–16.
  • Rochester DF. Effects of COPD on the respiratory muscles. In Cherniack M (Ed.): Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders and Company, 1991. pp. 134–157.
  • Moxham J, Jolley C. Breathlessness, fatigue and the respiratory muscles. Clin Med. 2009;9(5):448–452.
  • Bellemare F, Cordeau MP, Couture J, et al. Effects of emphysema and lung volume reduction surgery on transdiaphragmatic pressure and diaphragm length. Chest. 2002;121(6):1898–1910.
  • Dos Santos Yamaguti WP, Paulin E, Shibao S, et al. Air trapping: the major factor limiting diaphragm mobility in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Respirology. 2008;13(1):138–144.
  • Epstein SK. An overview of respiratory muscle function. Clin Chest Med. 1994;15(4):619–639.
  • O’Donnell DE, Webb KA. Exertional breathlessness in patients with chronic airflow limitation. The role of lung hyperinflation. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;148(5):1351–1357.
  • McCool FD, Hoppin FG. Inspiratory pump performance: a pressure-flow-volume framework. In: Roussos C, editor. The thorax. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1995. Vol. 85, p. 1463–1481.
  • O’Donnell DE, D’Arsigny C, Fitzpatrick M, et al. Exercise hypercapnia in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the role of lung hyperinflation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(5):663–668.
  • O’Donnell DE, Laveneziana P. The clinical importance of dynamic lung hyperinflation in COPD. Copd. 2006;3(4):219–232.
  • Lansing RW, Gracely RH, Banzett RB. The multiple dimensions of dyspnea: review and hypotheses. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;167(1):53–60.
  • Laveneziana P, Similowski T, Morelot-Panzini C. Multidimensional approach to dyspnea. Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2015;21(2):127–132.
  • Laviolette L, Laveneziana P. Faculty ERSRS. Dyspnoea: a multidimensional and multidisciplinary approach. Eur Respir J. 2014;43(6):1750–1762.
  • Jolley CJ, Moxham J. Dyspnea intensity: a patient-reported measure of respiratory drive and disease severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2016;193(3):236–238.
  • Leblanc P, Bowie DM, Summers E, et al. Breathlessness and exercise in patients with cardiorespiratory disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1986;133(1):21–25.
  • Marin JM, Carrizo SJ, Gascon M, et al. Inspiratory capacity, dynamic hyperinflation, breathlessness, and exercise performance during the 6-minute-walk test in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(6):1395–1399.
  • Jolley CJ, Moxham J. A physiological model of patient-reported breathlessness during daily activities in COPD. Eur Respir Rev. 2009;18(112):66–79.
  • Hill K, Jenkins SC, Hillman DR, et al. Dyspnoea in COPD: can inspiratory muscle training help? Aust J Physiother. 2004;50(3):169–180.
  • Killian KJ, Bucens DD, Campbell EJ. Effect of breathing patterns on the perceived magnitude of added loads to breathing. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol. 1982;52(3):578–584.
  • Decramer M. Hyperinflation and respiratory muscle interaction. Eur Respir J. 1997;10(4):934–941.
  • Martinez FJ, Couser JI, Celli BR. Factors influencing ventilatory muscle recruitment in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;142(2):276–282.
  • Benditt JO, Wood DE, McCool FD, et al. Changes in breathing and ventilatory muscle recruitment patterns induced by lung volume reduction surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997;155(1):279–284.
  • O’Donnell DE, Ora J, Webb KA, et al. Mechanisms of activity-related dyspnea in pulmonary diseases. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;167(1):116–132.
  • Carrieri-Kohlman V, Gormley JM, Eiser S, et al. Dyspnea and the affective response during exercise training in obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs Res. 2001;50(3):136–146.
  • Von Leupoldt A, Dahme B. Cortical substrates for the perception of dyspnea. Chest. 2005;128(1):345–354.
  • Davenport PW, Vovk A. Cortical and subcortical central neural pathways in respiratory sensations. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2009;167(1):72–86.
  • Evans KC. Cortico-limbic circuitry and the airways: insights from functional neuroimaging of respiratory afferents and efferents. Biol Psychol. 2010;84(1):13–25.
  • Herigstad M, Hayen A, Wiech K, et al. Dyspnoea and the brain. Respir Med. 2011;105(6):809–817.
  • Stoeckel MC, Esser RW, Gamer M, et al. Brain mechanisms of short-term habituation and sensitization toward dyspnea. Front Psychol. 2015;6:748.
  • Von Leupoldt A, Sommer T, Kegat S, et al. The unpleasantness of perceived dyspnea is processed in the anterior insula and amygdala. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(9):1026–1032.
  • Hayen A, Wanigasekera V, Faull OK, et al. Opioid suppression of conditioned anticipatory brain responses to breathlessness. Neuroimage. 2017;150:383–394.
  • Banzett RB, Mulnier HE, Murphy K, et al. Breathlessness in humans activates insular cortex. Neuroreport. 2000;11(10):2117–2120.
  • Higashimoto Y, Honda N, Yamagata T, et al. Exertional dyspnoea and cortical oxygenation in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2015;46(6):1615–1624.
  • Schon D, Rosenkranz M, Regelsberger J, et al. Reduced perception of dyspnea and pain after right insular cortex lesions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(11):1173–1179.
  • Binks AP, Evans KC, Reed JD, et al. The time-course of cortico-limbic neural responses to air hunger. Respir Physiol Neurobiol. 2014;204:78–85.
  • Peiffer C, Costes N, Herve P, et al. Relief of dyspnea involves a characteristic brain activation and a specific quality of sensation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177(4):440–449.
  • Herigstad M, Hayen A, Evans E, et al. Dyspnea-related cues engage the prefrontal cortex: evidence from functional brain imaging in COPD. Chest. 2015;148(4):953–961.
  • Yu L, De Mazancourt M, Hess A, et al. Functional connectivity and information flow of the respiratory neural network in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37(8):2736–2754.
  • Von Leupoldt A, Sommer T, Kegat S, et al. Down-regulation of insular cortex responses to dyspnea and pain in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(3):232–238.
  • Chan PY, Davenport PW. Respiratory related evoked potential measures of cerebral cortical respiratory information processing. Biol Psychol. 2010;84(1):4–12.
  • Von Leupoldt A, Chan PY, Esser RW, et al. Emotions and neural processing of respiratory sensations investigated with respiratory-related evoked potentials. Psychosom Med. 2013;75(3):244–252.
  • Von Leupoldt A, Chan PY, Bradley MM, et al. The impact of anxiety on the neural processing of respiratory sensations. Neuroimage. 2011;55(1):247–252.
  • Chan PY, Cheng CH, Hsu SC, et al. Respiratory sensory gating measured by respiratory-related evoked potentials in generalized anxiety disorder. Front Psychol. 2015;6:957.
  • Von Leupoldt A, Bradley MM, Lang PJ, et al. Neural processing of respiratory sensations when breathing becomes more difficult and unpleasant. Front Physiol. 2010;1:144.
  • Von Leupoldt A, Taube K, Lehmann K, et al. The impact of anxiety and depression on outcomes of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest. 2011;140(3):730–736.
  • Von Leupoldt A, Mertz C, Kegat S, et al. The impact of emotions on the sensory and affective dimension of perceived dyspnea. Psychophysiology. 2006;43(4):382–386.
  • Field S, Kelly SM, Macklem PT. The oxygen cost of breathing in patients with cardiorespiratory disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;126(1):9–13.
  • Amann M, Regan MS, Kobitary M, et al. Impact of pulmonary system limitations on locomotor muscle fatigue in patients with COPD. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2010;299(1):R314–R324.
  • Vogiatzis I, Zakynthinos S. Factors limiting exercise tolerance in chronic lung diseases. Compr Physiol. 2012;2(3):1779–1817.
  • Bachasson D, Wuyam B, Pepin JL, et al. Quadriceps and respiratory muscle fatigue following high-intensity cycling in COPD patients. PloS One. 2013;8(12):e83432.
  • Sheel AW, Derchak PA, Morgan BJ, et al. Fatiguing inspiratory muscle work causes reflex reduction in resting leg blood flow in humans. J Physiol. 2001;537(Pt 1):277–289.
  • Derchak PA, Sheel AW, Morgan BJ, et al. Effects of expiratory muscle work on muscle sympathetic nerve activity. J Appl Physiol. 2002;92(4):1539–1552.
  • O’Donnell DE, Webb KA, Harle I, et al. Pharmacological management of breathlessness in COPD: recent advances and hopes for the future. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016;10(7):823–834.
  • Lacasse Y, Guyatt GH, Goldstein RS. The components of a respiratory rehabilitation program: a systematic overview. Chest. 1997;111(4):1077–1088.
  • Porszasz J, Emtner M, Goto S, et al. Exercise training decreases ventilatory requirements and exercise-induced hyperinflation at submaximal intensities in patients with COPD. Chest. 2005;128(4):2025–2034.
  • Casaburi R, ZuWallack R. Pulmonary rehabilitation for management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;360(13):1329–1335.
  • Troosters T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Revalidatie bij chronisch obstructieve longziekten. Bohn Stafleu van Loghum. 2016;2;318. ISBN 978-90-368-1544-4
  • Eves ND, Petersen SR, Haykowsky MJ, et al. Helium-hyperoxia, exercise, and respiratory mechanics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174(7):763–771.
  • O’Donnell DE, D’Arsigny C, Webb KA. Effects of hyperoxia on ventilatory limitation during exercise in advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(4):892–898.
  • Van ‘T Hul A, Gosselink R, Hollander P, et al. Acute effects of inspiratory pressure support during exercise in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2004;23(1):34–40.
  • Maltais F, Reissmann H, Gottfried SB. Pressure support reduces inspiratory effort and dyspnea during exercise in chronic airflow obstruction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;151(4):1027–1033.
  • Johnson JE, Gavin DJ, Adams-Dramiga S. Effects of training with heliox and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation on exercise ability in patients with severe COPD. Chest. 2002;122(2):464–472.
  • Van ‘T Hul A, Gosselink R, Hollander P, et al. Training with inspiratory pressure support in patients with severe COPD. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(1):65–72.
  • Petrof BJ, Calderini E, Gottfried SB. Effect of CPAP on respiratory effort and dyspnea during exercise in severe COPD. J Appl Physiol. 1990;69(1):179–188.
  • Palange P, Valli G, Onorati P, et al. Effect of heliox on lung dynamic hyperinflation, dyspnea, and exercise endurance capacity in COPD patients. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97(5):1637–1642.
  • Macklem PT. Therapeutic implications of the pathophysiology of COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010;35(3):676–680.
  • Spahija J, Marchie M, Ghezzo H, et al. Factors discriminating spontaneous pursed-lips breathing use in patients with COPD. Copd. 2010;7(4):254–261.
  • Schellekens WJ, Van Hees HW, Doorduin J, et al. Strategies to optimize respiratory muscle function in ICU patients. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):103.
  • Schols AM, Soeters PB, Mostert R, et al. Physiologic effects of nutritional support and anabolic steroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A placebo-controlled randomized trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1995;152(4 Pt 1):1268–1274.
  • Van Hees HW, Dekhuijzen PN, Heunks LM. Levosimendan enhances force generation of diaphragm muscle from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;179(1):41–47.
  • Gosselink R. Controlled breathing and dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(5 Suppl 2):25–33.
  • Dodd DS, Brancatisano T, Engel LA. Chest wall mechanics during exercise in patients with severe chronic air-flow obstruction. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1984;129(1):33–38.
  • O’Neill S, McCarthy DS. Postural relief of dyspnoea in severe chronic airflow limitation: relationship to respiratory muscle strength. Thorax. 1983;38(8):595–600.
  • Delgado HR, Braun SR, Skatrud JB, et al. Chest wall and abdominal motion during exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1982;126(2):200–205.
  • Probst VS, Troosters T, Coosemans I, et al. Mechanisms of improvement in exercise capacity using a rollator in patients with COPD. Chest. 2004;126(4):1102–1107.
  • Petrovic M, Reiter M, Zipko H, et al. Effects of inspiratory muscle training on dynamic hyperinflation in patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:797–805.
  • Ambrosino N. The case for inspiratory muscle training in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(2):233–235.
  • McConnell AK. CrossTalk opposing view: respiratory muscle training does improve exercise tolerance. J Physiol. 2012;590(Pt 15):3397–3398.
  • Polkey MI, Moxham J, Green M. The case against inspiratory muscle training in COPD. Against. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(2):236–237.
  • Patel MS, Hart N, Polkey MI. CrossTalk proposal: training the respiratory muscles does not improve exercise tolerance. J Physiol. 2012;590(Pt 15):3393–3395.
  • Langer D, Charususin N, Jacome C, et al. Efficacy of a novel method for inspiratory muscle training in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Phys Ther. 2015;95(9):1264–1273.
  • Charususin N, Gosselink R, McConnell A, et al. Inspiratory muscle training improves breathing pattern during exercise in COPD patients. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(4):1261–1264.
  • Jolley CJ, Luo YM, Steier J, et al. Neural respiratory drive in healthy subjects and in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(2):289–297.
  • Langer D, Ciavaglia CE, Webb KA, et al. Inspiratory muscle training reduces respiratory neural drive in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2014;189:A4159.
  • Wanke T, Formanek D, Lahrmann H, et al. Effects of combined inspiratory muscle and cycle ergometer training on exercise performance in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 1994;7(12):2205–2211.
  • Ramírez-Sarmiento A, Orozco-Levi M, Guell R, et al. Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: structural adaptation and physiologic outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(11):1491–1497.
  • Dekhuijzen PN, Folgering HT, Van Herwaarden CL. Target-flow inspiratory muscle training during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest. 1991;99(1):128–133.
  • Ramsook AH, Koo R, Molgat-Seon Y, et al. Diaphragm recruitment increases during a bout of targeted inspiratory muscle training. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 Jun;48(6):1179-1186.
  • Huang CH, Martin AD, Davenport PW. Effect of inspiratory muscle strength training on inspiratory motor drive and RREP early peak components. J Appl Physiol. 2003;94(2):462–468.
  • Esser RW, Stoeckel MC, Kirsten A, et al. Structural brain changes in patients with COPD. Chest. 2016;149(2):426–434.
  • Maltais F, Hamilton A, Marciniuk D, et al. Improvements in symptom-limited exercise performance over 8 h with once-daily tiotropium in patients with COPD. Chest. 2005;128(3):1168–1178.
  • Louvaris Z, Vogiatzis I, Aliverti A, et al. Blood flow does not redistribute from respiratory to leg muscles during exercise breathing heliox or oxygen in COPD. J Appl Physiol. 2014;117(3):267–276.
  • Louvaris Z, Zakynthinos S, Aliverti A, et al. Heliox increases quadriceps muscle oxygen delivery during exercise in COPD patients with and without dynamic hyperinflation. J Appl Physiol. 2012;113(7):1012–1023.
  • Maltais F, Simon M, Jobin J, et al. Effects of oxygen on lower limb blood flow and O2 uptake during exercise in COPD. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6):916–922.
  • Vogiatzis I, Habazettl H, Aliverti A, et al. Effect of helium breathing on intercostal and quadriceps muscle blood flow during exercise in COPD patients. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2011;300(6):R1549–1559.
  • Borghi-Silva A, Oliveira CC, Carrascosa C, et al. Respiratory muscle unloading improves leg muscle oxygenation during exercise in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2008;63(10):910–915.
  • Laveneziana P, Valli G, Onorati P, et al. Effect of heliox on heart rate kinetics and dynamic hyperinflation during high-intensity exercise in COPD. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011;111(2):225–234.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.