Optimal diagnostic strategies for pleural diseases and identifying high-risk patients

References

• Sahn SA. Pleural Fluid analysis. In: Light RW, Lee YCG, editors. Textbook of pleural diseases. 2nd ed. London: Arnold Press; 2008. p. 209–226.
   Google Scholar
• Mummadi SR, Stoller JK, Lopez R, et al. Epidemiology of adult pleural disease in the United States. Chest. 2021;160(4):1534–1551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahn SA. Diagnosis and management of parapneumonic effusions and empyema. clinical Infectious Diseases. 2007;45(11):1480–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper CE, Lee YCG, Maskell NA. Setting up a specialist pleural disease service. Respirology. 2010;15:1028–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatnagar R, Maskell N. Developing a ‘pleural team’ to run a reactive pleural service. Clin Med (Lond). 2013;13:452–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blackmore CC, Black WC, Dallas RV, et al. Pleural Fluid volume estimation: a chest radiograph prediction rule. Acad Radiol. 1996;3:103–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiles C, Ravin CE. Radiographic recognition of pneumothorax in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 1986;14:677–680.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ball CG, Kirkpatrick AW, Fox DL, et al. Are occult pneumothoraces truly occult or simply missed? J Trauma. 2006;60:294–298. discussion 298-299.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ding W, Shen Y, Yang J, et al. Diagnosis of pneumothorax by radiography and ultrasonography: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2011;140:859–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein D, Mezière G, Biderman P, et al. The “lung point”: an ultrasound sign specific to pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26:1434–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater A, Goodwin M, Anderson KE, et al. COPD can mimic the appearance of pneumothorax on thoracic ultrasound. Chest. 2006;129:545–550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy CB, DeCamp MM, Diekemper RL, et al. Summary for clinicians: clinical practice guideline for management of malignant pleural effusions. Ann ATS. 2019;16:17–21.
   Google Scholar
• Asciak R, Hassan M, Mercer RM, et al. Prospective Analysis of the Predictive Value of Sonographic Pleural Fluid Echogenicity for the Diagnosis of Exudative Effusion. Respiration. 2019;97:451–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen H-J, Tu C-Y, Ling S-J, et al. Sonographic appearances in transudative pleural effusions: not always an anechoic pattern. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2008;34:362–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskell NA, Gleeson FV, Darby M, et al. Diagnostically significant variations in pleural fluid ph in loculated parapneumonic effusions. Chest. 2004;126:2022–2024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banka R, Terrington D, Mishra EK. Management of septated malignant pleural effusions. Curr Pulmonol Rep. 2018;7:1–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen KY, Liaw YS, Wang HC, et al. Sonographic septation: a useful prognostic indicator of acute thoracic empyema. J Ultrasound Med. 2000;19:837–843.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi NR, Rahman NM, Gleeson FV. Thoracic ultrasound in the diagnosis of malignant pleural effusion. Thorax. 2009;64:139–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiroshita A, Nozaki S, Tanaka Y, et al. Thoracic ultrasound for malignant pleural effusion: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ERJ Open Res. 2020;6:00464–02020.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marchetti G, Valsecchi A, Indellicati D, et al. Ultrasound-guided medical thoracoscopy in the absence of pleural effusion. CHEST. 2015;147:1008–1012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassanelli N, Caroli G, Dolci G, et al. Accuracy of transthoracic ultrasound for the detection of pleural adhesions†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2012;42:813–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei B, Wang T, Jiang F, et al. Use of Transthoracic Ultrasound to Predict Pleural Adhesions: a Prospective Blinded Study. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;60:101–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedawi EO, Talwar A, Hassan M, et al. Intercostal vessel screening prior to pleural interventions by the respiratory physician: a prospective study of real world practice. Eur Respir J. 2020;55:1902245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salamonsen MR, Lo AKC, Ng ACT, et al. Novel use of pleural ultrasound can identify malignant entrapped lung prior to effusion drainage. Chest. 2014;146:1286–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psallidas I, Hassan M, Yousuf A, et al. Role of thoracic ultrasonography in pleurodesis pathways for malignant pleural effusions (SIMPLE): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2022;10:139–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duerden L, Benamore R, Edey A. Radiology: what is the role oF chest radiographs, CT and PET in modern management?In Maskell NA, Laursen CB, Lee YCG, et al., editors Pleural Disease (ERS Monograph) [Internet]. Sheffield: European Respiratory Society; 2020: 48–72. doi: 10.1183/2312508X.10023819
   Google Scholar
• Søreide JA, Viste A. Esophageal perforation: diagnostic work-up and clinical decision-making in the First 24 hours. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2011;19:66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran JP, Acton L, Ahmed A, et al. Diagnostic value oF radiological imaging pre- and post-drainage of pleural eFFusions. Respirology. 2016;21:392–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcel JM, Pardina M, Alemán C, et al. Computed tomography scoring system For discriminating between parapneumonic eFFusions eventually drained and those cured only with antibiotics: CT For parapneumonic effusions. Respirology. 2017;22:1199–1204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waite RJ, Carbonneau RJ, Balikian JP, et al. Parietal pleural changes in empyema: appearances at CT. Radiology. 1990;175:145–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franklin J, Talwar A, Addala D, et al. CT appearances of pleural inFection: analysis of the Second Multi-centre Intra-pleural Sepsis Trial (MIST 2) cohort. Clin Radiol. 2021;76:436–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henschke CI, Davis SD, Romano PM, et al. Pleural eFFusions: pathogenesis, radiologic evaluation, and therapy. J Thorac Imaging. 1989;4:49–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traill ZC, Davies RJ, Gleeson FV. Thoracic computed tomography in patients with suspected malignant pleural eFFusions. Clin Radiol. 2001;56:193–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HalliFax RJ, Talwar A, Wrightson JM, et al. State-of-the-art: radiological investigation of pleural disease. Respir Med. 2017;124:88–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HalliFax RJ, Haris M, Corcoran JP, et al. Role oF CT in assessing pleural malignancy prior to thoracoscopy. Thorax. 2015;70:192–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syer T, Arnold DT, Patole S, et al. Investigation oF a unilateral pleural effusion: what CT scan coverage is optimal? Thorax. 2020;75:503–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brun C, Gay P, Cottier M, et al. Comparison of cytology, chest computed and positron emission tomography Findings in malignant pleural effusion From lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10:6903–6911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Fonseka D, Underwood W, Stadon L, et al. Randomised controlled trial to compare the diagnostic yield of positron emission tomography CT (PET-CT) TARGETed pleural biopsy versus CT-guided pleural biopsy in suspected pleural malignancy (TARGET trial). BMJ Open Respir Res. 2018;5:e000270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treglia G, Sadeghi R, Annunziata S, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of 18F-FDG-PET and PET/CT in the differential diagnosis between malignant and benign pleural lesions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2014;21:11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcel JM, Hernández P, Martínez-Alonso M, et al. Accuracy oF Fluorodeoxyglucose-PET Imaging For Differentiating Benign From Malignant Pleural Effusions: a Meta-analysis. CHEST. 2015;147:502–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hierholzer J, Luo L, Bittner RC, et al. MRI and CT in the differential diagnosis of pleural disease. Chest. 2000;118:604–609.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naumann DN, Sellon E, Mitchinson S, et al. Occult tension pneumothorax discovered Following imaging For adult trauma patients in the modern major trauma system: a multicentre observational study. BMJ Mil Health. 2022;e002126. DOI:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2022-002126.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maskell N. British thoracic society pleural disease guidelines - 2010 update. Thorax. 2010;65:667–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light RW. Pleural eFFusions. Med Clin North Am. 2011;95:1055–1070.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morales-Rull JL, Bielsa S, Conde-Martel A, et al. Pleural effusions in acute decompensated heart Failure: prevalence and prognostic implications. Eur J Intern Med. 2018;52:49–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BintcliFFe OJ, Hooper CE, Rider IJ, et al. Unilateral pleural effusions with more than one apparent etiology. A prospective observational study. Ann ATS. 2016;13:1050–1056.
   Google Scholar
• Light RW, Macgregor MI, Luchsinger PC, et al. Pleural effusions: the diagnostic separation of transudates and exudates. Ann Intern Med. 1972;77:507–513.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper C, Lee GYC, Maskell NA. Investigation of a unilateral pleural effusion in adults: British Thoracic Society Pleural Disease Guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65(Suppl 2):ii4–ii17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janda S, Swiston J. Diagnostic accuracy of pleural Fluid NT-pro-BNP For pleural effusions of cardiac origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med. 2010;10:58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porcel JM, Alvarez M, Salud A, et al. Should a cytologic study be ordered in transudative pleural effusions? Chest. 1999;(116):1836–1837.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Addala D, Mercer RM, Lu Q, et al. P102 Discordant exudative pleural eFFusions: demographics and aetiology. Thorax. 2019;74:A146–A146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskell NA, Batt S, Hedley EL, et al. The bacteriology of pleural infection by genetic and standard methods and its mortality significance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2006;174:817–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Light RW, MacGregor MI, Ball WC, et al. Diagnostic SigniFicance of Pleural Fluid pH and PCO2. CHEST. 1973;64:591–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Addala D, Mercer RM, Lu Q, et al. P101 InFlammatory pleural eFFusions: diFFerentiating the diagnosis. Thorax. 2019;74:A145–A146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan M, Cargill T, Harriss E, et al. The microbiology of pleural infection in adults: a systematic review. Eur Respir J. 2019;54:1900542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies SM, Rahman NM, Wrightson JM, et al. Blood culture bottle culture of pleural Fluid in pleural infection. Thorax. 2011;66:658–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wrightson JM, Wray JA, Street TL, et al. Absence of atypical pathogens in pleural infection. Chest. 2015;148:e102–e103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Y-C, Chen H-J, Liu Y-H, et al. A 30-month experience oF thoracic empyema in a tertiary hospital: emphasis on differing bacteriology and outcome between the medical intensive care unit (MICU) and medical ward. South Med J. 2008;101:484–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyrhovden R, Nygaard RM, Patel R, et al. The bacterial aetiology of pleural empyema. A descriptive and comparative metagenomic study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25:981–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanellakis NI, Wrightson JM, Gerry S, et al. The bacteriology of pleural infection (TORPIDS): an exploratory metagenomics analysis through next generation sequencing. Lancet Microbe. 2022;3:e294–e302.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mercer RM, Corcoran JP, Porcel JM, et al. Interpreting pleural Fluid results. Clin Med. 2019;19:213–217.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oba Y, Abu-Salah T. The prevalence and diagnostic signiFicance of eosinophilic pleural effusions: a meta-analysis and systematic review. Respiration. 2012;83:198–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha TM, Nepal G, Shing YK, et al. Idiopathic eosinophilic pleural effusion treated successfully with corticosteroid therapy: a clinical case report. Cureus. 2019;11:e3975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold DT, De Fonseka D, Perry S, et al. Investigating unilateral pleural effusions: the role of cytology. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(5):1801254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercer R, Varatharajah R, Shepherd G, et al. Critical analysis of the utility of initial pleural aspiration in the diagnosis and management of suspected malignant pleural effusion. BMJ Open Respir Res. 2020;7:e000701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmadzada T, Kao S, Reid G, et al. An update on predictive biomarkers for treatment selection in non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Med. 2018;7:153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundaralingam A, Aujayeb A, Akca B, et al. Achieving molecular profiling in pleural biopsies: a multicenter, retrospective cohort study. Chest. 2022;S0012-3692(22):04169–1. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2022.11.019.
   Google Scholar
• Tsim S, Stobo DB, Alexander L, et al. The diagnostic performance of routinely acquired and reported computed tomography imaging in patients presenting with suspected pleural malignancy. Lung Cancer. 2017;103:38–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsim S, Paterson S, Cartwright D, et al. Baseline predictors of negative and incomplete pleural cytology in patients with suspected pleural malignancy – data supporting ‘Direct to LAT’ in selected groups. Lung Cancer. 2019;133:123–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maskell NA, Gleeson FV, Davies RJO. Standard pleural biopsy versus CT-guided cutting-needle biopsy For diagnosis of malignant disease in pleural effusions: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361:1326–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang T, Wan B, Wang L, et al. The diagnostic yield of closed needle pleural biopsy in exudative pleural effusion: a retrospective 10-year study. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8:491.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koegelenberg CFN, Irusen EM, von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, et al. The utility oF ultrasound-guided thoracentesis and pleural biopsy in undiagnosed pleural exudates. Thorax. 2015;70:995–997.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botana-Rial M, Leiro-Fernández V, Represas-Represas C, et al. Thoracic ultrasound-assisted selection For pleural biopsy with Abrams needle. Respir Care. 2013;58:1949–1954.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HalliFax RJ, Corcoran JP, Ahmed A, et al. Physician-based ultrasound-guided biopsy For diagnosing pleural disease. Chest. 2014;146:1001–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mei F, BoniFazi M, Rota M, et al. Diagnostic yield and safety of image-guided pleural biopsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiration. 2021;100:77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SconFienza LM, Mauri G, Grossi F, et al. Pleural and peripheral lung lesions: comparison of US- and CT-guided biopsy. Radiology. 2013;266:930–935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin Z, Wu D, Wang J, et al. Diagnostic value of ultrasound-guided needle biopsy in undiagnosed pleural effusions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020;99:e21076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psallidas I, Kanellakis NI, Bhatnagar R, et al. A pilot feasibility study in establishing the role of ultrasound-guided pleural biopsies in pleural infection (The AUDIO Study). Chest. 2018;154:766–772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grosu HB, Kern R, Maldonado F, et al. Predicting malignant pleural effusion during diagnostic pleuroscopy with biopsy: a prospective multicentre study. Respirology. 2022;27:350–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris RJ, Kavuru MS, Mehta AC, et al. The impact of thoracoscopy on the management of pleural disease. Chest. 1995;107:845–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metintas M, Ak G, Dundar E, et al. Medical thoracoscopy vs CT scan-guided Abrams pleural needle biopsy For diagnosis of patients with pleural effusions: a randomized, controlled trial. Chest. 2010;137:1362–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcoran JP, Psallidas I, HalliFax RJ, et al. Ultrasound-guided pneumothorax induction prior to local anaesthetic thoracoscopy. Thorax. 2015;70:906–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARL M, Agrawal S, Bennett JA, et al. Thoracic ultrasound prior to medical thoracoscopy improves pleural access and predicts Fibrous septation. Respirology. 2010;15:804–808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman NM, Ali NJ, Brown G, et al. Local anaesthetic thoracoscopy: british thoracic society pleural disease guideline 2010. Thorax. 2010;65:ii54–ii60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ARL M, Awan YM, Marchbank A, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic performance of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in investigation and management of pleural exudates. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2008;90:597–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bibby AC, Dorn P, Psallidas I, et al. ERS/EACTS statement on the management of malignant pleural effusions. Eur Respir J. 2018;52:1800349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baas P, Fennell D, Kerr KM, et al. Malignant pleural mesothelioma: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(Suppl 5):v31–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bhatnagar R, Laskawiec-Szkonter M, Piotrowska HEG, et al. Evaluating the efficacy of thoracoscopy and talc poudrage versus pleurodesis using talc slurry (TAPPS trial): protocol of an open-label randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e007045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheir F, Thakore S, Mehta H, et al. Intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy versus early medical thoracoscopy for treatment of pleural infection. Randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17:958–964.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon G, Lama-Lopez A, BintcliFFe OJ, et al. The role of serum procalcitonin in establishing the diagnosis and prognosis of pleural infection. Respir Res. 2017;18:30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold DT, Hamilton FW, Elvers KT, et al. Pleural fluid supar levels predict the need for invasive management in parapneumonic effusions. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:1545–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedawi EO, Kanellakis NI, Corcoran JP, et al. The biological role of pleural fluid PAI-1 and sonographic septations in pleural infection: analysis of a prospectively collected clinical outcome study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022. DOI:10.1164/rccm.202206-1084OC. https://www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.202206-1084OC
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sivakumar P, Marples L, Breen R, et al. The diagnostic utility of pleural Fluid adenosine deaminase For tuberculosis in a low prevalence area. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2017;21:697–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun W, Zhou Y, Yang C, et al. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound guided pleural biopsy improves diagnostic confidence For pleural based lesions: a 3-year prospective study. BMC Pulm Med. 2021;21:224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dudau C, Hameed S, Gibson D, et al. Can contrast-enhanced ultrasound distinguish malignant from reactive lymph nodes in patients with head and neck cancers? Ultrasound Med Biol. 2014;40:747–754.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin GA, Tsim S, Kidd AC, et al. Pre-EDIT: a randomized feasibility trial of elastance-directed intrapleural catheter or talc pleurodesis in malignant pleural effusion. Chest. 2019;156:1204–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentz RJ, Lerner AD, Pannu JK, et al. Routine monitoring with pleural manometry during therapeutic large-volume thoracentesis to prevent pleural-pressure-related complications: a multicentre, single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7:447–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar