185
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Understanding and managing respiratory infections in children and young adults with neurological impairment

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 203-211 | Received 16 Nov 2022, Accepted 14 Mar 2023, Published online: 21 Mar 2023

References

  • Elema A, Zalmstra TAL, Boonstra AM, et al. Pain and hospital admissions are important factors associated with quality of life in nonambulatory children. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2016;105(9):e419–e425.
  • Meehan E, Reid SM, Williams K, et al. Hospital admissions in children with cerebral palsy: a data linkage study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017;59(5):512–519.
  • Murphy NA, Hoff C, Jorgensen T, et al. Costs and complications of hospitalizations for children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Rehabil. 2006;9(1):47–52.
  • Young NL, McCormick AM, Gilbert T, et al. Reasons for hospital admissions among youth and young adults with cerebral palsy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2011;92(1):46–50.
  • Kürtül Çakar M, Cinel G. The respiratory problems of patients with cerebral palsy requiring hospitalization: reasons and solutions. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56:1626–1634.
  • Blair E, Langdon K, McIntyre S, et al. Survival and mortality in cerebral palsy: observations to the sixth decade from a data linkage study of a total population register and national death index. BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1). DOI:10.1186/s12883-019-1343-1.
  • Proesmans M. Respiratory illness in children with disability: a serious problem? Breathe. 2016;12(4):e97–e103.
  • Blackmore AM, Bear N, Blair E, et al. Predicting respiratory hospital admissions in young people with cerebral palsy. Arch Dis Child. 2018;103(12):1119–1124.
  • Blackmore AM, Bear N, Langdon K, et al. Respiratory hospital admissions and emergency department visits in young people with cerebral palsy: 5-year follow-up. Arch Dis Child. 2020;105(11):1126–1127.
  • Palisano RJ, Rosenbaum P, Bartlett D, et al. Content validity of the expanded and revised gross motor function classification system. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2008;50(10):744–750.
  • Proesmans M, Vreys M, Huenaerts E, et al. Respiratory morbidity in children with profound intellectual and multiple disability. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015;50(10):1033–1038.
  • Blackmore AM, Gibson N, Cooper MS, et al. Interventions for management of respiratory disease in young people with cerebral palsy: a systematic review. Child Care Health Dev. 2019;45(5):754–771.
  • Lin JL, Van Haren K, Rigdon J, et al. Pneumonia prevention strategies for children with neurologic impairment. Pediatrics. 2019;144(4):e20190543.
  • Sullivan PB, Morrice JS, Vernon-Roberts A, et al. Does gastrostomy tube feeding in children with cerebral palsy increase the risk of respiratory morbidity? Arch Dis Child. 2006;91(6):478–482.
  • Marpole R, Blackmore AM, Gibson N, et al. Evaluation and management of respiratory illness in children with cerebral palsy. Front Pediatr. 2020;8. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00333.
  • Gibson N, Blackmore AM, Chang AB, et al. Prevention and management of respiratory disease in young people with cerebral palsy: consensus statement. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2021;63(2):172–182.
  • Batchelor G, Mcnaughten B, Bourke T, et al. How to use the videofluoroscopy swallow study in paediatric practice. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract. Ed., 2019;104(6):313–320.
  • Tschirren L, Bauer S, Hanser C, et al. The eating and drinking ability classification system: concurrent validity and reliability in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2018;60(6):611–617.
  • Stafler P, Akel K, Eshel Y, et al. Videofluoroscopy compared with clinical feeding evaluation in children with suspected aspiration. Acta Paediatr Int J Paediatr. 2022;111(7):1441–1449.
  • Miller CK, Willging JP. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing in infants and children: protocol, safety, and clinical efficacy: 25 years of experience. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 2020;129(5):469–481.
  • Rommel N, Hamdy S. Oropharyngeal dysphagia: manifestations and diagnosis. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016 January 24;13(1):49–59.
  • Umay E, Gündoğdu İ, Öztürk EA. Reliability and validity of the pediatric feeding and swallowing disorders family impact scale for turkish children with cerebral palsy by endoscopic evaluation. Turk J Pediatr. 2019;61(5):741–748.
  • Rogers B. Feeding method and health outcomes of children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr. 2004;145(2 SUPPL):S28–S32.
  • Zeller RS, Davidson J, Lee HM, et al. Safety and efficacy of glycopyrrolate oral solution for management of pathologic drooling in pediatric patients with cerebral palsy and other neurologic conditions. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2012;8(8):25–32.
  • Chabicovsky M, Winkler S, Soeberdt M, et al. Pharmacology, toxicology and clinical safety of glycopyrrolate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2019;370:154–169. Elsevier.
  • Al Jeraisy M, Alfuraih M, Alsaif R, et al. Efficacy of scopolamine transdermal patch in children with sialorrhea in a pediatric tertiary care hospital. BMC Pediatr. 2020;20(1). DOI:10.1186/s12887-020-02336-x.
  • Hung SA, Liao CL, Lin WP, et al. Botulinum toxin injections for treatment of drooling in children with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Children. 2021;8(12):1089.
  • Rodwell K, Edwards P, Ware RS, et al. Salivary gland botulinum toxin injections for drooling in children with cerebral palsy and neurodevelopmental disability: a systematic review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2012;54(11):977–987.
  • O’Driscoll M, Ribeiro Dos Santos G, Wang L, et al. Age-specific mortality and immunity patterns of SARS-CoV-2. Nature. 2021;590(7844):140–145.
  • Keykha A, Ramezani M, Amini S, et al. Oropharyngeal decontamination for prevention of VAP in patients admitted to intensive care units: a systematic review. J Caring Sci. 2022;11(3):178–187.
  • Romano C, Van Wynckel M, Hulst J, et al. European society for paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition guidelines for the evaluation and treatment of gastrointestinal and nutritional complications in children with neurological impairment. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;65(2):242–264.
  • Eusebi LH, Rabitti S, Artesiani ML, et al. Proton pump inhibitors: risks of long-term use. J Gastroenterol Hepatol (Australia). 2017;32(7):1295–1302.
  • Curry JI, Lander TD, Stringer MD. Review article: erythromycin as a prokinetic agent in infants and children. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2001;15(5):595–603.
  • Cohen S, Bueno De Mesquita M, Mimouni FB. Adverse effects reported in the use of gastroesophageal reflux disease treatments in children: a 10 years literature review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 August 1;80(2):200–208.
  • Talley NJ, Zand Irani M. Optimal management of severe symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Intern Med. 2021;289(2):162–178.
  • Stone B, Hester G, Jackson D, et al. Effectiveness of fundoplication or gastrojejunal feeding in children with neurologic impairment. Hosp Pediatr. 2017;7(3):140–148.
  • Livingston MH, Shawyer AC, Rosenbaum PL, et al. Fundoplication and gastrostomy versus percutaneous gastrojejunostomy for gastroesophageal reflux in children with neurologic impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Pediatr Surg. 2015;50(5):707–714.
  • Barnhart DC, Hall M, Mahant S, et al. Effectiveness of fundoplication at the time of gastrostomy in infants with neurological impairment. JAMA Pediatr. 2013;167(10):911–918.
  • Maret-Ouda J, Santoni G, Artama M, et al. Aspiration pneumonia after antireflux surgery among neurologically impaired children with GERD. J Pediatr Surg. 2020;55(11):2408–2412.
  • Bush A. Azithromycin is the answer in paediatric respiratory medicine, but what was the question? Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;34:67–74. Elsevier Ltd.
  • Kirk B. Towards evidence-based medicine for paediatricians: is the frequency of recurrent chest infectsions, in children with chronic neurological problems, reduced by prophylactic azithromycin? Arch Dis Child. 2008;93:442–444.
  • Chang AB, Upham JW, Masters IB, et al. Protracted bacterial bronchitis: the last decade and the road ahead. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(3):225–242.
  • Warniment A, Steuart R, Rodean J, et al. Variation in bacterial respiratory culture results in children with neurologic impairment. Hosp Pediatr. 2021;11(11):e326–e333.
  • Gerdung CA, Tsang A, Yasseen AS, et al. Association between chronic aspiration and chronic airway infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other gram-negative bacteria in children with cerebral palsy. Lung. 2016;194(2):307–314.
  • Millman AJ, Finelli L, Bramley AM, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia hospitalization among children with neurologic disorders. J. Pediatr. 2016;173(188):188–195.e4.
  • Trinick RE, Bunni L, Thorburn K, et al. An observational study examining the relationship between respiratory symptoms, airway inflammation and bacteriology in children with severe neurodisability. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0124627.
  • Gregson E, Thomas L, Elphick HE. Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in respiratory samples in children with neurodisability—to treat or not to treat? Eur J Pediatr. 2021;180(9):2897–2905.
  • Plioplys AV, Kasnicka I. Nebulized tobramycin: prevention of pneumonias in patients with severe cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Rehabil Med. 2011;4(2):155–158.
  • Eckerland M, Bock C, Olivier M, et al. Reducing the frequency of respiratory tract infections in severe neurological disorders by inhaled antibiotics: a retrospective data analysis. ERJ Open Res. 2019;5(3):00149–2018.
  • Phillips B. Towards evidence-based medicine for paediatricians. Arch Dis Child. 2021 December;106(12):1231. BMJ Publishing Group
  • Keskinen H, Lukkarinen H, Korhonen K, et al. The lifetime risk of pneumonia in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis at a mean age of 21 years: the role of spinal deformity surgery. J Child Orthop. 2015;9(5):357–364.
  • Mpody C, Hayes S, Rusin N, et al. Risk assessment for postoperative pneumonia in children living with neurologic impairments. Pediatrics. 2021;148(3). DOI:10.1542/peds.2021-050130.
  • Vandendriessche E, Moens P, Ortibus E, et al. Respiratory complication rate after scoliosis surgery in children with cerebral palsy. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2020;87:1918.
  • Miyanji F, Nasto LA, Sponseller PD, et al. Assessing the risk-benefit ratio of scoliosis surgery in cerebral palsy: surgery is worth it. J Bone Jt Surg - Am Vol. 2018;100(7):556–563.
  • Taniguchi Y, Matsubayashi Y, Kato S, et al. Tracheal stenosis due to cervicothoracic hyperlordosis in patients with cerebral palsy treated with posterior spinal fusion: a report of the first two cases. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2021;22(1). DOI:10.1186/s12891-021-04094-y.
  • Gauld LM. Airway clearance in neuromuscular weakness. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2009;51(5):350–355.
  • Wolff A, Griffin H, Flanigan M, et al. Development and evaluation of a community respiratory physiotherapy service for children with severe neurodisability. BMJ Qual Improv Reports. 2015;4(1):u208552.w3411.
  • Conde B, Martins N, Brandão M, et al. Upper airway video endoscopy: assessment of the response to positive pressure ventilation and mechanical in-exsufflation. Pulmonology. 2019;25(5):299–304.
  • Garcia J, Wical B, Wical W, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in children with cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(10):1057–1062.
  • Kaditis AG, Alvarez MLA, Boudewyns A, et al. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(1):69–94.
  • Mavi D, Onay ZR, Karatoprak EY, et al. Effects of tracheostomy on mothers of children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2021;56(12):3991–4000.
  • Bauer M, Krüger R, Kölsch U, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis, immunoglobulin substitution and supportive measures prevent infections in MECP2 duplication syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2018;37(5):466–468.
  • Urschel D, Hernandez-Trujillo VP. Spectrum of genetic T-cell disorders from 22q11.2DS to CHARGE. Clinl Rev Aller Immunol. 2022;63(1):99–105.
  • Yu HH, Chien YH, Lu MY, et al. Clinical and immunological defects and outcomes in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Clin Immunol. 2022;1:3.
  • Sacca R, Zur KB, Crowley TB, et al. Association of airway abnormalities with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2017;96:11–14.
  • Vemuri S, Baker L, Williams K, et al. the last 2 years of life for children with severe physical disability: observations from a tertiary paediatric centre. J Paediatr Child Health. 2018;54(12):1357–1361.
  • Myers LL, Nerminathan A, Fitzgerald DA, et al. Transition to adult care for young people with cerebral palsy. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020 February;33:16–23.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.