The latest on positive airway pressure for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

References

• Marcus CL, Brooks LJ, Ward SD, et al. Diagnosis and management of childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatrics. 2012;130(3):e714–e55. doi: 10.1542/peds.2012-1672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumeng JC, Chervin RD. Epidemiology of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2008;5(2):242–252. doi: 10.1513/pats.200708-135MG
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwengel DAMD, Dalesio NMMD, Stierer TLMD. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Anesthesiol Clin. 2014;32(1):237–261. doi: 10.1016/j.anclin.2013.10.012
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siriwardhana LS, Nixon GM, Horne RSC, et al. Journey towards a personalised medicine approach for OSA: can a similar approach to adult OSA be applied to paediatric OSA? Paediatr Respir Rev. 2020;36:128–135. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2020.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedky K, Bennett DS, Pumariega A. Prader willi syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea: co-occurrence in the pediatric population. J Clin Sleep Med. 2014;10(4):403–409. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.3616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong S-B, Yang M-C, Tzeng IS, et al. Progression of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in pediatric patients with prader–willi syndrome. Children (Basel). 2022;9(6):912. doi: 10.3390/children9060912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen M, Hamilton J, Narang I, et al. Clinically important age-related differences in sleep related disordered breathing in infants and children with prader-willi syndrome. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(6):e101012–e. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CF, Lee CH, Hsueh WY, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children with down syndrome: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2018;14(5):867–875. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.7126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters KA, Castro C, Chawla J. The spectrum of obstructive sleep apnea in infants and children with down syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;129:109763. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109763
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreira GA, Kyosen SO, Patti CL, et al. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis types I, II, and VI in a reference center. Sleep Breath. 2014;18(4):791–797. doi: 10.1007/s11325-014-0944-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arens R, Muzumdar H. Sleep, sleep disordered breathing, and nocturnal hypoventilation in children with neuromuscular diseases. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2010;11(1):24–30. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2009.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi JY, Amin R. Chapter 5 - Assessment of sleep-disordered breathing. In: Mayer O, editor. Pulmonary assessment and management of patients with pediatric neuromuscular disease. London, United Kingdom: Academic Press; 2023. p. 59–72.
   Google Scholar
• Menzies B, Teng A, Burns M, et al. Neurocognitive outcomes of children with sleep disordered breathing: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sleep Med Rev. 2022;63:101629–. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101629
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DL, Gozal D, Hunter SJ, et al. Impact of sleep disordered breathing on behaviour among elementary school-aged children: a cross-sectional analysis of a large community-based sample. Eur Respir J. 2016;48(6):1631–1639. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00808-2016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galland B, Spruyt K, Dawes P, et al. Sleep disordered breathing and academic performance: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2015;136(4):e934–e46. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-1677
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao L, Voutsas G, Ryan CM, et al. The association between sleep quality and obstructive sleep apnea with health-related quality of life in children with obesity. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023 Nov 1;19(11):1877–1883. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.10706
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yilmaz E, Sedky K, Bennett DS. The relationship between depressive symptoms and obstructive sleep apnea in pediatric populations: a meta-analysis. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(11):1213–1220. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.3178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker-Smith CM, Isaiah A, Melendres MC, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents: a scientific statement from the American heart association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(18):e022427–e. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.022427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narang I, McCrindle BW, Manlhiot C, et al. Intermittent nocturnal hypoxia and metabolic risk in obese adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Breathing. 2018;22(4):1037–1044. doi: 10.1007/s11325-018-1631-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarasiuk A, Greenberg-Dotan S, Simon-Tuval T, et al. Elevated morbidity and health care use in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(1):55–61. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200604-577OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaiah A, Hamdan H, Johnson RF, et al. Very severe obstructive sleep apnea in children: outcomes of adenotonsillectomy and risk factors for persistence. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157(1):128–134. doi: 10.1177/0194599817700370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauroux B, Abel F, Amaddeo A, et al. ERS statement on paediatric long-term noninvasive respiratory support. Eur Respir J. 2022;59(6):2101404. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01404-2021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao L, Baker A, Voutsas G, et al. Positional device therapy for the treatment of positional obstructive sleep apnea in children: a pilot study. Sleep Med. 2021;85:313–316. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.07.036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown T, Moore THM, Hooper L, et al. Interventions for preventing obesity in children. Sao Paulo Med J. 2019;2019(7):128–129.
   Google Scholar
• Ersu R, Chen ML, Ehsan Z, et al. Persistent obstructive sleep apnoea in children: treatment options and management considerations. Lancet Respir Med. 2023;11(3):283–296. doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00262-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin R, Al‐Saleh S, Narang I. Domiciliary noninvasive positive airway pressure therapy in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(4):335–348. doi: 10.1002/ppul.23353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry R, Albertartario C, Harding S. The AASM manual for the scoring of sleep and associated events: rules. Terminology and technical specifications. Darien, Illinois: American Academy of Sleep Medicine; 2018. p. 56–66.
   Google Scholar
• Marcus CL, Moore RH, Rosen CL, et al. A randomized trial of adenotonsillectomy for childhood sleep apnea. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(25):2366–2376. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1215881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattacharjee R, Benjafield AV, Armitstead J, et al. Adherence in children using positive airway pressure therapy: a big-data analysis. Lancet Digital Health. 2020;2(2):e94–e101. doi: 10.1016/S2589-7500(19)30214-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ishman SL, Maturo S, Schwartz S, et al. Expert consensus statement: management of pediatric persistent obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023;168(2):115–130. doi: 10.1002/ohn.159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishimura M. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy in adults: physiological benefits, indication, clinical benefits, and adverse effects. Respir Care. 2016;61(4):529–541. doi: 10.4187/respcare.04577
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman H, Al-Shamli N, Sunkonkit K, et al. Heated humidified high flow nasal cannula therapy in children with obstructive sleep apnea: a randomized cross-over trial. Sleep Med. 2023;107:81–88. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.04.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tholen K, Meier M, Kloor J, et al. Persistent OSA in obese children: does body position matter? J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(2):227–232. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8902
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhelst E, Clinck I, Deboutte I, et al. Positional obstructive sleep apnea in children: prevalence and risk factors. Sleep Breathing. 2019;23(4):1323–1330. doi: 10.1007/s11325-019-01853-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selvadurai S, Voutsas G, Massicotte C, et al. Positional obstructive sleep apnea in an obese pediatric population. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(8):1295–1301. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho M, Chang ET, Song SA, et al. Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(7):1712–1719. doi: 10.1002/lary.26352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheirandish-Gozal L, Bandla HPR, Gozal D. Montelukast for children with obstructive sleep apnea: results of a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Am Thoracic Soc. 2016;13(10):1736–1741. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201606-432OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldassari CM, Lam DJ, Ishman SL, et al. Expert consensus statement: pediatric drug-induced sleep endoscopy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;165(4):578–591. doi: 10.1177/0194599820985000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esteller E, Villatoro JC, Agüero A, et al. Outcome of drug-induced sleep endoscopy-directed surgery for persistent obstructive sleep apnea after adenotonsillar surgery. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019;120:118–122. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He S, Peddireddy NS, Smith DF, et al. Outcomes of drug-induced sleep endoscopy–directed surgery for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2018;158(3):559–565. doi: 10.1177/0194599817740332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu PK, Stenerson M, Ishman SL, et al. Evaluation of upper airway stimulation for adolescents with down syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2022;148(6):522–528. doi: 10.1001/jamaoto.2022.0455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khonsari RH, Haber S, Paternoster G, et al. The influence of fronto-facial monobloc advancement on obstructive sleep apnea: an assessment of 109 syndromic craniosynostoses cases. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 2020;48(6):536–547. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.04.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garg RK, Afifi AM, Garland CB, et al. Pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: consensus, controversy, and craniofacial considerations. Plast Reconstructive Surg (1963). 2017;140(5):987–997. doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000003752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizzi CJ, Amin JD, Isaiah A, et al. Tracheostomy for severe pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: indications and outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;157(2):309–313. doi: 10.1177/0194599817702369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta S, Hill NS. Noninvasive ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(2):540–577. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.2.9906116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavone M, Verrillo E, Caldarelli V, et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation in children. Early Hum Dev. 2013;89(3):S25–S31. doi: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2013.07.019
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marcus CL, Ward SLD, Mallory GB, et al. Use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure as treatment of childhood obstructive sleep apnea. J Pediatr. 1995;127(1):88–94. doi: 10.1016/S0022-3476(95)70262-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaddeo A, Moreau J, Frapin A, et al. Long term continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) and noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in children: Initiation criteria in real life: long term CPAP and NIV in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51(9):968–974. doi: 10.1002/ppul.23416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girbal IC, Gonçalves C, Nunes T, et al. Non-invasive ventilation in complex obstructive sleep apnea – a 15-year experience of a pediatric tertiary center. Revista portuguesa de pneumologia (Engl ed). 2014;20(3):146–151. doi: 10.1016/j.rppnen.2014.05.001
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaditis AG, Alvarez MLA, Boudewyns A, et al. Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2 – 18-year-old children: diagnosis and management. Eur Respir J. 2016;47(1):69–94. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00385-2015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood C, Aristobil-Adele S, Wittwer J, et al. P140 Non-invasive ventilation prior to adenotonsillectomy. Sleep Adv. 2022;3(Supplement_1):A74–A5. doi: 10.1093/sleepadvances/zpac029.208
   Google Scholar
• Tovichien P, Kulbun A, Udomittipong K. Comparing adherence of continuous and automatic positive airway pressure (CPAP and APAP) in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) children. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:10. doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.841705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ip S, D’Ambrosio C, Patel K, et al. Auto-titrating versus fixed continuous positive airway pressure for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic review with meta-analyses. Syst Rev. 2012;1(1):20–. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-1-20
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mihai R, Vandeleur M, Pecoraro S, et al. Autotitrating CPAP as a tool for CPAP initiation for children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(5):713–719. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulholland A, Mihai R, Ellis K, et al. Paediatric CPAP in the digital age. Sleep Med. 2021;84:352–355. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palombini L, Pelayo R, Guilleminault C. Efficacy of automated continuous positive airway pressure in children with sleep-related breathing disorders in an attended setting. Pediatrics (Evanst). 2004;113(5):e412–7. doi: 10.1542/peds.113.5.e412
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti G, Piastra M. Mechanical ventilation for children. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016;22(1):60–66. doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michi T, Rosà T, Sklar MC, et al. Rationale of noninvasive ventilation. In: Esquinas A, editor. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation: theory, equipment, and clinical applications. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2023. p. 3–14.
   Google Scholar
• L’Her E, Deye N, Lellouche F, et al. Physiologic effects of noninvasive ventilation during acute lung injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;172(9):1112–1118. doi: 10.1164/rccm.200402-226OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kushida CA, Chediak A, Berry RB, et al. Clinical guidelines for the manual titration of positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(2):157–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabec C, Emeriaud G, Amadeo A, et al. New modes in non-invasive ventilation. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2016;18:73–84. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2015.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cithiravel N, Xiao L, Shi J, et al. Volume assured pressure support mode use for non‐invasive ventilation in pediatrics. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2024;59(1):7–18. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz-Abad M, Isaiah A, Rogers VE, et al. Use of noninvasive ventilation with volume-assured pressure support to avoid tracheostomy in severe obstructive sleep apnea. Case Rep Pediatr. 2018;2018:4701736–4. doi: 10.1155/2018/4701736
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peng VT, Hwig N, Lasso-Pirot A, et al. Average volume-assured pressure support as rescue therapy after CPAP failure in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective case series study. Open Respir Med J. 2023;17(1):e187430642303080–e. doi: 10.2174/18743064-v17-e230418-2022-18
   Google Scholar
• Conti G, Gregoretti C, Spinazzola G, et al. Influence of different interfaces on synchrony during pressure support ventilation in a pediatric setting: a bench study. Respir Care. 2015;60(4):498–507. doi: 10.4187/respcare.03309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira R. Interfaces, circuits and humidifiers. Front Pediatr. 2020;8:557301–. doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.557301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khirani S, Ducrot V. Mask interfaces and devices for home noninvasive ventilation in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2024;59(6):1528–1540. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen LY, Chen YH, Hu SW, et al. In search of a better CPAP interface: a network meta‐analysis comparing nasal masks, nasal pillows and oronasal masks. J Sleep Res. 2022;31(6):e13686–n/a. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortamet G, Amaddeo A, Essouri S, et al. Interfaces for noninvasive ventilation in the acute setting in children. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2017;23:84–88. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2016.09.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar A, Baker A, Narang I. Positive airway pressure in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Paediatr Respir Rev. 2019;31:43–51. doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2019.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramirez A, Khirani S, Aloui S, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive ventilation adherence in children. Sleep Med. 2013;14(12):1290–1294. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2013.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Donnell AR, Bjornson CL, Bohn SG, et al. Compliance rates in children using noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep (New Y, NY). 2006;29(5):651–658.
   Google Scholar
• Willox M, Metherall P, Jeays-Ward K, et al. Custom-made 3D printed masks for children using non-invasive ventilation: a feasibility study of production method and testing of outcomes in adult volunteers. J Med Eng Technol. 2020;44(5):213–223. doi: 10.1080/03091902.2020.1769759
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scala R, Accurso G, Ippolito M, et al. Material and technology: back to the future for the choice of interface for non-invasive ventilation – a concise review. Respiration. 2020;99(9):800–817. doi: 10.1159/000509762
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aurora RN, Zak RS, Karippot A, et al. Practice parameters for the respiratory indications for polysomnography in children. Sleep 2011;34(3):379–388. doi: 10.1093/sleep/34.3.379
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katwa U, Owens J, Sheldon S, et al. Uncharted territory: challenges and opportunities in pediatric sleep medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond part II: the sleep laboratory. Sleep Med. 2021;88:282–284. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.06.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amaddeo A, Frapin A, Touil S, et al. Outpatient initiation of long‐term continuous positive airway pressure in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018;53(10):1422–1428. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaytin I, Tapia IE, Xanthopoulos MS, et al. Auto-titrating CPAP for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;16(6):871–878. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus CL. Concerns regarding the pediatric component of the AASM clinical guidelines for the manual titration of positive airway pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2008;4(6):607–. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.27359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reppucci D, Medin D, Al-Saleh S, et al. An adverse reaction in the pediatric sleep laboratory. Can Respir J. 2016;2016:9712579–2. doi: 10.1155/2016/9712579
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamanna S, Campbell D, Warren R, et al. Effect of CPAP therapy on symptoms of nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux among patients with obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(9):1257–1261. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villaa MP, Pagania J, Ambrosioa R, et al. Mid-face hypoplasia after long-term nasal ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(8):1142–1143. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.166.8.257c
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts SD, Kapadia H, Greenlee G, et al. Midfacial and dental changes associated with nasal positive airway pressure in children with obstructive sleep apnea and craniofacial conditions. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(4):469–475. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.5668
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castro-Codesal ML, Dehaan K, Featherstone R, et al. Long-term non-invasive ventilation therapies in children: a scoping review. Sleep Med Rev. 2018;37:148–158. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2017.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus CL, Rosen G, Ward SLD, et al. Adherence to and effectiveness of positive airway pressure therapy in children with obstructive sleep apnea. Pediatrics. 2006;117(3):e442–e51. doi: 10.1542/peds.2005-1634
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthopoulos MS, Williamson AA, Burlingame CC, et al. Continuous positive airway pressure care for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a long‐term quality improvement initiative. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57(11):2629–2637. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widger JA, Davey MJ, Nixon GM. Sleep studies in children on long-term non-invasive respiratory support. Sleep Breathing. 2014;18(4):885–889. doi: 10.1007/s11325-014-0960-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Standards and indications for cardiopulmonary sleep studies in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996 Feb;153(2):866–878. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.153.2.8564147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Saleh S, Sayal P, Stephens D, et al. Factors associated with changes in invasive and noninvasive positive airway pressure therapy settings during pediatric polysomnograms. J Clin Sleep Med. 2017;13(2):183–188. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.6442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mc Namara F, Sullivan CE. Obstructive sleep apnea in infants and its management with nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Chest. 1999;116(1):10–16. doi: 10.1378/chest.116.1.10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrem L, Mehta K, Syed F, et al. How to use noninvasive positive airway pressure device data reports to guide clinical care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2020;55(1):58–67. doi: 10.1002/ppul.24555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khirani S, Delord V, Olmo Arroyo J, et al. Can the analysis of built-in software of CPAP devices replace polygraphy in children? Sleep Med. 2017;37:46–53. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.05.019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihai R, Ellis K, Davey MJ, et al. Interpreting CPAP device respiratory indices in children. J Clin Sleep Med. 2020;6(10):1655–1661. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8618
   Google Scholar
• Khirani S, Dosso M, Fresnel E, et al. Detection of pediatric breathing by CPAP/NIV devices: clinical experience. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2024;59(2):510–513. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khirani S, Dosso M, Gerin L, et al. Why breath‐by‐breath built‐in software data should be used to monitor CPAP/NIV in children? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2024;59(2):506–509. doi: 10.1002/ppul.26740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi P, Adam V, Zielinski D. Noninvasive ventilation downloads and monitoring. Sleep Med Clin. 2020;15(4):569–579. doi: 10.1016/j.jsmc.2020.08.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi J, Chiang J, Ambreen M, et al. Ambulatory transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring for children with neuromuscular disease. Sleep Med. 2023;101:221–227. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.10.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Don D, Osterbauer B, Nour S, et al. Transcutaneous CO2 monitoring in children undergoing tonsillectomy for sleep disordered breathing. Laryngoscope. 2021;131(6):1410–1415. doi: 10.1002/lary.29203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkenbosch JW, Lam J, Burd RS, et al. Noninvasive monitoring of carbon dioxide during mechanical ventilation in older children: end-tidal versus transcutaneous techniques. Anesthesia Analgesia. 2001;92(6):1427–1431. doi: 10.1097/00000539-200106000-00015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans HJ, Gibson NA, Bennett J, et al. British thoracic society guideline for diagnosing and monitoring paediatric sleep-disordered breathing. Thorax. 2023;78(Suppl 2):s1–s27. doi: 10.1136/thorax-2022-218938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alebraheem Z, Toulany A, Baker A, et al. Facilitators and barriers to positive airway pressure adherence for adolescents: a qualitative study. Ann Am Thoracic Soc. 2018;15(1):83–88. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201706-472OC
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prashad PS, Marcus CL, Maggs J, et al. Investigating reasons for CPAP adherence in adolescents: a qualitative approach. J Clin Sleep Med. 2013;9(12):1303–1313. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.3276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmody JK, Duraccio KM, Krietsch KN, et al. Factors affecting pediatric adherence to positive airway pressure: patient- and caregiver-reported treatment barriers and sleep difficulties. Sleep Med. 2023;101:58–65. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2022.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Human Services CfMMSDmfcpapCtfosaOCR. hhs.gov/guidance/document/cpap-obstructive-sleep-apnea-o
   Google Scholar
• Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the american academy of sleep medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(6):785–786. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.5866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cielo CM, Hernandez P, Ciampaglia AM, et al. Positive airway pressure for the treatment of OSA in infants. Chest. 2021;159(2):810–817. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2020.08.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watach AJ, Xanthopoulos MS, Afolabi-Brown O, et al. Positive airway pressure adherence in pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: a systematic scoping review. Sleep Med Rev. 2020;51:101273–. doi: 10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xanthopoulos MS, Williamson AA, Tapia IE. Positive airway pressure for the treatment of the childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2022;57(8):1897–1903. doi: 10.1002/ppul.25318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blinder H, Momoli F, Bokhaut J, et al. Predictors of adherence to positive airway pressure therapy in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Med. 2020;69:19–33. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2019.12.015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon SL, Duncan CL, Janicke DM, et al. Barriers to treatment of paediatric obstructive sleep apnoea: development of the adherence barriers to continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) questionnaire. Sleep Med. 2012;13(2):172–177. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2011.10.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koontz KL, Slifer KJ, Cataldo MD, et al. Improving pediatric compliance with positive airway pressure therapy: the impact of behavioral intervention. Sleep. 2003;26(8):1010–1015. doi: 10.1093/sleep/26.8.1010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jambhekar SK, Com G, Tang X, et al. Role of a respiratory therapist in improving adherence to positive airway pressure treatment in a pediatric sleep apnea clinic. Respir Care. 2013;58(12):2038–2044. doi: 10.4187/respcare.02312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendoza-Ruiz A, Dylgjeri S, Bour F, et al. Evaluation of the efficacy of a dedicated table to improve CPAP adherence in children: a pilot study. Sleep Med. 2019;53:60–64. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2018.08.032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delord V, Khirani S, Ramirez A, et al. Medical hypnosis as a tool to acclimatize children to noninvasive positive pressure ventilation: a pilot study. Chest. 2013;144(1):87–91. doi: 10.1378/chest.12-2259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergeron M, Duggins A, Chini B, et al. Clinical outcomes after shared decision‐making tools with families of children with obstructive sleep apnea without tonsillar hypertrophy. Laryngoscope. 2019;129(11):2646–2651. doi: 10.1002/lary.27653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmar A, Messiha S, Baker A, et al. Caregiver support and positive airway pressure therapy adherence among adolescents with obstructive sleep apnea. Paediatrics Child Health. 2020;25(8):491–497. doi: 10.1093/pch/pxz107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harford K-L, Jambhekar S, Com G, et al. Behaviorally based adherence program for pediatric patients treated with positive airway pressure. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2013;18(1):151–163. doi: 10.1177/1359104511431662
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levert D, Maniaci J, Tapia IE, et al. An overview and application of evidence-based interventions to improve adherence to positive airway pressure for the treatment of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Pract In Pediatr Phychol. 2022;10(4):384–393. doi: 10.1037/cpp0000465
   Google Scholar
• Xanthopoulos MS, Nelson MN, Eriksen W, et al. Caregiver experiences helping children with down syndrome use positive airway pressure to treat obstructive sleep apnea. Sleep Med. 2023;107:179–186. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby ES, Spitzer EG, Kavookjian J. Motivational interviewing effects on positive airway pressure therapy (PAP) adherence: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Behav Sleep Med. 2023 Jul 04;21(4):460–487. doi: 10.1080/15402002.2022.2108033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougall CM, Adderley RJ, Wensley DF, et al. Long-term ventilation in children: longitudinal trends and outcomes. Archives of disease in childhood. Arch Dischildhood. 2013;98(9):660–665. doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2012-303062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downey R, Perkin RM, MacQuarrie J. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure use in children with obstructive sleep apnea younger than 2 years of age. Chest. 2000;117(6):1608–1612. doi: 10.1378/chest.117.6.1608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King Z, Josee-Leclerc M, Wales P, et al. Can CPAP therapy in pediatric OSA ever be stopped? J Clin Sleep Med. 2019;15(11):1609–1612. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastouri M, Amaddeo A, Griffon L, et al. Weaning from long term continuous positive airway pressure or noninvasive ventilation in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52(10):1349–1354. doi: 10.1002/ppul.23767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannink N, Nout E, Wolvius EB, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea in children with syndromic craniosynostosis: long-term respiratory outcome of midface advancement. Int J Oral Maxillofacial Surg. 2010;39(2):115–121. doi: 10.1016/j.ijom.2009.11.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson TE, Mulliken JB, Padwa BL. Effect of midfacial distraction on the obstructed airway in patients with syndromic bilateral coronal synostosis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2008;66(11):2318–2321. doi: 10.1016/j.joms.2008.06.063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen D. Some infants with down syndrome spontaneously outgrow their obstructive sleep apnea. Clin Pediatr. 2010;49(11):1068–1071. doi: 10.1177/0009922810378037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockmann PE, Damiani F, Nuñez F, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing in children with down syndrome: usefulness of home polysomnography. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2016;83(4):47–50. doi: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2016.01.030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westenberg JN, Petrof BJ, Noel F, et al. Validation of home portable monitoring for the diagnosis of sleep-disordered breathing in adolescents and adults with neuromuscular disorders. J Clin Sleep Med. 2021;17(8):1579–1590. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.9254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar