1,419
Views
1,788
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Worldwide trends in childhood overweight and obesity

&
Pages 11-25 | Received 28 Sep 2005, Published online: 12 Jul 2009

References

  • Wang Y, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. Trends of obesity and underweight in older children and adolescents in the United States, Brazil, China, and Russia. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002; 75: 971–7
  • World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. Report of a WHO consultation. GenevaSwitzerland: World Health Organization. WHO Technical Report Series 894, 2000.
  • Lobstein T, Baur L, Uauy R; IASO International Obesity TaskForce. Obesity in children and young people: a crisis in public health. Obes Rev 2004; 5 Suppl 1:4–104.
  • Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Boyce WF, Vereecken C, Mulvihill C, Roberts C, Currie C, Pickett W; Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Obesity Working Group. Comparison of overweight and obesity prevalence in school-aged youth from 34 countries and their relationships with physical activity and dietary patterns. Obes Rev 2005; 6:123–32.
  • Guillaume M. Defining obesity in childhood: current practice. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 70: 126S–30S
  • Must A, Strauss RS. Risks and consequences of childhood and adolescent obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999; 23(Suppl 2)S2–11
  • Power C, Lake JK, Cole TJ. Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1997; 21: 507–26
  • Bray GA, Bouchard C, James WPT. Handbook of Obesity. Marcel Dekker, New York 1998
  • U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. The Surgeon General's Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity. Office of the Surgeon General. Rockville, MD, 2001.
  • Dietz WH. Critical periods in childhood for the development of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr 1994; 59: 955–9
  • Serdula MK, Ivery D, Coates RJ, Freedman DS, Williamson DF, Byers T. Do obese children become obese adults?. Prev Med 1993; 22: 167–77
  • Wang Y, Wang JQ. A comparison of different international references for the assessment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity in different populations. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002; 56: 973–82
  • Zimmermann MB, Hess SY, Hurrell RF. A national study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 6–12 y-old Swiss children: body mass index, body-weight perceptions and goals. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000; 54: 568–72
  • Reilly JJ. Assessment of childhood obesity: national reference data or international approach?. Obes Res. 2002; 10: 838–40
  • Dietz WH, Robinson TN. Use of the body mass index (BMI) as a measure of overweight in children and adolescents. J Pediatr 1998; 132: 191–3
  • Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, Mei Z, Curtin LR, Roche AF, Johnson CL. CDC Growth Charts: United States. Advance Data 2000; 314: 1–27
  • World Health Organization. Physical status, the use and interpretation of anthropometry. WHO Technical Report Series No. 854. Geneva: WHO, 1995.
  • Must A, Dallal GE, and Dietz WH, Reference data for obesity: 85th and 95th percentiles of body mass index (wt/ht2) and triceps skinfold thickness. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:839–46 (with an erratum in Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 54:773).
  • Cole TJ, Freeman JV, Preece MA. Body mass index reference curves for the UK, 1990. Arch Dis Child 1995; 73: 25–9
  • Rolland-Cachera MF, Cole TJ, Sempe M, Tichet J, Rossignol C, Charraud A. Body Mass Index variations: centiles from birth to 87 years. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1991; 45: 13–21
  • Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, and Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ; 2000;320:1240–3.
  • Poskitt EME. Defining childhood obesity: the relative body mass index (BMI). Acta Paediatr 1995; 84: 961–3
  • Reilly JJ, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM. Identification of the obese child: adequacy of the body mass index for clinical practice and epidemiology. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 1623–7
  • Ellis KJ. Body composition of a young, multiethnic, male population. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 66: 1323–31
  • Deurenberg P. Universal cut-off points for obesity are not appropriate. Br J Nutr 2001; 85: 135–6
  • Deurenberg P, Yap M, van-Staveren WA. Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 1164–71
  • Martorell R, Kettel Khan L, Hughes ML, Grummer Strawn LM. Overweight and obesity in preschool children from developing countries. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 959–67
  • de Onis M, Blossner M. Prevalence and trends of overweight among preschool children in developing countries. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 1032–9
  • Gurney M, Gorstein J. The global prevalence of obesity—an initial overview of available data. World Health Stat Q. 1988; 41: 251–4
  • United Nations. Demographic Yearbook 2001. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001 (assessed August 20, 2004).
  • The IOTF IASO database for children is available at http://www.iotf.org/childhood.
  • Doak CM, Adair LS, Monteiro C, Popkin BM. Overweight and underweight coexist within households in Brazil, China and Russia. J Nutr. 2000; 130: 2965–71
  • Commission on the Nutrition Challenges of the 21st Century. Ending Malnutrition by 2020: an Agenda for Change in the Millenium. Final Report to the ACC/SCN, February 2000. United Nations Standing Committee on Nutrition, 2000. ( http://www.unsystem.org/scn/Publications/UN_Report.PDF, accessed 9 December 2005.)
  • Walker SP, Gaskin PS, Powell CA, Bennett FI. The effects of birth weight and post natal linear growth retardation on body mass index, fatness and fat distribution in mid and late childhood. Public Health Nutr 2002; 5: 391–6
  • Reddy SP, Panday S, Swart D, Jinabhai CC, Amosun SL, James S, Monyeki KD, Stevens G, Morejele N, Kambaran NS, Omardien RG, Van den Borne HW. Umthenthe Uhlaba Usamila – The South African Youth Risk Assessment Survey 2002. South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 2003
  • Monteiro CA, Conde WL, Lu B, Popkin BM. Obesity and inequities in health in the developing world. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004; 28: 1181–6
  • Sobal J, Stunkard AJ. Socioeconomic status and obesity: a review of the literature. Psychol Bull 1989; 105: 260–75
  • Wang Y. Cross-national comparison of childhood obesity: the epidemic and the relationship between obesity and socioeconomic status. Int J Epidemiol. 2001; 30: 1129–36
  • Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. JAMA 2002; 288: 1728–32
  • Saxena S, Ambler G, Cole TJ, Majeed A. Ethnic group differences in overweight and obese children and young people in England: cross sectional survey. Arch Dis Child. 2004; 89: 30–6
  • Stolarczyk H, Malinowski A. Secular changes of body height and mass in children and adolescents of Lodz. Z Morphol Anthropol 1996; 81: 167–77
  • Davison KK, Birch LL. Childhood overweight: a contextual model and recommendations for future research. Obes Rev. 2001; 2: 159–71
  • World Health Organization. Food and Health in Europe: a new basis for action. A Robertson, C Tirado, T Lobstein, M Jermini, C Knai, JH Jensen, A Ferro-Luzzi, WPT James (eds). WHO Regional Publications, European Series No 96. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 2004.
  • Board of Science and Education. Road Transport and Health. British Medical Association. London: BMA, 1997.
  • National Task Force on Obesity. Obesity: The Policy Challenges. Department of Health and Children, Dublin, 2005.
  • Tremblay MS, Katzmarzyk PT, Willms JD. Temporal trends in overweight and obesity in Canada, 1981–1996. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 538–43
  • Willms JD, Tremblay MS, Katzmarzyk PT. Geographic and demographic variation in the prevalence of overweight Canadian children. Obes Res. 2003; 11: 668–73
  • Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. JAMA 2002; 288: 1728–32
  • Kain J, Uauy R, Vio F, Albala C. Trends in overweight and obesity prevalence in Chilean children: comparison of three definitions. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56: 200–4
  • Bláha P, Vignerová J (eds). Investigation of the Growth of Czech Children and Adolescents: Normal, Underweight and Overweight. National Institute of Public Health: Prague, 2002.
  • Kautiainen S, Rimpëla A, Vikat A, Virtanen SM. Secular trends in overweight and obesity among Finnish adolescents in 1977–1999. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 544–52
  • Rolland-Cachera MF, Bellisle F, Deheeger M. Nutritional status and food intake in adolescents living in Western Europe. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2000; 54(Suppl 1)S41–6
  • Kromeyer-Hauschild K, Zellner K, Jaeger U, Hoyer H. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children in Jena (Germany). Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999; 23: 1143–50
  • Kalies H, Lenz J, von Kries R. Prevalence of overweight and obesity and trends in body mass index in German pre-school children, 1982–1997. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2002; 26: 1211–7
  • Frye C, Heinrich J. Trends and predictors of overweight and obesity in East German children. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27: 963–9
  • Koziel S, Kolodziej H, Ulijaszek SJ. Parental education, body mass index and prevalence of obesity among 14-year-old boys between 1987 and 1997 in Wroclaw, Poland. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000; 16: 1163–7
  • Wit JM, Verloove-Vanhorick SP. Body index measurements in 1996–7 compared with 1980. Arch Dis Child. 2000; 82: 107–12
  • Petersen S, Brulin C, Bergstrom E. Increasing prevalence of overweight in young schoolchildren in Umea, Sweden, from 1986 to 2001. Acta Paediatr. 2003; 92: 848–53
  • Pavlovic M, Bijelovic S, Balac D. Tendency of obesity prevalence in children. Subotica Public Health Institute. Subotica, FYR Serbia 2001
  • Zimmermann MB, Hess SY, Hurrell RF. A national study of the prevalence of overweight and obesity in 6–12 y-old Swiss children: body mass index, body-weight perceptions and goals. Eur J Clin Nutr 2000; 54: 568–72
  • Chinn S, Rona RJ. Prevalence and trends in overweight and obesity in three cross sectional studies of British Children, 1974–94. BMJ. 2001; 322: 24–6
  • Lobstein TJ, James WP, Cole TJ. Increasing levels of excess weight among children in England. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003; 27: 1136–8
  • Bundred P, Kitchiner D, Buchan I. Prevalence of overweight and obese children between 1989 and 1998: population based series of cross sectional studies. BMJ 2001; 322: 326–8
  • Magkos F, Manios Y, Christakis G, Kafatos AG. Secular trends in cardiovascular risk factors among school-aged boys from Crete, Greece, 1982–2002. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2005; 59: 1–7
  • National Centre for Social Research, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health at the Royal Free and University College Medical School. Health Survey for England 2002. London, The Stationery Office, 2003.
  • Heude B, Lafay L, Borys JM, Thibult N, Lommez A, Romon M, Ducimetiere P, Charles MA. Time trend in height, weight, and obesity prevalence in school children from Northern France, 1992–2000. Diabetes Metabolism 2003; 29: 235–40
  • Briem B. Percent overweight and obesity among 9 year old Icelandic Children from 1958–1998. Masters Thesis, University of Iceland, 1999.
  • Watkins DC, Murray LJ, McCarron P, Boreham CAG, Cran GW, Young IS, McGartland C, Robson PJ, Savage JM. Ten-year trends for fatness in Northern Irish adolescents: the Young Hearts Projects-repeat cross-sectional study. International Journal of Obesity 2005; 29: 579–85
  • Hirasing RA, Fredriks AM, Van Buuren S, Verloove-Vanhorick SP, Wit JM. Increased prevalence of overweight and obesity in Dutch children, and the detection of overweight and obesity using international criteria and new reference diagrams. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2001; 145: 1303–8
  • Moreno LA, Sarria A, Popkin BM. The nutrition transition in Spain: a European Mediterranean country. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002; 56:1–12. Sample size was taken from Moreno L, Sarria A, Flata J, Rodriguez G, Perez Gonzalez JM, Bueno M. Sociodemographic factors and trends on overweight prevalence in children and adolescents in Aragon (Spain) from 1985 to 1995. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001; 54:921–7.
  • Ke-You G, Da-Wei F. The magnitude and trends of under- and over-nutrition in Asian countries. Biomed Environ Sci 2001; 14: 53–60
  • Ji CY, Sun JL. Analyses of the epidemiological status of overweight and obesity in Chinese students and the prevalence changes in recent 15 years. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao. 2004; 36: 194–7
  • Chu NF. Prevalence and trends of obesity among school children in Taiwan—the Taipei Children Heart Study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001; 25: 170–6
  • Matsushita Y, Yoshiike N, Kaneda F, Yoshita K, Takimoto H. Trends in childhood obesity in Japan over the last 25 years from the national nutrition survey. Obes Res. 2004; 12: 205–14
  • Cheah JS. Obesity in Singapore. Ann Acad Med Singapore. 1997; 26: 145–6
  • Magarey AM, Daniels LA, Boulton TJ. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in Australian children and adolescents: reassessment of 1985 and 1995 data against new standard international definitions. Med J Aust 2001; 174: 561–4
  • Turnbull A, Barry D, Wickens K, Crane J. Changes in body mass index in 11–12-year-old children in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand (1989–2000). J Paediatr Child Health. 2004; 40: 33–7
  • UNICEF. Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Unicef National Report on the Follow-up to the World Summit for Children. Belgrade, February 2001.
  • Mo-suwan L, Tongkumchum P, Puetpaiboon A. Determinants of overweight tracking from childhood to adolescence: a 5 y follow-up study of Hat Yai schoolchildren. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2000; 24: 1642–7
  • Davison KK, Birch LL. Childhood overweight: a contextual model and recommendations for future research. Obes Rev. 2001; 2: 159–71
  • Popkin BM. An overview on the nutrition transition and its health implications: the Bellagio meeting. Public Health Nutr. 2002; 5: 93–103
  • Egger G, Swinburn B. An “ecological” approach to the obesity pandemic. BMJ. 1997; 315: 477–80
  • French SA, Story M, Jeffery RW. Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annu Rev Public Health 2001; 22: 309–35
  • Hill JO, Peters JC. Environmental contributions to the obesity epidemic. Science 1998; 280: 1371–4
  • Lobstein T, Dibb S. Evidence of a possible link between obesogenic food advertising and child overweight. Obes Rev 2005; 6: 203–8
  • Elgar FJ, Roberts C, Tudor-Smith C, Moore L. Validity of self-reported height and weight and predictors of bias in adolescents. J Adolesc Health. 2005 Nov; 37(5)371–5

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.