Interpreting and responding to wildfire smoke in western Canada

References

• Abdo, A., Ward, I., O’Dell, K., Ford, B., Pierce, J. R., Fischer, E. V., & Crooks, J. L. (2019). Impact of wildfire smoke on adverse pregnancy outcomes in Colorado, 2007-2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3720. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193720
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black, C., Tesfaigzi, Y., Bassein, J. A., & Miller, L. A. (2017). Wildfire smoke exposure and human health: Significant gaps in research for a growing public health issue. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 55, 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2017.08.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borchers Arriagada, N., Bowman, D. M. J. S., Palmer, A. J., & Johnston, F. H. (2019a). Climate Change, wildfires, heatwaves and health impacts in Australia. In R. Akhtar (Ed.), Extreme weather events and human health (pp. 99–116). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23773-8_8
   Google Scholar
• Borchers Arriagada, N., Horsley, J. A., Palmer, A. J., Morgan, G. G., Tham, R., & Johnston, F. H. (2019b). Association between fire smoke fine particulate matter and asthma-related outcomes: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental Research, 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108777
   Google Scholar
• Brenkert-Smith, H., Champ, P. A., & Flores, N. (2012). Trying not to get burned: Understanding homeowners’ wildfire risk-mitigation behaviors. Environmental Management, 50(6), 1139–1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-012-9949-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coogan, S., Robinne, F.-N., Jain, P., & Flannigan, M. D. (2019). Scientists’ warning on wildfire — a Canadian perspective. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 49(9), 1015–1023. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2019-0094
   Google Scholar
• Dodd, W., Scott, P., Howard, C., Scott, C., Rose, C., Cunsolo, A., & Orbinski, J. (2018). Lived experience of a record wildfire season in the Northwest Territories, Canada. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 109(3), 327–337. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-018-0070-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dohrenwend, P. B., Le, M. V., Bush, J. A., & Thomas, C. F. (2013). The impact on emergency department visits for respiratory illness during the Southern California wildfires. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 14(2), 79–84. https://doi.org/10.5811/westjem.2012.10.6917
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Doubleday, A., Choe, Y., Busch Isaksen, T. M., & Errett, N. A. (2021). Urban bike and pedestrian activity impacts from wildfire smoke events in Seattle, WA. Journal of Transport & Health, 21), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101033
   Google Scholar
• Dutkiewicz, V., Husain, L., Roychowdhury, U. K., & Demerjian, K. (2011). Impact of Canadian wildfire smoke on air quality at two rural sites in NY state. Atmospheric Environment, 45(12), 2028–2033. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.072
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finlay, S. E., Moffat, A., Gazzard, R., Baker, D., & Murray, V. (2012). Health impacts of wildfires. PLoS Currents, November 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/4f959951cce2c
   Google Scholar
• Gustafson, P. E. (1998). Gender differences in risk perception: Theoretical and methodological perspectives. Risk Analysis, 18(6), 805–811. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RIAN.0000005926.03250.c0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson, S. B., Brauer, M., MacNab, Y. C., & Kennedy, S. M. (2011). Three measures of forest fire smoke exposure and their associations with respiratory and cardiovascular health outcomes in a population-based cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(9), 1266–1271. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitchcock, J. L. (2001). Gender Differences in risk perception: Broadening the contexts. Risk: Health, Safety & Environment, 12(3-4), 179–204.
   Google Scholar
• Johnston, F. H., Borchers-Arriagada, N., Morgan, G. G., Jalaludin, B., Palmer, A. J., Williamson, G. J., & Bowman, D. M. J. S. (2021). Unprecedented health costs of smoke-related PM2.5 from the 2019-20 Australian megafires. Nature Sustainability, 4(1), 42–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00610-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston, F. H., Henderson, S. B., Chen, Y., Randerson, J. T., Marlier, M., Defries, R. S., Kinney, P., Bowman, D. M., & Brauer, M. (2012). Estimated global mortality attributable to smoke from landscape fires. Environmental Health Perspectives, 120(5), 695–701. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1104422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochi, I., Champ, P. A., Loomis, J. B., & Donovan, G. H. (2012). Valuing mortality impacts of smoke exposure from major southern California wildfires. Journal of Forest Economics, 18(1), 61–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfe.2011.10.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolbe, A., & Gilchrist, K. L. (2009). An extreme bushfire smoke pollution event: Health impacts and public health challenges. New South Wales Public Health Bulletin, 20(1-2), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.1071/nb08061
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Laumbach, R. J. (2019). Clearing the Air on personal interventions to reduce exposure to wildfire smoke. Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 16(7), 815–818. https://doi.org/10.1513/AnnalsATS.201812-894PS
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindell, M. K., & Perry, R. W. (2011). The protective action decision model: Theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Risk Analysis, 32(4), 616–632. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01647.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J. C., Wilson, A., Mickley, L. J., Dominici, F., Ebisu, K., Wang, Y., Sulprizio, M. P., Peng, R. D., Yue, X., Anderson, G. B., & Bell, M. L. (2017). Wildfire-specific fine particulate matter and risk of hospital admissions in urban and rural counties. Epidemiology, 28, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDI.0000000000000556
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, W. E., Martin, I. M., & Kent, B. (2009). The role of risk perceptions in the risk mitigation process: The case of wildfire in high risk communities. Journal of Environmental Management, 91(2), 489–498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matz, C. J., Egyed, M., Xi, G., Racine, J., Pavlovic, R., Rittmaster, R., Henderson, S. B., & Steib, D. M. (2020). Health impact analysis of PM2.5 from wildfire smoke in Canada (2013-2015, 2017-2018). Science of the Total Environment, 725, 138506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138506
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee, T., & Eriksen, C. (2018). Defensive actions and people preparedness. In S. L. Manzello (Ed.), Encyclopedia of wildfires and wildland-urban interface (WUI) fires. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51727-8_93-1
   Google Scholar
• McGee, T. K., McFarlane, B. L., & Varghese, J. (2009). An examination of the influence of hazard experience on wildfire risk perceptions and adoption of mitigation measures. Society & Natural Resources, 22(4), 308–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920801910765
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLennan, J., Paton, D., & Wright, L. (2015). At-risk householders’ responses to potential and actual bushfire threat: An analysis of findings from seven Australian post-bushfire interview studies 2009-2014. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 12, 319–327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdrr.2015.02.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNeill, I. M., Dunlop, P. D., Heath, J. B., Skinner, T. C., & Morrison, D. L. (2013). Expecting the unexpected: Predicting physiological and psychological wildfire preparedness from perceived risk, responsibility, and obstacles. Risk Analysis, 22(10), 1829–1843. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12037
   Google Scholar
• Mozumder, P., Raheem, N., Talberth, J., & Berrens, R. P. (2008). Investigating intended evacuation from wildfires in the wildland-urban interface: Application of a bivariate probit model. Forest Policy and Economics, 10(6), 415–423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2008.02.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeher, L. P., Brauer, M., Lipsett, M., Zelikoff, J. T., Simpson, C. D., Koenig, J. Q., & Smith, K. R. (2007). Woodsmoke health effects: A review. Inhalation Toxicology, 19(1), 67–106. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370600985875
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Navarro, K. M., Kleinman, M. T., Mackay, C. E., Reinhardt, T. E., Balmes, J. R., Broyles, G. A., Ottmar, R. D., Naher, L. P., & Domitrovich, J. W. (2019). Wildland firefighter smoke exposure and risk of lung cancer and cardiovascular disease mortality. Environmental Research, 173, 462–468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.060
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen, C., Mazzotta, D., Toman, E., & Fischer, A. (2014). Communicating about smoke from wildland Fire: Challenges and opportunities for managers. Environmental Management, 54(3), 571–582. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0312-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rappold, A. G., Hano, M. C., Prince, S., Wei, L., Huang, S. M., Baghdikian, C., Stearns, B., Gao, X., Hoshiko, S., Cascio, W. E., Diaz-Sanchez, D., & Hubbell, B. (2019). Smoke sense initiative leverages citizen science to address the growing wildfire-related public health problem. GeoHealth, 3(12), 443–457. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GH000199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, C. E., Brauer, M., Johnston, F. H., Jerrett, M., Balmes, J. R., & Elliott, C. T. (2016). Critical review of health impacts of wildfire smoke exposure. Environmental Health Perspectives, 124(9), 1334–1343. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1409277
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reisen, F., Duran, S. M., Flannigan, M., Elliott, C., & Rideout, K. (2015). Wildfire smoke and public health risk. International Journal of Wildland Fire, 24(8), 1029–1044. https://doi.org/10.1071/WF15034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rose, K. M., Toman, E., & Olsen, C. S. (2017). Public use of information about smoke emissions: Application of the risk information seeking and processing (RISP) model. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 47(11), 1527–1537. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2017-0099
   Google Scholar
• Santana, F. N., Gonzalez, D. J. X., & Wong-Parodi, G. (2021). Psychological factors and social processes influencing wildfire smoke protective behavior: Insights from a case study in Northern California. Climate Risk Management, 34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2021.100351
   Google Scholar
• Smith, T. D., Mullins-Jaime, C., Dyal, M.-A., & Dejoy, D. M. (2020). Stress, burnout and diminished safety behaviors: An argument for Total Worker Health approaches in the fire service. Journal of Safety Research, 75, 189–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsr.2020.09.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2016). Education Highlight Tables, 2016 Census. https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/hlt-fst/edu-sco/Table.cfm?Lang=E&T=11&Geo=00&View=2&Age=2
   Google Scholar
• Statistics Canada. (2021). Population estimates on July 1st, by age and sex. Table 17-10-0005-01. Release date 2021-09-29. https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000501
   Google Scholar
• Strahan, K., Whittaker, J., & Handmer, J. (2019). Predicting self-evacuation in Australian bushfire. Environmental Hazards, 18, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2018.1512468
   Google Scholar
• Sugerman, D. E., Keir, J. M., Dee, D. L., Lipman, H., Waterman, S. H., Ginsberg, M., & Fishbein, D. B. (2012). Emergency health risk communication during the 2007 San Diego wildfires: Comprehension, compliance, and recall. Journal of Health Communication, 17(6), 698–712. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2011.635777
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker, J., Eriksen, C., & Haynes, K. (2016). Gendered responses to the 2009 Black Saturday bushfires in Victoria, Australia. Geographical Research, 54(2), 203–215. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-5871.12162
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao, J., Stieb, D. M., Taylor, E., & Henderson, S. B. (2020). Assessment of the Air Quality Health Index (AQHI) and four alternate AQHI-plus amendments for wildfire seasons in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 111(1), 96–106. https://doi.org/10.17269/s41997-019-00237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar