153
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Change in fracturing and colouring of solid spruce and ash wood after thermal modification

, , &
Pages 92-101 | Received 06 Sep 2013, Accepted 13 Feb 2014, Published online: 18 Mar 2014

References

  • Ahajji, A., Diouf, P. N., Aloui, F., Elbakali, I., Perrin, D., Merlin, A. and George, B. (2009) Influence of heat treatment on antioxidant properties and colour stability of beech and spruce wood and their extractives. Wood Science and Technology, 43, 69–83. 10.1007/s00226-008-0208-3
  • Bak, M. and Németh, R. (2012) Changes in swelling properties and moisture uptake rate of oil-heat-treated poplar (Populus x Euramericana cc. Pannónia) wood. Bioresources, 7, 5128–5137.
  • Bächle, H., Zimmer, B. and Wegener, G. (2012) Classification of thermally modified wood by FT-NIR spectroscopy and SIMCA. Wood Science and Technology, 46, 1181–1192. 10.1007/s00226-012-0481-z
  • Bächle, H., Zimmer, B., Windeisen, E. and Wegener, G. (2010) Evaluation of thermally modified beech and spruce wood and their properties by FT-NIR spectroscopy. Wood Science and Technology, 44, 421–433. 10.1007/s00226-010-0361-3
  • Beikircher, W. (2009) Bruchmechanische Untersuchungen von thermisch modifizierter Buche (Fagus sylvatica) unter Mode I Belastung bei unterschiedlichen Materialfeuchten. Dissertation (Wien: Institut für Physik und Materialwissenschaften, Department für Materialwissenschaften und Prozesstechnik, Universität für Bodenkultur).
  • Bekhta, P. and Niemz, P. (2003) Effect of high temperature on the change of color, dimensional stability and mechanical properties of spruce wood. Holzforschung, 57, 539–546. 10.1515/HF.2003.080
  • Boonstra, M. J., Van Acker, J. and Kegel, E. (2007) Effect of a two-stage heat treatment process on the mechanical properties of full construction timber. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 2, 138–146. 10.1080/17480270801945439
  • Bourgois, P. J., Janin, G. and Guyonnet, R. (1991) La Mesure de Couleur: Une Méthode d'Etude et d'Optimisation des Transformations Chimiques du Bois Thermolysé [The color measurement: A fast method to study and to optimize the chemical transformations undergone in the thermically treated wood]. Holzforschung, 45, 377–382. 10.1515/hfsg.1991.45.5.377
  • Brischke, C., Welzbacher, C. R., Brandt, K. and Rapp, A. O. (2007) Quality control of thermally modified timber: Interrelationship between heat treatment intensities and CIE L*a*b*color data on homogenized wood samples. Holzforschung, 61, 19–22. 10.1515/HF.2007.004
  • EN 14298. (2004) Sawn Timber – Assessment of Drying Quality (Brussels: European Committee for standardization).
  • Esteves, B. and Pereira, H. (2008) Quality assessment of heat-treated wood by NIR spectroscopy. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 66, 323–332. 10.1007/s00107-008-0262-4
  • Esteves, B. and Pereira, H. (2009) Wood modification by heat treatment: A review. Bioresources, 4, 370–404.
  • Fink, F. (2004) Foto-optische Erfassung der Dimension von Nadelrundholzabschnitten unter Einsatz digitaler, bildverarbeitender Methoden. Dissertation (Freiburg im Breisgau: Fakultät für Forst- und Umweltwissenschaften, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität).
  • González-Peña, M. M. and Hale, M. D. C. (2009a) Colour in thermally modified wood of beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine. Part 1: Colour evolution and colour changes. Holzforschung, 63, 385–393.
  • González-Peña, M. M. and Hale, M. D. C. (2009b) Colour in thermally modified wood of beech, Norway spruce and Scots pine. Part 2: Property predictions from colour changes. Holzforschung, 63, 394–401.
  • Hill, C. A. S. Wood modification. (2006) Chemical, Thermal and Other Processes (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons).
  • Jazayeri-Thomas, L. (2008) Untersuchung der Ursache der erhöhten Resistenz hitzebehandelter Hölzer gegenüber pilzlichem Holzabbau [Investigation of the cause of the increased resistance of heat-treated wood against fungal wood degradation]. Diplomarbeit (Eberswalde: Fachbereich Holztechnik, Studiengang Holztechnik, Fachhochschule Eberswalde).
  • Johansson, D. and Morén, T. (2006) The potential of colour measurements for strength prediction of thermally treated wood. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 64, 104–110. 10.1007/s00107-005-0082-8
  • Keylwerth, R. (1954) Die Bedeutung der mathematischen Statistik für die Holzforschung und Holzwirtschaft [The importance of mathematical statistics for wood research and wood industries]. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 12, 1–3. 10.1007/BF02605803
  • Keylwerth, R. (1955) Statistik bei der Holzprüfung [Statistics in wood testing]. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 13, 169–178. 10.1007/BF02618011
  • Kraus, B. (2003) Thermisch behandeltes Holz. Chemische Veränderungen bei Temperatur, Klassifizierung und Qualitätskontrolle [Thermally treated wood. Chemical changes due to temperature, classification and quality control]. Diplomarbeit (Wien: Institut für Holzforschung, Department für Materialwissenschaften und Prozesstechnik, Universität für Bodenkultur).
  • Majano-Majano, A., Hughes, M. and Fernandes-Cabo, J. L. (2012) The fracture toughness and properties of thermally modified beech and ash at different moisture contents. Wood Science and Technology, 46, 5–21. 10.1007/s00226-010-0389-4
  • Moutou Pitti, R. and Chateauneuf, A. (2012) Statistical and reliability analysis for mixed-mode fracture tests applied to wood materials. Wood Science and Technology, 46, 1099–1112. 10.1007/s00226-011-0462-7
  • Mutz, R. (1998) Inhomogenität des Roh- und Werkstoffes Holz – konzeptionelle, statistische und empirische Implikationen für holzkundliche Untersuchungen [Inhomogeneity of wood as a raw material – conceptual, statistical and empirical implications for scientific investigations]. Schriftenreihe agrarwissenschaftliche Forschungsergebnisse, Band 10 (Hamburg: Verlag Dr. Kovac).
  • Navi, P. and Sandberg, D. (2012) Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Processing of Wood (Lausanne: EPFL Press).
  • Németh, R., Ott, A., Takáts, P. and Bak, M. (2013) The effect of moisture content and drying temperature on the colour of two poplars and robinia wood. Bioresources, 8, 2074–2083.
  • Pfriem, A., Buchelt, B., Zauner, M. and Wagenfür, A. (2010) Comparative analysis of thermally modified and native spruce loaded perpendicular to the grain. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 68, 267–270. 10.1007/s00107-010-0457-3
  • Pfriem, A. and Wagenführ, A. (2008) Feuchtigkeitsunabhängigkeit des Elastizitätsmoduls thermisch modifizierter und nativer Fichte (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) [The interrelation between the modulus of elasticity and wood moisture for thermally modified and native spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)]. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 66, 77–79. 10.1007/s00107-007-0197-1
  • Pfriem, A., Zauner, M. and Wagenfür, A. (2009) Alteration of the pore structure of spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) due to thermal treatment as determined by helium pycnometry and mercury intrusion porosimetry. Holzforschung, 63, 94–98. 10.1515/HF.2009.027
  • Pleschberger, H., Hansmann, C., Müller, U. and Teischinger, A. (2013a) Fracture energy approach for the identification of changes in the wood caused by the drying processes. Wood Science and Technology, 47, 1323–1334. 10.1007/s00226-013-0578-z
  • Pleschberger, H., Teischinger, A., Müller, U. and Hansmann, C. (2013b) Mechanical characterization of lumber of small-diameter hardwood species after different drying schedules. Drying Technology, 31, 1056–1062. 10.1080/07373937.2013.772899
  • Poncsak, S., Kocaefe, D. and Younsi, R. (2011) Improvement of the heat treatment of jack pine (Pinus banksiana) using Thermo Wood technology. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 69, 281–286. 10.1007/s00107-010-0426-x
  • Sandberg, D., Haller, P. and Navi, P. (2013) Thermo-hydro and thermo-hydro-mechanical wood processing: An opportunity for future environmentally friendly wood products. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 8, 64–88. 10.1080/17480272.2012.751935
  • Seeling, U. (2000) Ausgewählte Eigenschaften des Holzes der Fichte (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) in Abhängigkeit vom Zeitpunkt der Fällung1 [Selected properties of spuce wood (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) depending on the felling time]. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 11, 451–458. 10.3188/szf.2000.0451
  • Sinn, G., Gindl, M. and Reiterer, A. (2002) Ausgewählte materialphysikalische Eigenschaften von modifiziertem Holz [Selected physical characteristics of modified wood]. In A. Teischinger and R. Stingl (eds.) Lignovisionen, Band 3: Modifiziertes Holz. Eigenschaften und Märkte [ Lignovisionen, Volume 3: Modified Wood. Properties and Markets] (Wien: Institut für Holzforschung (ihf) und Verband der Holzwirte Österreichs (VHÖ), Universität für Bodenkultur), pp. 171–190.
  • Tolvaj, L., Molnár, S., Németh, R. and Varga, D. (2010) Color modification of black locust depending on the steaming parameters. Wood Research, 55, 81–88.
  • Tolvaj, L., Papp, G., Varga, D. and Lang, E. (2012) Effect of steaming on the colour change of softwoods. Bioresources, 7, 2799–2808.
  • Viitaniemi, P. (2002) Reaction mechanisms of modified wood. In L. Paavilainen (ed.) Finnish Forest Cluster Research Programme WOOD WISDOM, final report, 1998–2001 (Helsinki: National Technology Agency (Tekes), Academy of Finland (AoF), Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF), Ministry of Trade and Industry (MTI)), pp. 185–192.
  • Wagenführ, R. and Scheiber, C. Holzatlas. (1996) Fachbuchverlag Leipzig (München: Fachbuchverlag Leipzig im Carl Hanser Verlag).
  • Welling, J. (1994) EDG-Richtline “Trocknungsqualität” [EDG Recommendation “Drying Quality”]. (Hamburg: Bundesforschungsanstalt für Forst- und Holzwirtschaft).
  • Welzbacher, C. R., Brischke, C. and Rapp, A. O. (2007) Influence of treatment temperature and duration on selected biological, mechanical, physical and optical properties of thermally modified timber. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 2, 66–76. 10.1080/17480270701770606
  • Windeisen, E., Bächle, H., Zimmer, B. and Wegener, G. (2009) Relations between chemical changes and mechanical properties of thermally treated wood. Holzforschung, 63, 773–778. 10.1515/HF.2009.084

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.