Wood durability in terrestrial and aquatic environments – A review of biotic and abiotic influence factors

References

• A'Bear, A. D., Jones, T. H., Kandeler, E. and Boddy, L. (2014) Interactive effects of temperature and soil moisture on fungal-mediated wood decomposition and extracellular enzyme activity. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 70, 151–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adair, E. C., Parton, W. J., Del Grosso, S. J., Silver, W. L., Harmon, M. E., Hall, S. A., Burkes, I. C. and Hart, S. C. (2008) Simple three-pool model accurately describes patterns of long-term litter decomposition in diverse climates. Global Change Biology, 14, 2636–2660.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adaskaveg, J. E., Gilbertson, R. L. and Dunlap, M. R. (1995) Effects of incubation time and temperature on in vitro selective delignification of silver leaf oak by Ganoderma colossum. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(1), 138–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anuwongse, B. (1982) The Practice of Using Concrete on Wood Piling for Marine use in Thailand (Çesme, Turkey: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/492).
   Google Scholar
• Appelqvist, C., Havenhand, J. N. and Toth, G. B. (2015) Distribution and abundance of teredinid recruits along the Swedish coast are shipworms invading the Baltic Sea? Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 95(4), 783–790.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baines, E., Dickinson, D. and Levy, J. (1977) Testing Wood in Ground Contact: An Artificial Soil (Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/280).
   Google Scholar
• Bamber, R. K. (1987) Sapwood and Heartwood (Beecroft: Forestry Commission of New South Wales).
   Google Scholar
• Bech-Anderson, J. (1987) Production, Function and Neutralization of Oxalic Acid Produced by the dry rot Fungus and Other Brown rot Fungi (Honey Harbour, Ontario, Canada: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/1330).
   Google Scholar
• Becker, G. (1976) Concerning termites and wood. Unasylva, the FAO Journal of Forestry and Forest Industries - No. 111 - Termites, 28(I), 2–11.
   Google Scholar
• Björdal, C. (2000) Waterlogged archeaological wood, biodegradation and its implications for conservation, Uppsala, Sweden: PhD thesis, Swedish University of Agricultural Science.
   Google Scholar
• Björdal, C. G., Daniel, G. and Nilsson, T. (2000) Depth of burial, an important factor in controlling bacterial decay of waterlogged archaelogical Poles. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 45, 15–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björdal, C. G. and Nilsson, T. (2008) Reburial of shipwrecks in marine sediments: a long-term study on wood degradation. Journal of Archaeological Science, 35(4), 862–872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Björdal, G. C., Nilsson, T. and Daniel, G. (1999) Microbial decay of waterlogged archaelogical wood found in Sweden: applicable to archaeology and conservation. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 43, 63–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blagodatskaya, E. and Kuzyakov, Y. (2013) Active microorganisms in soil: critical review of estimation criteria and approaches. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 67, 192–211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette, R. A., Held, B. W., Jurgens, J. A., McNew, D. L., Harrington, T. C., Duncan, S. M. and Farrell, R. L. (2004) Wood-destroying soft rot fungi in the historic expedition huts of Antarctica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 70(3), 1328–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanchette, R. A., Nilsson, T., Daniel, G. and Abad, A. (1990) Biological degradation of wood. Advancing Chemistry Series, 225, 142–174.
   Google Scholar
• Boddy, L. (2000) Interspecific combative interactions between wood-decaying basidiomycetes. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 31(3), 185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borges, L., Merckelbach, L., Sampaio, I. and Cragg, S. M. (2014) Diversity, environmental requirements, and biogeography of bivalve wood-borers (Teredinidae) in European coastal waters. Frontiers in Zoology, 11, 13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouteljie, J. B. and Bravery, A. F. (1968) Observations on the bacterial attack of piles supporting a Stockholm building. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 20, 47–57.
   Google Scholar
• Bouteljie, J. and Göransson, B. (1975) Decay in wooden constructions below the ground water table. Swedish Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(3), 113–123.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. (2019). 5. Timber. In B. Ghiassi and P. B. Lourenço (eds.) Long-term Performance and Durability of Masonary Structures. (Duxford: Woodhead Publishing), pp. 129–168.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C., Bayerbach, R. and Rapp, A. O. (2006) Decay-influencing factors: A basis for service life prediction of wood and wood-based products. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 1(3–4), 91–107.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. and Frühwald, E. (2011) Modeling Biodegradation of Timber - Dose-Response Models for Aboveground Decay and its Climate Dependent Variability (Lisbon: International Conference on Structural Health Assessment of Timber Structures).
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. and Humar, M. (2017) 5. Performance of the bio-based materials. In D. Jones and C. Brischke (eds.) Performance of Bio-Based Building Materials. (Duxford: Elsevier), pp. 249–334.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C., Meyer, L. and Olberding, S. (2014) Durability of wood exposed in ground - Comparative field trials with different soil substrates. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 86, 108–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. and Meyer-Veltrup, L. (2017) Durability of wood in ground contact - effects of specimen size. Pro Ligno, 13(2), 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C., Olberding, S., Meyer, L., Bornemann, T. and Welzbacher, C. R. (2013) Intrasite variability of fungal decay on wood exposed in ground contact. International Wood Products Journal, 4(1), 37–45.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. and Rapp, A. O. (2008) Dose–response relationships between wood moisture content, wood temperature and fungal decay determined for 23 European field test sites. Wood Science and Technology, 42, 507–518.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. and Rolf-Kiel, H. (2010) Durability of European oak (Quercus spp.) in ground contact – A case study on fence posts in service. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 69(2), 129–137.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. and Wegener, F. L. (2019) Impact of water holding capacity and moisture content of soil substrates on the moisture content of wood in terrestrial microcosms. Forests, 10(6), 485.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bucher, V., Pointing, S., Hyde, K. and Reddy, C. (2004) Production of wood decay enzymes, loss of mass, and lignin solubilization in wood by diverse tropical freshwater fungi. Microbial Ecology, 48, 331–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caple, C., Dungworth, D. and Clogg, P. (1996) Results of the characterization of the anoxic waterlogged environments which preserve archaeological organic materials. In P. Hoffman, T. Grant and J. A. Spriggs (eds.) Proceedings of the 6th ICOM Group on Wet Organic Archaelogical Materials Conference. (Bremerhaven: ICOM Committee for Conservation Working Group on Wet Organic Archaelogical Materials), pp. 5–71.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, J. and Grant, C. (1975) Moisture control in laboratory tests with wood rotting fungi. International Biodeteriation Bulletin, 11(3), 101–105.
   Google Scholar
• CEN (1994) EN 460: Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products - Natural Durability of Solid Wood - Guide to the Durability Requirements for Wood to be Used in Hazard Classes (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standisation).
   Google Scholar
• CEN (2005a) EN 1001-2. Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products. Terminology, Vocabulary (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation).
   Google Scholar
• CEN (2005b) 15083-1: Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products – Determination of the Natural Durability of Solid Wood Against Wood-Destroying Fungi, Test Methods – Part 1: Basidiomycetes (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation).
   Google Scholar
• CEN (2005c) 15083-2: Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products – Determination of the Natural Durability of Solid Wood Against Wood-Destroying Fungi, Test Methods – Part 2: Soft Rotting Micro-Fungi (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation).
   Google Scholar
• CEN (2013) EN 335. Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products - Use Classes: Definitions, Application to Solid Wood and Wood-Based Products (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardization).
   Google Scholar
• CEN (2015) EN 252: Field Test Method for Determining the Relative Protective Effectiveness of a Wood Preservative in Ground Contact (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation).
   Google Scholar
• CEN (2016) EN 350. Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products - Testing and Classification of the Durability to Biological Agents of Wood and Wood-Based Products (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation).
   Google Scholar
• CEN (2018) prEN 460: Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products - Natural Durability of Solid Wood - Guide to the Durability Requirements for Wood to be Used in Hazard Classes (Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation).
   Google Scholar
• Chen, C. L., Chang, H. and Kirk, T. K. (1983) Carboxylic acids produced through oxidative cleavage of aromatic rings during degradation of lignin in spruce wood by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 3, 35–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clausen, C. A. (2010) Chapter 14 Biodeterioration of wood. In R. J. Ross (ed.) Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. (Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory), pp. 14.1–14.16.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, M. E. and Kuehl, R. J., 2001. Organic matter accumulation and organic soils. In J. L. Richardson and M. J. Vepraskas (eds). Wetland Soils. Genesis, Hydrology, Landscapes, and Classification (Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press), pp. 137-162.
   Google Scholar
• Courtois, H. (1966) Über den Zellwandabbau durch Bakterien im Nadelholz. Holzforschung, 20, 148–154.
   Google Scholar
• Cragg, S. M., Pitman, A. J. and Henderson, S. M. (1999) Developments in the understanding of the biology of marine wood boring crustaceans and in methods of controlling them. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 43, 197–205.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruz, H., Yeomans, D., Tsakanika, E., Macchioni, N., Jorissen, A., Touza, M., Mannucci, M. and Lourenço, P. B. (2015) Guideline for the on-site assessment of historic timber structures. International Journal of Architechtural Heritage, 9(3), 277–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curling, S., Clausen, C. A. and Winandy, J. E. (2001) The Effect of Hemicellulose Degradation on the Mechanical Properties of Wood During Brown rot Decay (Nara, Japan: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP 01-20219).
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, G. F. and Nilsson, T. (1986) Ultrastructural Observation on Wood-Degrading Erosion Bacteria (Stockholm, Sweden: International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/1283).
   Google Scholar
• Daniel, G. and Nilsson, T. (1998) Developments in the study of soft rot and bacterial decay. In A. Bruce and J. Palfreymann (eds.) Forest Products Biotechnology. (London: Taylor and Francis), pp. 37–62.
   Google Scholar
• de Freitas, R. R., Molina, J. C. and Junior, C. C. (2010) Mathematical model for timber decay in contact with the ground Adjusted for the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Materials Research, 13(2), 151–158.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIN (2011) DIN 68800-1: Wood Preservation - Part 1: General (Berlin, Germany: Deutsches Institut für Normung).
   Google Scholar
• Edlund, M.-L. (1998) Durability of untreated wood exposed in terrestrial test fields and microcosms. Material und Organismen, 32, 235–275.
   Google Scholar
• Edlund, M.-L. (2004) Durability of Some Alternatives to Preservative Treated Wood (Ljbljana, Slovenia: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP 04-30353).
   Google Scholar
• Edlund, M.-L. and Nilsson, T. (1998) Testing the durability of wood. Material and Structures, 31, 641–647.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eggert, C., Temp, U. and Eriksson, K.-E. L. (1997) Laccase is essential for lignin degradation by the white-rot fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus. Federation of European Biochemical Societies Letters, 407, 89–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elam, J. and Björdal, C. (2020) A review and case studies of factors affecting the stability of wooden foundation piles in urban environments exposed to construction work. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 148, 104913.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eslyn, W. E. and Clark, J. W. (1976) Appraising deterioration in submerged piling. Material und Organismen, 3, 43–52.
   Google Scholar
• Fackler, K., Gradinger, C., Hinterstoisser, B., Messner, K. and Schwanninger, M. (2006) Lignin degradation by white rot fungi on spruce wood shavings during short-time solid-state fermentations monitored by near infrared spectroscopy. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 39, 1476–1483.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO (1986) Wood Preservation Manual (Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations).
   Google Scholar
• Finer, L., Jurgensen, M., Palviainen, M., Piirainen, S. and Page-Dumroese, D. (2016) Does clear-cut harvesting accelerate initial wood decomposition? A five-year study with standard wood material. Forest Ecology and Management, 372, 10–18.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foliente, G. C., Leicester, R. H., Wang, C.-H., Mackenzie, C. and Cole, I. (2002) Durability design of wood construction. Forest Products Journal, 52(1), 10–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraver, S., Tajvidi, M., D'Amato, A. W., Lindner, D. L., Forrester, J. A. and Milo, A. M. (2018) Woody material structural degradation through decomposition on the forest floor. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 48, 111–115.
   Google Scholar
• Frohnsdorff, G. J., Sjöström, C. and Soronis, G. (1999) International standards for service life planning of buildings. Durability of Building Materials and Components, 8, 1537–1542.
   Google Scholar
• Fryar, S. C., Booth, W., Davies, J., Hodgkiss, I. J. and Hyde, K. D. (2005) Evidence of in situ competition between fungi in freshwater. Fungal Diversity, 18, 59–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geib, S. M., Filley, T. R., Hatcher, P. G., Hoover, K., Carlson, J. E., del Mar Jimenez-Gasco, M., Nakagawa-Izumi, A., Sleighter, R. L. and Tien, M. (2008) Lignin degradation in wood-feeding insects. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 105(35), 12932–12937.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelbrich, J. (2009) Chapter 1 Introduction. In Bacterial Wood Degradation - A Study of Chemical Chages in Wood and Growth Conditions of Bacteria. PhD dissertation (Göttingen: Sierke Verlag), pp. 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Gerhards, C. (1982) Effect of moisture content and temperature on the mechanical properties of wood: an analysis of immediate effects. Wood and Fiber, 14(1), 4–36.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersonde, M. and Kerner-Gang, W. (1984) Soft rot Tests with Soils of Different Origins (s.l.: International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/2226).
   Google Scholar
• Goodell, B. (2003) Brown-Rot fungal degradation of wood: Our Evolving View. ACS Symposium Series, 845, 97–118.
   Google Scholar
• Goodell, B., Yuhui, Q., Jellison, J. and Michael, R. (2002) Lignocellulose oxidation by low molecular weight metal-binding compounds isolated from wood degrading fungi: A comparison of brown rot and white rot systems and the potential application of chelator-mediated Fenton reactions. Progress in Biotechnology, 21, 37–47.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, S. M. (1986) Effect of Soil Type and Moisture Content on Soft Rot Testing (Avignon, France: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/2270).
   Google Scholar
• Greaves, H. (1971) The bacterial factor in wood decay. Wood Science and Technology, 5, 6–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, F. and Highley, T. L. (1997) Mechanism of brown-Rot decay: Paradigm or Paradox. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 39(2–3), 113–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guinee, J., de Haes, U. and Huppes, G. (1993) Quantitative life cycle assessment of products 1: Goal definition and inventory. Journal of Cleaner Production, 1(1), 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Harmon, M. E., Whigham, D. F., Sexton, J. and Olmsted, I. (1995) Decomposition and mass of woody detritus in the dry tropical forests of the Northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. Biotropica, 27(3), 305–316.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmsen, L. and Nissen, T. V. (1965) Der Bakterienangriff auf Holz (Bacterial attacks on wood). Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 10, 389–393.
   Google Scholar
• Hastrup, A. C. S., Green IIIF., Lebow, P. K. and Jensen, B. (2012) Enzymatic oxalic acid regulation correlated with wood degradation in four brown-rot fungi. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 75, 109–114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helbig, M. (1930) Die Physikalische Beschaffenheit des Bodens. In A. Densch, et al. (ed.) Handbuch der Bodenlehre. (s.l.: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg), pp. 221–253.
   Google Scholar
• Highley, T. L. (1999) 13 Biodeterioration of wood. In Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineering Material. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-113. (Madison, WI: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory), pp. 14.1-14.16.
   Google Scholar
• Hirschmüller, S., Marte, R., Pravida, J. and Flach, M. (2018a) Inhibited wood degradation of cement-coated beech laminated veneer lumber (LVL) for temporary in-ground applications. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 76(5), 1483–1494.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschmüller, S., Pravida, J., Marte, R. and Flach, M. (2018b) Long-term material properties of circular hollow laminated veneer lumber sections under water saturation and cement alkaline attack. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 14, 142–156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschmüller, S., Pravida, J. and Roman, M. (2016) Laminated Veneer Lumber Poles for Temporary Soil Nailing - Investigation of Material Properties (Vienna, Austria: WCTE 2016 World Conference on Timber Engineering).
   Google Scholar
• Huckfeldt, T. and Rehbein, M. (2017) Bakterien und Pilze an Wasserbau-Holz (Institut für Holzqualität und Holzschaden IF-Holz: Hamburg).
   Google Scholar
• Illman, B. L. (1991) Oxidative degradation of wood by brown-Rot fungi. In E. J. Pell and K. L. Steffen (eds.) Current Topics in Plant Physiology: An American Society of Plant Physiologists Series. Vol 6. (Philiadelphia: American Society of Plant Physiologists), pp. 97–106.
   Google Scholar
• Irle, M. (2019) pH and why we need to know it. [Online] Available at: http://www.wbpionline.com/features/ph-and-why-you-need-to-know-it/ [Accessed 29 April 2019].
   Google Scholar
• ISO (2007) ISO 21887:2007 Durability of Wood and Wood-Based Products - Use Classes (Geneve, Switzerland: International Organisation for Standardisation).
   Google Scholar
• ISO (2011) ISO 15686-1. Building and Construction Assets - Service Life Planning - Part 1: General Principles and Framework (Geneva, Switzerland: International Organisation for Standardisation).
   Google Scholar
• Jacobsen, R. M., Kauserud, H., Sverdrup-Thygeson, A., Bjorbækmo, M. M. and Birkemoe, T. (2017) Wood-inhabiting insects can function as targeted vectors for decomposer fungi. Fungal Ecology, 29, 76–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• John, M. (2005) Wooden post protective sleeve. USA, Patent No. US 6,886,296 B1.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, B. A. (2001) Site characteristics impacting the survival of historic waterlogged wood: a review. International Biodeterioration and Biodegradation, 47(1), 47–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jurgensen, M., Laks, P., Reed, D. and Collins, A. (2003) Chemical, Physical and Biological Factors Affecting Wood Decomposition in Forest Soils (Brisbane, Australia: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP 03-20281).
   Google Scholar
• Jurgens, J. A. and Blanchette, R. A. (2005) Characterization of Wood Destroying Microorganisms in Archaeological Woods From Marine Environments (Concepción, Chile: International Academy of Wood Science Annual Meeting).
   Google Scholar
• Kirker, G. T., Bishell, A., Cappellazzi, J., Palmer, J., Bechle, N., Lebow, P. and Lebow, S. (2020) Role of leaf litter in above-ground wood decay. Microorganisms, 8(5), 696–718.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlmeyer, J., Bebout, B. and Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, B. (1995) Decomposition of Mangrove wood by marine fungi and Teredinids in Belize. Marine Ecology, 16(1), 27–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretschmar, E. I. (2006) 1 Introduction and state of the art. In Anoxic Sediments and Their Potential to Favour Bacterial Wood Decay. PhD dissertation. (Göttingen), pp. 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Lacasse, M. (2008) Advances in service life prediction - an overview of durability and methods of service-life prediction for non-structural building components. In I. f. R. i. Construction (ed.) Proceedings of the Annual Australasian Corrosion Association Conference. Wellington Convention Centre, (Wellington, NZ: National Research Council Canada), pp. 1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Lamb, F. M. (1992) Splits and Cracks in Wood (Blacksburg, Virginia: Virginia Tech).
   Google Scholar
• Larsson-Brelid, P., Brischke, C., Rapp, A. O., Hansson, M., Westin, M., Jermer, J. and Pilgard, A. (2011) Methods of Field Data Evaluation - Time Versus Reliability (Queenstown, New Zealand: The International Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP 11-20466).
   Google Scholar
• Leicester, R. H., Wang, C.-H., Nguyen, M. and Foliente, G. (2005) Engineering Models for the Biological Attack on Timber Structures (Lyon, France: 10th DBMC International Conference On Durability of Building Materials and Components).
   Google Scholar
• Leicester, R. H., Wang, C.-H., Nguyen, M. N. and Foliente, G. C. (2008b) Engineered Durability; Completion of a 10-Year Project (Miyazaki, Japan: World Conference of Timber Engineering (WCTE 2008), Paper No. 403).
   Google Scholar
• Leicester, R., Wang, C. and Nguyen, M. (2008a) Manual 8 Termite Attack (Melbourne: Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA)).
   Google Scholar
• Leicester, R. H., Wang, C.-H., Nguyen, M. N., Thornton, J. D., Johnson, G., Gardner, D., Foliente, G. C. and MacKenzie, C. (2003) An Engineering Model for the Decay of Timber in Ground Contact (Brisbane, Australia: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP 03-20260).
   Google Scholar
• Leightley, L. E. and Willoughby, G. (1985) The Effect of Concrete Embedment on CCA Treated Hardwood and Softwood Timbers (Guaruja, Brazil: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/3340).
   Google Scholar
• Leppäkoski, E., Gollasch, S., Gruszka, P., Ojaveer, P., Olenin, H. and Panov, V. (2002) The Baltic - a sea of invaders. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 59(7), 1175–1188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LIDET (1995) Meeting the Challenge of Long-Term, Broad-Scale Ecological Experiments. [Online] Available at: https://andrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/lter/pubs/webdocs/reports/lidet.htm [Accessed 07 May 2020].
   Google Scholar
• Liese, W. and Karnop, G. (1968) Über den Befall von Nadelholz durch Bakterien. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 26, 202–208.
   Google Scholar
• MacKenzie, C. E., Wang, C.-H., Leicester, R. H., Foliente, G. C. and Nguyen, M. N. (2009) Section 2. Standards and Codes Requirements. In Timber Service Life Design Guide (Melbourne: Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA)), pp. 5–9.
   Google Scholar
• Matthiesen, H., Gregory, D., Jensen, P. and Sørensen, B. (2004) Environmental monitoring at Nydam, a waterlogged site with weapons sacrifices from the Danish iron age I: a comparison of methods used and results from undisturbed conditions. Journal of Wetland Archaeology, 4(1), 55–74.
   Google Scholar
• Mazela, B. and Popescu, C. -M. (2017) 2.2 Soild wood. In D. Jones and C. Brischke (eds.) Performance of Bio-Based Building Materials. (Duxford: Elsevier), pp. 22–39.
   Google Scholar
• McGarry, B. L., Mowery, J. T. and Flume, M. A. (2001) Fencing system with partial wrap components and tongue and groove substitute. USA, Patent No. US 6,311.955 B1.
   Google Scholar
• Mergny, E., Mateo, R., Esteban, M., Descamps, T. and Latteur, P. (2016) Influence of Cracks on the Stiffness of Timber Structural Elements (Vienna, Austria: WCTE 2016 - World Conference on Timber Engineering).
   Google Scholar
• Mieß, S. (1997) Einfluß des Wasserhaushaltes auf Abbau und Fäuletypen von Holz in Terrestrichen Mikrokosmen (Diplomarbeit) (Hamburg: Universität Hamburg ordinariat für Holzbiologie).
   Google Scholar
• Milton, F. T. (1995) The Preservation of Wood - A Self Study Manual for Wood Treaters (Minnesota, USA: Minnesota Extension Service, University of Minnesota College of Natural Resources).
   Google Scholar
• Morrell, J. J. (2016) Estimated Service Life of Wood Poles (s.l.: North American Wood Pole Council (NAWPC), No. 16-U-101).
   Google Scholar
• Mundt-Petersen, S. (2012) Literature study/state of the art: mould and moisture safety in constructions. Rapport TVBH-3053.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, R. J. (1983) The Influence of Cement and Calcium Compounds on the Performance of CCA Preservatives (Surfer's Paradise, Australia: International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/3221).
   Google Scholar
• Murphy, R. J. (1984) Wood in Concrete. Summary of Discussion at IRG 14 (Surfer's Paradise, Australia: International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP/3264).
   Google Scholar
• NAFI (2003) Timber - Design for Durability (Deakin: National Association of Forest Industries).
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, M. N., Wang, C.-s. and Wang, C.-h. (2008) Timber Durability - Technology Transfer Manual No. 7 Marine Borer Attack on Timber Structures (Highett: Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA)).
   Google Scholar
• Nicholas, D., Rowlen, A. and Milstead, D. (2020) Effect of concrete on the pH and susceptibility of treated pine to decay by brwon-rot fungi. Forests, 11(1), 41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes, L. (2008) Cost Action IE0601-Wood Science for Conservation of Cultural Heritage (Braga, Portugal: Termite infestation risk in Portuguese historic buildings). [Online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267778562_Termite_infestation_risk_in_Portuguese_historic_buildings).
   Google Scholar
• Oevering, P., Pitman, A. J. and Pandey, K. K. (2003) Wood digestion in Pselactus spadix Herbst - a Weevil attacking marine timber structures. Biofouling, 19(S1), 249–254.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oliver, A. C. (1974) Timber for Marine and Freshwater Construction (High Wycombe, UK: Timber Research and Development Association).
   Google Scholar
• Park, H.-T., Hattori, S. and Tanaka, T. (1998) Development of a numerical model for evaluating the effect of litter layer on Evaporation. Journal of Forest Research, 3, 25–33.
   Google Scholar
• Parton, W., Silver, W. L., Burke, I. C., Grassens, L., Harmon, M. E., Currie, W. S., King, J. Y., Adair, E. C., Brandt, L. A., Hart, S. C. and Fasth, B. (2007) Global-scale similarities in nitrogen release patterns during long-term decomposition. Science, 315, 361–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer, A. and Militz, H. (2010) Untersuchungen zum Befallsdruck an Freilleitungs-Holzmasten. Göttingen, 26. Holzschutz-Tagung 22–23 April 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Pracht, J., Boenigk, J., Isenbeck-Schröter, M., Keppler, F. and Schöler, H. F. (2001) Abiotic Fe(III) induced mineralization of phenolic substances. Chemosphere, 44, 613–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramage, M. H., Burridge, H., Busse-Wicher, M., Fereday, G., Reynolds, T., Darshil, S. U., Wu, G., Yu, L., Fleming, P., Densley-Tingley, D., Allwood, J., Dupree, P., Linden, P. F. and Scherman, O. (2017) The wood from the trees: The use of timber in construction. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 68, 333–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rapp, A. O., Brischke, C. and Welzbacher, C. R. (2007) The influence of different soil substrates on the service life of Scots pine sapwood and oak heartwood in ground contact. Wood Material Science and Engineering, 2, 15–21.
   Google Scholar
• Reynolds, C., Jackson, T. and Rawls, W. (2000) Estimating soil water-holding capacities by linking the food and Agriculture Organization soil map of the world with global pedon databases and continuous pedotransfer functions. Water Resources Research, 36(12), 3653–3662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risch, A. C., Jurgensen, M. F., Deborah, P.-D. S. and Martin, S. (2013) Initial turnover rates of two standard wood substrates following land-use change in subalpine ecosystems in the Swiss Alps. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 43, 901–910.
   Google Scholar
• Ritschkoff, A.-C. (1996) Decay Mechanisms of Brown-rot Fungi (Espoo, Finland: VTT).
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Couto, S. (2017) Industrial and environmental applications of white-rot fungi. Mycosphere, 8(3), 456–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savory, J. G. (1954a) Breakdown of timber by ascomycetes and fungi imperfecti. Annals of Applied Biology, 41(2), 336–347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savory, J. G. (1954b) Damage to wood caused by microorganisms. The Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 17(2), 213–218.
   Google Scholar
• Savory, J. G. and Carey, J. K. (1979) Decay in External Framed Joinery in the United Kingdom. Journal of the Insititute of Wood Science, 8, 1876–1880.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheffer, T. C. (1971) A climate index for estimating potential for decay in wood structures above ground. Forest Products Journal, 21(10), 25–31.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, O. (2006a) 3.3 wood moisture content. In D. D. Czeschlik and D. A. Schlitzberger (eds.) Wood and Tree Fungi. (Hamburg, Germany: Springer), pp. 60–67.
   Google Scholar
• Schmidt, O. (2006b) 3.5 pH Value and acid production by fungi. In D. D. Czeschlik and D. A. Schlitzberger (eds.) Wood and Tree Fungi. (Hamburg: Springer), pp. 70–74.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, T. P. and Nicholas, D. D. (2010) Technical Note: effect of soil on the pH of treated wood in ground contact. Wood and Fiber Science, 42(3), 412–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp, R. F. and Eggins, H. O. W. (1970) The ecology of soft-rot fungi. 1.Influence of pH. International Biodeterioration Bulletin, 6(2), 53–64.
   Google Scholar
• Shortle, W. C. and Dudzik, K. R. (2012) Wood Decay in Living and Dead Trees: A Pictorial Overview (Philadelphia: U.S. Forest Service).
   Google Scholar
• Shupe, T., Lebow, S. and Ring, D. (2008) Causes and control of wood decay, degradation and stain.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A. P. and Butcher, J. A. (1991) Bacterial degradation of wood cell walls: a review of degradation patterns. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science, 12, 143–157.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, A. P., Kim, Y. S. and Singh, T. (2016) Chapter 9 - bacterial degradation of wood. In Y. S. Kim, R. Funada and A. P. Singh (eds.) Secondary Xylem Biology. (San Diego: Elsevier), pp. 169–190.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, A. C., Bhatti, J. S., Hua, C., Harmon, M. E. and Arp, P. A. (2010) Modelling above- and below-ground mass loss and N dynamics in wooden dowels (LIDET) placed across North and Central America biomes at the decadal time scale. Ecological Modelling, 222(14), 2276–2290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava, S., Kumar, R. and Singh, V. P. (2013) Wood Decaying Fungi (Saarbrücken: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing).
   Google Scholar
• Standards Australia (2005) AS 5604 - 2005 - Timber - Natural Durability Ratings (Sydney: Standards Australia).
   Google Scholar
• Standards Australia (2018) AS/NZS 1604 Specification for Preservative Treatment (Sydney: Standards Australia Limitied).
   Google Scholar
• Stevens, V. (1997) The Ecological Role of Coarse Woody Debris. An Overview of the Ecological Importance of CWD in BC Forests (Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Forests Research Program. B.C. Ministry of Forests. Working Paper 30).
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, R., Brischke, C., De Windt, I., Francis, L. P., Frühwald Hansson, E., Humar, M., Jermer, J., Klamer, M., Laks, P. E., Le Bayon, I., Metsä-Kortlainen, S., Meyer-Veltrup, L., Morris, P. I., Norton, J., Singh, T., Van Acker, J., Van den Bulck, J., Venas, T. M., Viitanen, H. and Wong, A. H. H. (2016) Global Survey on Durability Variation - on the Effect of the Reference Species (Lisbon, Portugal: The International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP 16-20573).
   Google Scholar
• Tanesaka, E., Masuda, H. and Kinugawa, K. (1993) Wood degrading ability of basidiomycetes that are wood decomposers, litter decomposers, or Mycorrhizal Symbionts. Mycologia, 85(3), 347–354.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, A. M., Gartner, B. L. and Morrell, J. J. (2002) Heartwood formation and natural durability - A review. Wood and Fibre Science, 34(4), 587–611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teles, C. D. and Do Valle, A. (2001) Wood structures: Acting before deterioration. In P. Lourenceo and P. Roca (eds.) Historical Constructions. (Guimaraes, Portugal: s.n.), pp. 857–866.
   Google Scholar
• Thörnqvist, T., Kärenlampi, P., Lundström, H., Milberg, P. and Tamminen, Z. (1987) Vedegenskaper och mikrobiella angrepp i och på byggnadsvirke [Wood properties and microbiological attack in and on construction timber. A litterature review.]. Litteraturstudie. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 10, 1–113. (In Swedish).
   Google Scholar
• Torres-Andrade, P., Morrell, J. J., Cappellazzi, J. and Stone, J. K. (2019) Culture-based indentification to examine spatiotemporal patterns of fungal communities colonizing wood in ground contact. Mycologia, 111(5), 703–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treu, A., Zimmer, K., Brischke, C., Larnøy, E., Gobakken, L. R., Aloui, F., Cragg, S. M., Flæte, P.-O., Humar, M., Westin, M., Borges, L. and Williams, J. (2019) Durability and protection of timber structures in marine environments in Europe: A review. Bioresources, 14(4), 10161–10184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsoumis, G. (2009) I. 2 physical characteristics of wood. In G. Tsoumis (ed.) Science and Technology of Wood. (Oberwinter: Verlag Kessel), pp. 12–13.
   Google Scholar
• Van Acker, J. and Palanti, S. (2017) 5.3 durability. In D. Jones and C. Brischke (eds.) Performance of Bio-Based Building Materials. (Duxford: Elsevier), pp. 257–277.
   Google Scholar
• van de Kuilen, J.-W. G. (2007) Service life modelling of timber structures. Materials and Structures, 40, 151–161.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wal, A., de Boer, W., Smant, W. and van Veen, J. A. (2007) Initial decay of wood fragments in soil in influenced by size, vertical position, nitrogen availability and soil origin. Plant and Soil, 301, 189–201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Wal, A., Ottosson, E. and de Boer, W. (2015) Neglected role of fungal community composition in explaining variation in wood decay rates. Ecology, 96(1), 124–133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vane, C. H., Abbott, G. D. and Head, I. M. (2001) The effect of fungal decay (Agaricus bisporus) on wheat straw lignin using pyrolysis–GC–MS in the presence of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH). Journal of Analytica and Applied Pyrolysis, 60(1), 69–78.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varni, M., Comas, R., Weinzettel, P. and Dietrich, S. (2013) Application of the water table fluctuation method to characterize groundwater recharge in the Palma plain, Argentina. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58(7), 1445–1455.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbist, M., Nunes, L., Jones, D. and Branco, J. M. (2019) 11. Service life design of timber structures. In: B. Ghiassi and P. B. Lourenco (eds.) Long-term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures. (Duxford: Woodhead Publishing), pp. 311–336.
   Google Scholar
• Wakeling, R. (2006) Is Field Test Data From 20 ( 20 mm Stakes Reliable? Effects of Decay Hazard, Decay Type and Preservative Depletion Hazard (Tromso, Norway: International Research Group on Wood Preservation, IRG/WP 06-20327).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C.-H., Leicester, R. H., Nguyen, M., Foliente, G. C. and Sicad, N. (2006) TimberLife: Durability Prediction and Design of TImber Construction (Melbourne, Australia: CSIRO Manufacturing and Infrastructure Technology).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C.-H., Leicester, R. and Nguyen, M. (2008a) Manual 3 - Decay in Ground Contact (Melbourne (Victoria): Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA)).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, C.-H., Leicester, R. and Nguyen, M. (2008b) Manual 4 - Decay Above-Ground (Melbourne (Victoria): Forest and Wood Products Australia (FWPA)).
   Google Scholar
• Wang, W., Page-Dumroese, D., Jurgensen, M., Miller, C., Walitalo, J., Chen, X. and Liu, Y. (2019) Restoration thinning impacts surface and belowground wood decomposition. Forest Ecology and Management, 449, 117451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weil, R. R. and Brady, N. C. (2016) 5. Soil water: characteristics and behaviour. In The Nature and Properties of Soils, Global Edition. (Pearson Education Limited), pp. 206–250.
   Google Scholar
• Wells, J. M. and Boddy, L. (1994) Effect of temperature on wood decay and translocation of soil-derived phosphorous in mycelial cord systems. New Phytologist, 129, 289–297.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcox, W. W. (1978) Review of literature on the effects of early stages of decay on wood strength. Wood and Fiber Science, 9(4), 252–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, L. T. and Summers, M. D. (1996) Timber pile protection system. USA, Patent No. 5,516,236.
   Google Scholar
• Willis, K. J. (2018) Introduction to the state of the world's fungi 2018. In K. J. Willis (ed.) State of the World's Fungi 2018. (Kew: Royal Botanic Garden), pp. 2–3.
   Google Scholar
• Winandy, J. E. and Morrell, J. J. (1993) Relationship between incipient decay, strength, and chemical composition of Douglas-fir heartwood. Wood and Fiber Science, 25(3), 278–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worrall, J. J. and Wang, C. J. K. (1991) Importance and mobilization of nutrients in soft rot of wood. Candian Journal of Microbiology, 37, 864–868.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zabel, R. A. and Morrell, J. J. (2020) 2. Wood deterioration agents. In Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention. (San Diego: Academic Press), pp. 21–51.
   Google Scholar
• References Table 1 and Table 2
   Google Scholar
• EN 12404:2020 Durability of wood and wood-based products - Assessment of the effectiveness of a masonry fungicide to prevent growth into wood of Dry Rot Serpula lacrymans (Schumacher ex Fries) S.F. Gray. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 113:1996/A1 2004 Wood preservatives – Test method for determining the protective effectiveness against wood-destroying basidiomycetes - Determination of the toxic values. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• CEN/TS 15083-1:2005 Durability of wood and wood-based products. Determination of the natural durability of solid wood against food-destroying fungi, test methods. Basidiomycetes. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• prEN 113-1:2018 Durability of wood and wood-based products - Test method against wood-destroying basidiomycetes - Part 1: Assessment of biocidal efficacy of wood preservatives. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• prEN 113-2:2018 Durability of wood and wood-based products - Test method against wood-destroying basidiomycetes - Part 2: Assessment of inherent or enhanced durability.
   Google Scholar
• EN 252:2014 Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 330:1993 Wood preservatives - Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative for use under a coating and exposed out of ground contact: L-joint method. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation
   Google Scholar
• CEN/TS 12037:2003 Wood preservatives - Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative exposed out of ground contact - Horizontal lap-joint method. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• CEN/TR 14723:2003 Field and accelerated tests (FACT) out of ground contact. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• CEN/TS 15083-2:2005 Durability of wood and wood-based products. Determination of the natural durability of solid wood against food-destroying fungi, test methods. Part 2: Soft-rotting micro-fungi. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• ENV 807:2001 Wood preservatives - Determination of the effectiveness against soft-rotting micro-fungi and other soil inhabiting micro-organisms. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 20:1992 Wood preservatives - Determination of Protective Effectiveness against Lyctus brunneus (Stephens). Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 47:2016 Wood preservatives - Determination of the toxic values against larvae of Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus). Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 46:2016 Wood preservatives - Determination of the preventive action against recently hatched larvae of Hylotrupes bajulus (Linnaeus). Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 48:2005 Wood preservatives - Determination of the eradicant action against larvae of Anobium punctatum (De Geer). Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 49:2016 Wood preservatives - Determination of the protective effectiveness against Anobium punctatum (De Geer) by egg-laying and larval survival. Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 370:1993 Wood preservatives - Determination of eradicant efficacy in preventing emergence of Anobium punctatum (De Geer). Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 117:2013 Wood preservatives - Determination of toxic values against Reticulitermes species (European termites). Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 118:2005 Wood preservatives, determination of preventative action against Reticulitermes santonensis De Feytaud (European termites). Brussels, Belgium: European Committee for Standardisation.
   Google Scholar
• EN 275:1992 Wood preservatives. Determination of the protective effectiveness against marine borers.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Laboratory test procedures for decay. Hazard class H1.2. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Laboratory test procedures for decay. Hazard classes H3, H4 and H5. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Field test procedures for decay. Hazard Class 3. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Field test procedures for decay and termites. Hazard classes H4 and H5. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Accelerated field simulator test procedures for decay. Hazard classes H4 and H5. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Laboratory test procedures for Lyctine borers. Hazard class H1. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Laboratory test procedures for Anobiid Borers. Hazard class H1. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Laboratory test procedures for termites. Hazard classes H2, H3, H4 and H5. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Laboratory test procedures for marine borers. Hazard class H6. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Field test procedures for termites. Hazard class H2 and H3. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPC, 2015. Field test procedures for marine borers. Hazard class H6. Protocols for the assessment of wood preservatives. Melbourne: Australian Wood Preservation Committee.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E10-16: Laboratory Method for Evaluating the Decay Resistance of Wood-Based Materials Against Pure Basidiomycete Cultures: Soil/Block Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E14-16 Laboratory Method for Rapidly Evaluating the Decay Resistance of Wood-Based Materials in Ground Contact: Soil Bed Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E15-17 Laboratory Method for Evaluating the Efficacy of Diffusible or Volatile Remedial Preservatives Against Pure Basidiomycete Cultures: Inoculated Block Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E22-16 Laboratory Method for Rapidly Evaluating the Decay Resistance of Wood-Based Materials Against Pure Basidiomycete Cultures Using Compression Strength: Soil/Wafer Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E23-16 Laboratory Method for Rapidly Evaluating the Decay Resistance of Wood-Based Materials in Ground Contact Using Static Bending: Soil Jar Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E24-16 Laboratory Method for Evaluating the Mold Resistance of Wood-Based Materials: Mold Chamber Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E7-15: Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used in Ground Contact (UC4A, UC4B, UC4C); Stake Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E8-15 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used in Ground Contact (UC4A, UC4B, UC4C); Post Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E9-15 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used Above Ground (UC3A and UC3B); L-Joint Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E16-16 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used Above Ground (UC3B); Horizontal Lap-Joint Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E18-18 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used Above Ground (UC3B); Ground Proximity Decay Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E25-15 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used Above Ground (UC3B); Decking Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E27-15 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used Above Ground (UC3B); Accelerated Horizontal Lap Joint Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E31-18 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Field-Cut Preservatives to be Used in Ground Contact (UC4): Block Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E32-18 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Field-Cut Preservatives to be Used Above Ground (UC3B): Modified Post and Rail Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E1-17 Laboratory Methods for Evaluating the Termite Resistance of Wood-Based Materials: Choice and No-Choice Tests. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E5-15 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used in Marine Applications (UC5A, UC5B, UC5C); Panel and Block Tests. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E21-18 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used for Interior Applications (UC1 and UC2); Full-Size Commodity Termite Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• AWPA E26-15 Standard Field Test for Evaluation of Wood Preservatives to be Used for Interior Applications (UC1 and UC2); Ground Proximity Termite Test. Birmingham, Alabama: American Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM D3345-74(1999) Standard Test Method for Laboratory Evaluation of Wood and Other Cellulosic Materials for Resistance to Termites. West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania: International Association for Testing Materials.
   Google Scholar
• GB/T 13942.1-2009 Durability of Wood - Part 1: Method for laboratory test of natural decay resistance. Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
   Google Scholar
• GB/T 13942.2-2009 Durability of Wood - Part 2: Method for field test of natural durability. Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
   Google Scholar
• GB/T 18260-2015 Method of laboratory test for toxicity of wood preservatives against termites. Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
   Google Scholar
• SB/T 10951-2012 Field test for durability performance of wood decking. Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
   Google Scholar
• GB/T 32767-2016 Standard field test for the evaluation of wood preservatives by L-joint. National Standard of the People’s Republic of China.
   Google Scholar
• GB/T 29900-2013 Field test method for evaluation of wood preservatives by ground proximity decay. Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
   Google Scholar
• GB/T 27655-2011 Method of evaluating wood preservatives by field tests with stakes. Beijing, China: Standardization Administration of the People’s Republic of China.
   Google Scholar
• JIS K 1571:2010 Wood preservatives - Performance requirements and their test methods for determining effectiveness. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Industrial Standard/Japanese Standards Association.
   Google Scholar
• JWPA 11(1), 1992 Method for testing effectiveness of surface treatments of timber (brushing, spraying, and dipping) with termiticides against termites (1) laboratory test. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar
• JWPA 11(1), 1992 Method for testing effectiveness of surface treatments of timber (brushing, spraying, and dipping) with termiticides against termites (2) field test. Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Wood Protection Association.
   Google Scholar