Biological durability and moisture dynamics of Dawn redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides) and Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana)

References

• Alfredsen, G., Brischke, C., Marais, B. N., Stein, R. F. A., Zimmer, K. and Humar, M. (2021) Modelling the material resistance of wood—part 1: utilizing durability test data based on different reference wood species. Forests, 12, 558.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augusta, U. (2007) Untersuchung der natürlichen Dauerhaftigkeit wirtschaftlich bedeutender Holzarten bei verschiedener Beanspruchung im Außenbereich [Natural durability of European wood species in different use classes]. Dissertation, University of Hamburg, Hamburg.
   Google Scholar
• Bendtsen, A. B. (1972) Important structural properties of four western softwoods: white pine, sugar pine, western redcedar, and port-orford-cedar. U.S.D.A. Forest Service Research Paper 1972 FPL 191, 1 - 17.
   Google Scholar
• Betts, H. S. (1945) Port Orford White-cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). USDA Forest Service. American Woods, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, 1 - 4.
   Google Scholar
• Bier, H. and Britton, R. A. J. (1999) Strength properties of small clear specimens of New Zealand-grown timbers. Forest Research Institute Bulletin, 41, 1–27.
   Google Scholar
• Blohm, J. H., Melcher, E., Lenz, M. T., Koch, G. and Schmitt, U. (2014) Natural durability of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] franco) heartwood grown in southern Germany. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 9, 186–191.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C. (2007) Untersuchung abbaubestimmender Faktoren zur Vorhersage der Gebrauchsdauer feuchtebeanspruchter Holzbauteile [Investigation of decay influencing factors for service life prediction of exposed wooden components]. Dissertation, University Hamburg, Faculty of Mathematics, Informatics and Natural Sciences, Hamburg.
   Google Scholar
• Brischke, C., Alfredsen, G., Humar, M., Conti, E., Cookson, L., Emmerich, L., Flæte, P. O., Fortino, S., Francis, L., Hundhausen, U., Irbe, I., Jacobs, K., Klamer, M., Kržišnik, D., Lesar, B., Melcher, E., Meyer-Veltrup, L., Morrell, J. J., Norton, J., Palanti, S., Presley, G., Reinprecht, L., Singh, T., Stirling, R., Venäläinen, M., Westin, M., Wong, A. H. H. and Suttie, E. (2021) Modelling the material resistance of wood—part 2: Validation and optimization of the Meyer-Veltrup model. Forests, 12(5), 576.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brischke, C., Hesse, C., Meyer-Veltrup, L. and Humar, M. (2018) Studies on the material resistance and moisture dynamics of common juniper, English yew, black cherry, and rowan. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 13, 222–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bultman, J. D. and Southwell, C. R. (1976) Natural resistance of tropical American woods to terrestrial wood-destroying organisms. Biotropica, 8, 71–95.
   Google Scholar
• CEN/TS 15083-2 (2005) Durability of wood and wood-based products - Determination of the natural durability of solid wood against wood-destroying fungi, test methods - Part 2: Soft rotting micro-fungi. CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• CEN/TS 16818 (2018) Durability of wood and wood-based products - Moisture dynamics of wood and wood-based products. CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Christidis, N. and Stott, P. A. (2021) The influence of anthropogenic climate change on wet and dry summers in Europe. Science Bulletin, 66, 813–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Avila, A. L. and Albrecht, A. (2017) Alternative Baumarten im Klimawandel: Artensteckbriefe: eine Stoffsammlung. Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg (FVA).
   Google Scholar
• DIN 52186 (1978) Testing of Wood; Bending Test (Berlin: Beuth).
   Google Scholar
• Emmerich, L., Brischke, C., Sievert, M., Schulz, M. S., Jaeger, A. C., Beulshausen, A. and Humar, M. (2020) Predicting the outdoor moisture performance of wood based on laboratory indicators. Forests, 11, 1001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EN 113-2 (2020) Durability of wood and wood-based products - Test method against wood destroying basidiomycetes - Part 2: Assessment of inherent or enhanced durability. CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• EN 252 (2015) Field test method for determining the relative protective effectiveness of a wood preservative in ground contact. CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• EN 350 (2016) Durability of wood and wood-based products - Testing and classification of the resistance to biological agents, the permeability to water and the performance of wood and wood-based materials. CEN (European Committee for Standardization), Brussels.
   Google Scholar
• Haase, F. (2022) Statistische Bewertung der biologischen Dauerhaftigkeit unbehandelter und modifizierter Hölzer [Statistical evaluation of the biological durability of untreated and modified timbers]. Master thesis, University of Goettingen, Goettingen.
   Google Scholar
• Haslett, A. N. (1986) Properties and utilization of exotic speciality timbers grown in New Zealand. Part 3: Cypresses, FRI Bulletin, 119, 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Humar, M., Vek, V., Oven, P., Lesar, B., Kržišnik, D., Keržič, E., Hočevar, M. and Brus, R. (2022) Durability and moisture dynamics of douglas-fir wood from Slovenia. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.860734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksson, T., Brischke, C. and Thelandersson, S. (2013) Development of decay performance models for outdoor timber structures. Materials and Structures, 46, 1209–1225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaksson, T., Thelandersson, S., Jermer, J. and Brischke, C. (2014) Beständighet för utomhusträ ovan mark. Guide för utformning och materialval. Rapport TVBK-3066. Lund University, Division of Structural Engineering, Lund, Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Jagels, R., Visscher, G. E., Lucas, J. and Goodell, B. (2003) Palaeo-adaptive properties of the xylem of metasequoia: mechanical/hydraulic compromises. Annals of Botany, 92, 79–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jandl, R. (2020) Climate-induced challenges of Norway spruce in northern austria. Trees, Forests and People, 1, 100008.
   Google Scholar
• Kölling, C., Knoke, T., Schall, P. and Ammer, C. (2009) Überlegungen zum Risiko des Fichtenanbaus in Deutschland vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels. Forstarchiv, 80, 42–54.
   Google Scholar
• Kozakiewicz, P. and Monder, S. (2016) Physical and mechanical properties and anatomy of Metasequoia wood. Forestry and Wood Technology, 95, 114–119.
   Google Scholar
• Krejza, J., Cienciala, E., Světlík, J., Bellan, M., Noyer, E., Horáček, P., Štěpánek, P. and Marek, M. V. (2021) Evidence of climate-induced stress of Norway spruce along elevation gradient preceding the current dieback in central Europe. Trees, 35, 103–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuser, J. E. (1982) Metasequoia keeps on growing. Arnoldia, 42, 130–138.
   Google Scholar
• Kuser, J. E. (1999) Metasequoia glyptostroboides: fifty years of growth in North America. Arnoldia, 58/59, 76–80.
   Google Scholar
• Lavender, D. P. and Hermann, R. K. (2014) Douglas-fir: The Genus Pseudotsuga. Forest Research Publications Office, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Ma, J. (2007) A worldwide survey of cultivated Metasequoia glyptostroboides Hu & cheng (taxodiaceae: cupressaceae) from 1947 to 2007. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 48, 235–253.
   Google Scholar
• Mette, T. and Falk, W. (2020) Extreme Trockenheit – wie sie auf Vitalität und Anbaurisiko von Waldbäumen wirkt. Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft. LWF Aktuell, 126, 30–42.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer-Veltrup, L., Brischke, C., Alfredsen, G., Humar, M., Flæte, P.-O., Isaksson, T., Larsson Brelid, P., Westin, M. and Jermer, J. (2017) The combined effect of wetting ability and durability on outdoor performance of wood: development and verification of a new prediction approach. Wood Science and Technology, 51(3), 615–637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, L., Brischke, C., Melcher, E., Brandt, K., Lenz, M. T. and Soetbeer, A. (2014) Durability of English oak (Quercus robur L.) – comparison of decay progress and resistance under various laboratory and field conditions. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 86, 79–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrell, J. J. and Sexton, C. M. (1987) Decay resistance of port-orford-cedar. Forest Products Journal, 37, 49–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polman, J. E., Michon, S. G. L., Militz, H. and Helmink, A. T. F. (1999) The wood of Metasequoia glyptostroboides (Hu et cheng) of Dutch origin. Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 57, 215–221.
   Google Scholar
• Pretzsch, H., Grams, T., Häberle, K. H., Pritsch, K., Bauerle, T. and Rötzer, T. (2020) Growth and mortality of Norway spruce and European beech in monospecific and mixed-species stands under natural episodic and experimentally extended drought. Results of the KROOF Throughfall Exclusion Experiment. Trees, 34(4), 957–970.
   Google Scholar
• Roloff, A., Schütt, P., Weisgerber, H., Lang, U. M. and Stimm, B. eds. (1994) Enzyklopädie der Holzgewächse. Handbuch und Atlas der Dendrologie. Ecomed Biowissenschaften, Landsberg am Lech, Weinheim.
   Google Scholar
• Šeho, M., Ayan, S., Huber, G. and Kahveci, G. (2019) A review on turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.). South-East European Forestry, 10, 53–63.
   Google Scholar
• Stirling, R., Flæte, P.-O., Alfredsen, G. and Morris, P. I. (2012) Extractives in Norwegian-grown and North American-grown Western Redcedar and their relation to durability. The International Research Group on Wood Protection. IRG/WP-12-10762.
   Google Scholar
• Venäläinen, M., Harju, A. M., Nikkanen, T., Paajanen, L., Velling, P. and Viitanen, H. (2001) Genetic variation in the decay resistance of siberian larch (Larix sibirica ledeb.) wood. Holzforschung, 55(1), 1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walthert, L., Ganthaler, A., Mayr, S., Saurer, M., Waldner, P., Walser, M., Zweifel, R. and von Arx, G. (2021) From the comfort zone to crown dieback: sequence of physiological stress thresholds in mature European beech trees across progressive drought. Science of The Total Environment, 753, 141792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westin, M. and Alfredsen, G. (2011) Durability of modified wood in UC3 and UC4—Results from lab tests and 5 years testing in 3 fields. The International Research Group on Wood Protection. IRG/WP/11-40562.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C. J. (2005) Ecological characteristics of Metasequoia glyptostroboides. In B. A. LePage, C. J. Williams and H. Yang (eds.) The Geobiology and Ecology of Metasequoia (Dordrecht: Springer), pp. 285–304.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C. J., LePage, B. A., Vann, D. R., Tange, T., Ikeda, H., Ando, M., Kusakabe, T., Tsuzuki, H. and Sweda, T. (2003) Structure, allometry, and biomass of plantation Metasequoia glyptostroboides in Japan. Forest Ecology and Management, 180, 287–301.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zobel, D. B., Roth, L. F. and Hawk, G. M. (1985) Ecology, Pathology, and Management of Port-Orford-Cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR.
   Google Scholar