SWEARING IN THE CINEMA

REFERENCES

• American Academy of Pediatrics . 2001 . Children, adolescents, and television. . Pediatrics , 10 (2) : 423 – 426 .
   Google Scholar
• Andersson , L. and Trudgill , P. 1990 . Bad language , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Angier , N. 2005, September 20 . “ Almost before we spoke, we swore. ” . In New York Times [online] Retrieved January 22, 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/20/science/20curs.html
   Google Scholar
• Arnett , J. J. 1995 . Adolescents' uses of media for self socialization. . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 24 (5) : 519 – 533 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Associated Press . 2006, March 29 . “ Poll: Americans see profanity worsening. ” . Retrieved June 26, 2007, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/12063093/
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1977 . Social learning theory , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Bandura , A. 1994 . “ Social cognitive theory of mass communication. ” . In Media effects: Advances in theory and research , Edited by: Bryant , J and Zillmann , D . 61 – 90 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Bate , B. and Bowker , J. 1997 . Communication and the sexes , Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland .
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu , P. 1984 . Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Brick , M. 2005, July 31 . “ Longing for a cuss‐free zone. ” . In New York Times [online] Retrieved January 25, 2008, from http://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/31/fashion/sundaystyles/31bomb.html
   Google Scholar
• Bushman , B. J. and Cantor , J. 2003 . Media ratings for violence and sex: Implications for policymakers and parents. . The American Psychologist , 58 : 130 – 141 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , M. and Saine , T. J. 1977 . The role of profanity and sex variables in interpersonal impression formation. . Journal of Applied Communication Research , 2 (5) : 45 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , S. 2002 . Folk devils and moral panics , London : Routledge . (3rd ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Condry , J. 1989 . The psychology of television , Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Critcher , C. 2003 . Moral panics and the media , Buckingham, , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• De Klerk , V. 1991 . Expletives: Men only? . Communication Monographs , 58 (2) : 156 – 169 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson , J. C. 2005, June . That's entertainment? Dr. Dobson looks at the entertainment industry today [online] , Retrieved February 25, 2008, from http://www.focusonthefamily.com/docstudy/newsletters/A000000763.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Donnerstein , E. , Wilson , B. and Linz , D. 1992 . On the regulation of broadcast indecency to protect children. . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 36 : 111 – 117 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufrene , D. D. and Lehman , C. M. 2002 . Persuasive appeal for clean language. . Business Communication Quarterly , 65 (1) : 48 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Fine , M. G. and Johnson , F. L. 1984 . Female and male motives for using obscenity. . Journal of Language and Social Psychology , 3 (1) : 59 – 74 .
   Google Scholar
• Foote , R. and Woodward , J. 1973 . A preliminary investigation of obscene language. . Journal of Psychology , 83 (2) : 263 – 275 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fritts notes net-affiliate rifts in NAB keynote . 2001, April 21 . Broadcasting and Cable [online] Retrieved January 29, 2008, from http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA173228.html?q5valenti+NAB+2001
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner , G. , Gross , L. , Morgan , M. and Signorielli , N. 1986 . “ Living with television: The dynamics of the cultivation process. ” . In Perspectives on media effects , Edited by: Bryant , J and Zillmann , D . 97 – 113 . Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Glover , M. B. 2008, February 25 . Teen swearing is on the rise, experts say. . Salt Lake Tribune , A8
   Google Scholar
• Goode , E. and Ben‐Yehuda , N. 1994 . Moral panics: The social construction of deviance , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , M. D. and Shuckford , G. L. 1989 . Desensitization to television violence: A new model. . New Ideas in Psychology , 7 (1) : 85 – 89 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haygood , A. 2007 . The climb of controversial film content Unpublished master's thesis, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA
   Google Scholar
• Hetsroni , A. 2007 . Three decades of sexual content on prime‐time network programming: A longitudinal meta‐analytic review. . Journal of Communication , 57 (2) : 318 – 348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hilliard , R. L. and Keith , M. C. 2007 . Dirty discourse: Sex and indecency in broadcasting , Malden, MA : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Hodgins , E. 1949, June 27 . A round table on the movies. . Life, , : 90 – 110 .
   Google Scholar
• Huesmann , L. R. 1986 . Psychological processes promoting the relation between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior by the viewer. . Journal of Social Issues , 43 : 125 – 139 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes , G. 1991 . Swearing: A social history of foul language, oaths and profanity in English , Oxford, , UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Infante , D. A. , Riddle , B. L. , Horvath , C. L. and Tumlin , S. A. 1992 . Verbal aggressiveness: Messages and reasons. . Communication Quarterly , 40 (2) : 116 – 126 .
   Google Scholar
• Internet Movie Database . n.d. . Retrieved June 26, 2007, and January 3, 2008, from http://www.imbd.com
   Google Scholar
• Jay , T. 1992 . Cursing in America: A psycholinguistic study of dirty language in the courts, in the movies, in the schoolyards and on the streets , Philadelphia : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Jay , T. 2000 . Why we curse: A neuro‐psycho‐social theory of speech , Philadelphia : John Benjamins .
   Google Scholar
• Jowett , G. S. 1990 . Moral responsibility and commercial entertainment: Social control in the United States film industry, 1907–1968. . Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television , 10 (1) : 3 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye , B. K. and Sapolsky , B. S. 2001 . Offensive language in prime time television: Before and after content ratings. . Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media , 45 : 303 – 319 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye , B. K. and Sapolsky , B. S. 2004a . Talking a ‘blue’ streak: Context and offensive language in prime time network television programs. . Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly , 81 (4) : 911 – 927 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye , B. K. and Sapolsky , B. S. 2004b . Watch your mouth! An analysis of profanity uttered by children on prime‐time television. . Mass Communication and Society , 7 (4) : 429 – 452 .
   Google Scholar
• Leone , R. and Houle , N. 2006 . 21st century ratings creep: PG‐13 and R. . Communication Research Reports , 23 (1) : 53 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Martin , M. M. , Anderson , C. M. and Cos , G. C. 1997 . Verbal aggression: A study of the relationship between communication traits and feelings about a verbally aggressive television show. . Communication Research Reports , 14 : 195 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• McCorkle , J. 2008 . Cuss time. . The American Scholar , 77 (1) : 59 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEnery , T. 2006 . Swearing in English: Bad language, purity and power from 1586 to the present , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Medved , M. 1992 . Hollywood vs. America , New York : HarperCollins .
   Google Scholar
• Mercury , R. 1996 . Swearing: A ‘bad’ part of language: A good part of language learning. . TESL Canada Journal , 13 (1) : 28 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• OneMillionMoms.com . n.d. . Have you patronized blasphemy today? Retrieved February 25, 2008, from http://onemillionmoms.com/IssueDetail.asp?id5298
   Google Scholar
• Paivio , A. 1981 . The psychology of language , Englewood Cliffs, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Risch , B. 1987 . Women's derogatory terms for men: That's right, ‘dirty’ words. . Language and Society , 16 : 353 – 358 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapolsky , B. S. and Kaye , B. K. 2005 . The use of offensive language by men and women in prime time television entertainment. . Atlantic Journal of Communication , 13 (4) : 292 – 303 .
   Google Scholar
• Selnow , G. W. 1985 . Sex differences in uses and perceptions of profanity. . Sex Roles , 12 (3–4) : 303 – 312 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorielli , N. and Morgan , M. 2001 . “ Television & the family: The Cultivation process. ” . In Television and the American family , Edited by: Bryant , J and Bryant , J. A . 333 – 351 . Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc . (2nd ed.)
   Google Scholar
• Smith , C. 2003 . Theorizing religious effects among American adolescents. . Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion , 42 (1) : 17 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , C. 2005 . Soul searching: The religious and spiritual lives of American teenagers , Cary, NC : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stapleton , K. 2003 . Gender and swearing: A community practice. . Women and Language , 26 (2) : 22 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Stern , S. R. 2005a . Messages from teens on the big screen: Smoking, drinking, and drug use in teen‐centered films. . Journal of Health Communication , 10 : 331 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stern , S. R. 2005b . Self‐absorbed, dangerous, and disengaged: What popular films tell us about teenagers. . Mass Communication and Society , 8 (1) : 23 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Sutton , L. A. 1995 . “ Bitches and shankly hobags: The place of women in contemporary slang. ” . In Gender articulated: language and the socially constructed self , Edited by: Hall , K and Bucholtz , M . 279 – 296 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , K. M. and Yokota , F. 2004 . Violence, sex, and profanity in films: Correlation of movie ratings with content. . MedGenMed , 6 (3) [online]. Retrieved August 25, 2007, from http://pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1435631
   Google Scholar
• Waterman , D. 2005 . Hollywood's road to riches , Boston : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar