2,474
Views
7
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Article

This picture does not portray reality: developing and testing a disclaimer for digitally enhanced pictures on social media appropriate for Austrian tweens and teens

, & ORCID Icon
Pages 149-167 | Received 24 Feb 2020, Accepted 22 May 2021, Published online: 23 Jun 2021

References

  • Appel, H., Gerlach, A. L., & Crusius, J. (2016). The interplay between Facebook use, social comparison, envy, and depression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 9, 44–49.
  • Arendt, F., Peter, C., & Beck, J. (2017). Idealized female beauty, social comparisons, and awareness intervention material. Journal of Media Psychology, 29, 188–197.
  • Ata, R. N., Thompson, J. K., & Small, B. J. (2013). Effects of exposure to thin-ideal media images on body dissatisfaction: Testing the inclusion of a disclaimer versus warning label. Body Image, 10, 472–480.
  • Bergsma, L. J. (2004). Empowerment education: The link between media literacy and health promotion. American Behavioral Scientist, 48, 152–164.
  • Bissell, K. L. (2006). Skinny like you: Visual literacy, digital manipulation and young women’s drive to be thin. Studies in Media & Information Literacy Education, 6(1), 1–14. doi:https://doi.org/10.3138/sim.6.1.002
  • Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2016a). Disclaimer labels on fashion magazine advertisements: Impact on visual attention and relationship with body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 16, 1–9.
  • Bury, B., Tiggemann, M., & Slater, A. (2016b). The effect of digital alteration disclaimer labels on social comparison and body image: Instructions and individual differences. Body Image, 17, 136–142.
  • Callan, M. J., Kim, H., & Matthews, W. J. (2015). Age differences in social comparison tendency and personal relative deprivation. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 196–199.
  • Cheung, F., & Lucas, R. E. (2014). Assessing the validity of single-item life satisfaction measures: Results from three large samples. Quality of Life Research, 23(10), 2809–2818.
  • Daldorph, B. (2017). New French law says airbrushed or Photoshopped images must be labelled. Retrieved from https://www.france24.com/en/20170930-france-fashion-photoshop-law-models-skinny
  • De Jans, S., Vanwesenbeeck, I., Cauberghe, V., Hudders, L., Rozendaal, E., & van Reijmersdal, E. A. (2018). The development and testing of a child-inspired advertising disclosure to alert children to digital and embedded advertising. Journal of Advertising, 47, 255–269.
  • De Vries, D. A., Möller, A. M., Wieringa, M. S., Eigenraam, A. W., & Hamelink, K. (2018). Social comparison as the thief of joy: Emotional consequences of viewing strangers’ Instagram posts. Media Psychology, 21, 222–245.
  • Dumas, T. M., Maxwell Smith, M., Davis, J. P., & Giulietti, P. A. (2017). Lying or longing for likes? Narcissism, peer belonging, loneliness and normative versus deceptive like-seeking on Instagram in emerging adulthood. Computers in Human Behavior, 71, 1–10.
  • Fardouly, J., & Holland, E. (2018). Social media is not real life: The effect of attaching disclaimer-type labels to idealized social media images on women’s body image and mood. New Media and Society, 20, 4311–4328.
  • Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
  • Frederick, D. A., Sandhu, G., Scott, T., & Akbari, Y. (2016). Reducing the negative effects of media exposure on body image: Testing the effectiveness of subvertising and disclaimer labels. Body Image, 17, 171–174.
  • Grabe, S., Ward, L. M., & Hyde, J. S. (2008). The role of the media in body image concerns among women: A meta-analysis of experimental and correlational studies. Psychological Bulletin, 134, 460–476.
  • Harrison, K., & Hefner, V. (2014). Virtually perfect: Image retouching and adolescent body image. Media Psychology, 17(2), 134–153.
  • Hayes, A. F. (2017). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. Guilford publications.
  • Heinberg, L. J., & Thompson, J. K. (1995). Body image and televised images of thinness and attractiveness: A controlled laboratory investigation. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 14, 325–338.
  • Kleemans, M., Daalmans, S., Carbaat, I., & Anschütz, D. (2018). Picture perfect: The direct effect of manipulated Instagram photos on body image in adolescent girls. Media Psychology, 21, 93–110.
  • Knobloch-Westerwick, S., & Romero, J. P. (2011). Body ideals in the media: Perceived attainability and social comparison choices. Media Psychology, 14, 27–48.
  • Krawitz, M. (2014). Beauty is only photoshop deep: Legislating models’ BMIs and photoshopping images. Journal of Law and Medicine, 21, 859–874.
  • Lewis, N., Pelled, A., & Tal-Or, N. (2020). The effect of exposure to thin models and digital modification disclaimers on women’s body satisfaction. International Journal of Psychology, 55(2), 245-254.
  • Schmuck, S., Karsay, K., Matthes, J., & Stevic, A. (2019). “Looking up and feeling down”. The influence of mobile social networking site use on upward social comparison, self-esteem, and well-being of adult smartphone users. Telematics and Informatics, 42, 101240.
  • Terán, L., Yan, K., & Aubrey, J. S. (2020). “But first let me take a selfie”: US adolescent girls’ selfie activities, self-objectification, imaginary audience beliefs, and appearance concerns. Journal of Children and Media, 14, 343–360.
  • Tiggemann, M., & Brown, Z. (2018). Labelling fashion magazine advertisements: Effectiveness of different label formats on social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 25, 97–102.
  • Tiggemann, M., Brown, Z., & Anderberg, I. (2019). Effect of digital alteration information and disclaimer labels attached to fashion magazine advertisements on women’s body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 30, 221–227.
  • Tiggemann, M., Brown, Z., Zaccardo, M., & Thomas, N. (2017). “Warning: This image has been digitally altered”: The effect of disclaimer labels added to fashion magazine shoots on women’s body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 21, 107–113.
  • Tiggemann, M., Slater, A., Bury, B., Hawkins, K., & Firth, B. (2013). Disclaimer labels on fashion magazine advertisements: Effects on social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Body Image, 10, 45–53.
  • Tiggemann, M., & Zinoviev, K. (2019). The effect of# enhancement-free Instagram images and hashtags on women’s body image. Body Image, 31, 131–138.
  • Trekels, J., Vangeel, L., & Eggermont, S. (2017). Media ideals and other-sex peer norms among Belgian early adolescents: Equating self-worth with attractiveness. Journal of Children and Media, 11, 466–484.
  • Vandenbosch, L., Driesmans, K., Trekels, J., & Eggermont, S. (2017). Sexualized video game avatars and self-objectification in adolescents: The role of gender congruency and activation frequency. Media Psychology, 20, 221–239.
  • Veldhuis, J., Konijn, E. A., & Seidell, J. C. (2014). Counteracting media’s thin-body ideal for adolescent girls: Informing is more effective than warning. Media Psychology, 17, 154–184.
  • Want, S. C. (2009). Meta-analytic moderators of experimental exposure to media portrayals of women on female appearance satisfaction: Social comparisons as automatic processes. Body Image, 6, 257–269.
  • Ward, L. M. (2016). Media and sexualization: State of empirical research, 1995–2015. The Journal of Sex Research, 53, 560–577.
  • Wogalter, M. S., Conzola, V. C., & Smith-Jackson, T. L. (2002). Research-based guidelines for warning design and evaluation. Applied Ergonomics, 33, 219–230.
  • Wogalter, M. S., & Laughery, K. R. (1996). Warning! Sign and label effectiveness. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 5, 33–37.
  • Yan, Y., & Bissell, K. (2014). The globalization of beauty: How is ideal beauty influenced by globally published fashion and beauty magazines? Journal of Intercultural Communication Research, 43, 194–214.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.