Representation of refugee characters and experiences in children’s animated television: Missed opportunities and hopes

References

• Aboud, F. E., Tredoux, C., Tropp, L. R., Brown, C. S., Niens, U., Noor, N. M., & Una Global Evaluation Group. (2012). Interventions to reduce prejudice and enhance inclusion and respect for ethnic differences in early childhood: A systematic review. Developmental Review, 32(4), 307–336.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelini, C. (Director), Angelini, C., & Block, B. A. (Director & Writer). (2021) Mila. [Film]. Peppermax films; Pixel Cartoon; IbiscusMedia; Cinesite Aniventure.
   Google Scholar
• Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. Media Psychology, 3(3), 265–299. https://doi.org/10.1207/S1532785XMEP0303_03
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop, R. S. (1990). Windows and mirrors: Children’s books and parallel cultures. In California State University Reading Conference: 14th Annual Conference Proceedings.
   Google Scholar
• Bond, B. J., & Calvert, S. L. (2014). A model and measure of US parents’ perceptions of young children’s parasocial relationships. Journal of Children and Media, 8(3), 286–304. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2014.890948
   Google Scholar
• Browne Graves, S. (1999). Television and prejudice reduction: When does television as a vicarious experience make a difference?. The Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), 707–727.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunick, K. L., Calvert, S. L., & Richards, M. N. (2015). Children’s parasocial breakups with formerly favorite media characters. Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Society, New York City, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Bunn, & Betancourt. (2022). Strengthening Mental Health Support Services for Refugee Children Resettled in the U.S. (Child Evidence Brief). Society for Research in Child Development.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Calvert, S. L., Putnam, M. M., Aguiar, N. R., Ryan, R. M., Wright, C. A., Liu, Y. H. A., & Barba, E. (2020). Young children’s mathematical learning from intelligent characters. Child Development, 91(5), 1491–1508. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cirisoglu, M. (2016). The box [film]. Director Animatick.
   Google Scholar
• Cole, C., Arafat, C., Tidhar, C., Tafesh, W. Z., Fox, N., Killen, M., Ardila-Rey, A., Leavitt, L. A., Lesser, G., Richman, B. A., & Yung, F. (2003). The educational impact of rechov Sumsum/Shara’a simsim: A Sesame Street television series to promote respect and understanding among children living in Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27(5), 409–422. https://doi.org/10.1080/01650250344000019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley, C. (2009). The mental health needs of refugee children: A review of literature and implications for nurse practitioners. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, 21(6), 322–331. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-7599.2009.00413.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esses, V. M., Medianu, S., & Lawson, A. S. (2013). Uncertainty, threat, and the role of the media in promoting the dehumanization of immigrants and refugees. Journal of Social Issues, 69(3), 518–536. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fisch, S. M., & Truglio, R. T. (Eds.). (2014). G is for growing: Thirty years of research on children and sesame street.
   Google Scholar
• Frounfelker, R. L., Miconi, D., Farrar, J., Brooks, M. A., Rousseau, C., & Betancourt, T. S. (2020). Mental health of refugee children and youth: Epidemiology, interventions, and future directions. Annual Review of Public Health, 41(1), 159–176. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094230
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fryberg, S. A., & Townsend, S. S. M. (2008). The psychology of invisibility. In G. Adams, M. Biernat, N. R. Branscombe, C. S. Crandall, & L. S. Wrightsman (Eds.), Commemorating brown: The social psychology of racism and discrimination (pp. 173–193). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11681-010
   Google Scholar
• Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of Communication, 26(2), 172–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gola, A. A. H., Richards, M. N., Lauricella, A. R., & Calvert, S. L. (2013). Building meaningful parasocial relationships between toddlers and media characters to teach early mathematical skills. Media Psychology, 16(4), 390–411. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2013.783774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habjorg, T. ( Director). (2016). When I hear the birds sing [Film].
   Google Scholar
• Hamlen, K. R., & Imbesi, K. J. (2020). Role models in the media: A content analysis of preschool television programs in the U.S. Journal of Children and Media, 14(3), 302–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2019.1689369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffner, C. A., & Bond, B. J. (2022). Parasocial relationships, social media, & well-being. Current Opinion in Psychology, 45, 101306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton, D., & Richard Wohl, R. (1956). Mass communication and para-social interaction: Observations on intimacy at a distance. Psychiatry, 19(3), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/00332747.1956.11023049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard Gola, A. A., Richards, M. N., Lauricella, A. R., & Calvert, S. L. (2013). Building meaningful parasocial relationships between toddlers and media characters to teach early mathematical skills. Media psychology, 16(4), 390–411.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukko, M. (2021). Storycrafting refugee children’s lives. Presenting Ali and the long journey to Australia. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2021.1986645
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, H., & Shiffman, K. S. (2009). Underrepresentation and symbolic annihilation of socially disenfranchised groups (“out groups”) in animated cartoons. Howard Journal of Communications, 20(1), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.1080/10646170802665208
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauricella, A. R., Gola, A. A. H., & Calvert, S. L. (2011). Toddlers’ learning from socially meaningful video characters. Media Psychology, 14(2), 216–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2011.573465
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leal, G. (Director)., Melo, F., & Sanbar, M. (Director). (2021) Footsteps on the wind [Film]. Chasing the Light Studio.
   Google Scholar
• Leavitt, P. A., Covarrubias, R., Perez, Y. A., & Fryberg, S. A. (2015). “Frozen in time”: The impact of Native American media representations on identity and self‐understanding. Journal of Social Issues, 71(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12095
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemish, D., & Götz, M. (2022). The next time is now! How children and media professionals must respond to Russia’s war in Ukraine. Journal of Children and Media, 16(2), 303–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2022.2054524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemish, D., & Johnson, C. R. (2019). The landscape of children’s television in the US & Canada. The Center for Scholars and Storytellers.
   Google Scholar
• Leurs, K., Omerović, E., Bruinenberg, H., & Sprenger, S. (2018). Critical media literacy through making media: A key to participation for young migrants? Communications, 43(3), 427–450. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2018-0017
   Google Scholar
• Li, S. S., Liddell, B. J., & Nickerson, A. (2016). The relationship between post-migration stress and psychological disorders in refugees and asylum seekers. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(9), 9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0723-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby, E. E., & Wilson, W. C. (1957). Identification and observational learning from films. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55(1), 76–87. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0043015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBrien, J. L. (2005). Educational needs and barriers for refugee students in the United States: A review of the literature. Review of Educational Research, 75(3), 329–364. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543075003329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migration Policy Institute. (2021). Afghan immigrants in the U.S. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/afghan-immigrants-united-states
   Google Scholar
• Naseh, M., Macgowan, M. J., Wagner, E. F., Abtahi, Z., Potocky, M., & Stuart, P. H. (2019). Cultural adaptations in psychosocial interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder among refugees: A systematic review. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work: Innovation in Theory, Research & Practice, 28(1), 76–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313204.2019.1570891
   Google Scholar
• Peake, P. ( Director). (2023). Home [Film]. Aardman; Save the Children.
   Google Scholar
• Pinderhughes, E. (2017). Conceptualization of how power operates in human functioning. In E. Pinderhughes, J. Vanessa, & R. Patricia (Eds.), Understanding power: An imperative for human services (pp. 1–23). NASW Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, E. E., Strouse, G. A., Colwell, M. J., Johnson, C. R., Holiday, S., Brady, K., Flores, I., Troseth, G., Wright, H. D., Densley, R. L., & Norman, M. S. (2019). Promoting preschoolers’ emotional competence through prosocial TV and mobile app use. Media Psychology, 22(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2018.1476890
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2020). The commonsense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight, 2020. Common Sense Media.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, O., Mastro, D., Robb, M. B., & Peebles, A. (2021). The inclusion imperative: Why media representation matters for kids' ethnic-racial development. Common Sense.
   Google Scholar
• Scharpf, F., Kaltenbach, E., Nickerson, A., & Hecker, T. (2021). A systematic review of socio-ecological factors contributing to risk and protection of the mental health of refugee children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 83, 101930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiappa, E., Gregg, P. B., & Hewes, D. E. (2005). The parasocial contact hypothesis. Communication Monographs, 72(1), 92–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/0363775052000342544
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, D., Ryjova, Y., Kelleghan, A. R., & Fritz, H. (2021). The refugee crisis and peer relationships during childhood and adolescence. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 74, 101263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signorella, M. L., Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1993). Developmental differences in children′ s gender schemata about others: A meta-analytic review. Developmental Review, 13(2), 147–183. https://doi.org/10.1006/drev.1993.1007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirin, S., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2015). The educational and mental health needs of Syrian refugee children. In R. Capps & K. Hopper (Eds.), Young children in refugee families (p. 13). Migration Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Spivak, G. C. (2001). Can the subaltern speak? In P. J. Cain & M. Harrison (Eds.), Imperialism: Critical concepts in historical studies (1st ed., Vol. 3, pp. 171–219). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Suárez-Orozco, C., Abo-Zena, M. M., & Marks, A. K. (Eds.). (2015). Transitions: The development of children of immigrants. New York University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tukachinsky, R., Mastro, D., & Yarchi, M. (2017). The effect of prime time television ethnic/racial stereotypes on latino and Black Americans: A longitudinal national level study. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 61(3), 538–556.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNHCR. (2022). Global trends report. Forced Displacement 2022. https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends-report-2022
   Google Scholar
• UNICEF. (2023). Child displacement. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-migration-and-displacement/displacement/#resources
   Google Scholar
• USAID. (2023). The United States and sesame workshop partner to support Ukrainian children and families affected by Russia’s war against Ukraine. https://www.usaid.gov/news-information/press-releases/jun-30-2023-united-states-and-sesame-workshop-partner-support-ukrainian-children
   Google Scholar
• Ward, N., & Batalova, J. (2023). Refugees and asylees in the United States. Migration Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Zarif, M., & Kadi, A. (Director). (2020). Dounia. [TV Series]. Singularity Entertainment.
   Google Scholar