116
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Longitudinal relations of screen time duration and content with executive function difficulties in South Korean children

&
Pages 386-404 | Received 01 Aug 2023, Accepted 09 Apr 2024, Published online: 23 Apr 2024

References

  • Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G.(1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Sage.
  • American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. (2020). Screen time and children. AACAP.org. https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Families_and_Youth/Facts_for_Families/FFF- Guide/Children-And-Watching-TV054.aspx#:~:text=Between%2018%20and%2024%20months,limit%20activities%20that%20include%20screens
  • American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Public Education. (1999). Media education. Pediatrics, 104(2), 341–343. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.104.2.341
  • Barr, A. L., Zack, E., & Calvert, S. L. (2010). Infant and early childhood exposure to adult-directed and child-directed television programming: Relations with cognitive skills at age four. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56(1), 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.0.0038
  • Bavelier, D., Green, C., Han, D., Renshaw, P. F., Merzenich, M. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2011). Brains on video games. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 12(12), 763–768. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3135
  • Bernier, A., Carlson, S. M., Deschênes, M., & Matte-Gagné, C. (2012). Social factors in the development of early executive functioning: A closer look at the caregiving environment. Developmental Science, 15(1), 12–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7687.2011.01093.x
  • Best, J. R., Miller, P. H., & Jones, L. L. (2009). Executive functions after age 5: Changes and correlates. Developmental Review, 29(3), 180–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2009.05.002
  • Blankson, A. N., O’Brien, M., Leerkers, E. M., Calkins, S. D., & Marcovitch, S. (2015). Do hours spent viewing television at ages 3 and 4 predict vocabulary and executive functioning at age 5? Merrill-Palmer quarterly, 61(2), 264–289. https://doi.org/10.13110/merrpalmquar1982.61.2.0264
  • Buchanan, T. (2016). Self-report measures of executive function problems correlate with personality, not performance-based executive function measures, in nonclinical samples. Psychological Assessment, 28(4), 372–385. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000192
  • Bucksch, J., Sigmundova, D., Hamrik, Z., Troped, P. J., Melkevik, O., Ahluwalia, N., Borraccino, A., Tynjälä, J., Kalman, M., & Inchley, J. (2016). International trends in adolescent screen-time behaviors from 2002 to 2010. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(4), 417–425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.11.014
  • Chaarani, B., Ortigara, J., Yuan, D., Loso, H., Potter, A., & Garavan, H. P. (2022). Association of video gaming with cognitive performance among children. JAMA Network Open, 5(10), e2235721. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.35721
  • Comstock, G., & Paik, H. J. (1987). Television and children: A review of recent research. Information resources publications. Syracuse University.
  • Cunningham, W. A., & Zelazo, P. D. (2007). Attitudes and evaluations: A social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(3), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2006.12.005
  • Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750
  • Fan, X., Thompson, B., & Wang, L. (1999). Effects of sample size, estimation methods, and model specification on structural equation modeling fit indexes. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 56–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540119
  • Fosarelli, P. D. (1984). Television and children: A review. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 5(1), 30–37. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-198402000-00007
  • Foster, E. M., & Watkins, S. (2010). The value of reanalysis: TV viewing and attention problems. Child Development, 81(1), 368–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01400.x
  • Gashaj, V., Dapp, L. C., Trninic, D., & Roebers, C. M. (2021). The effect of video games, exergames and board games on executive functions in kindergarten and 2nd grade: An explorative longitudinal study. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 25, 100162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2021.100162
  • Gioia, G. A., Isquith, P. K., Guy, S. C., & Kenworthy, L. (2000). BRIEF: Behavior rating inventory of executive function. Psychological Assessment Resources.
  • Hancox, R. J., Milne, B. J., & Poulton, R. (2005). Association of television viewing during childhood with poor educational achievement. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 159(7), 614–618. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.159.7.614
  • Hill, D., Ameenuddin, N., Chassiakos, Y. R., Cross, C., Radesky, J., Hutchinson, J., Levine, A., Boyd, R., Mendelson, R., Moreno, M., & Swanson, W. S. (2016). Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162592. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2592
  • Horowitz‐Kraus, T., & Hutton, J. S. (2018). Brain connectivity in children is increased by the time they spend reading books and decreased by the length of exposure to screen‐based media. Acta Paediatrica, 107(4), 685–693. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.14176
  • Huber, B., Yeates, M., Meyer, D., Fleckhammer, L., & Kaufman, J. (2018). The effects of screen media content on young children’s executive functioning. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 170, 72–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2018.01.006
  • Huttenlocher, P. R. (2002). Neural plasticity: The effects of environment on the development of the cerebral cortex. Harvard University Press.
  • Jusienė, R., Rakickienė, L., Breidokienė, R., & Laurinaitytė, I. (2020). Executive function and screen‐based media use in preschool children. Infant and Child Development, 29(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/icd.2173
  • Kim, A., Nam, M., & Choi, Y. (2021). Exploring the relationship between digital device usage, executive functions, and reading time and preference in 4th to 6th graders. The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, 34(4), 109–131. https://doi.org/10.35574/KJDP.2021.12.34.4.109
  • Kirlic, N., Colaizzi, J. M., Cosgrove, K. T., Cohen, Z. P., Yeh, H.-W., Breslin, F., Morris, A. S., Aupperle, R. L., Singh, M. K., & Paulus, M. P. (2021). Extracurricular activities, screen media activity, and sleep may be modifiable factors related to children’s cognitive functioning: Evidence from the ABCD study®. Child Development, 92(5), 2035–2052. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13578
  • Kostyrka-Allchorne, K., Cooper, N. R., & Simpson, A. (2017). The relationship between television exposure and children’s cognition and behaviour: A systematic review. Developmental Review, 44, 19–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.12.002
  • Lee, J., Park, W., & Um, J. (2021). A study on policy measures to optimize the media use of infants and young children. Korea Institute of Child Care and Education.
  • Lillard, A. S., Drell, M. B., Richey, E. M., Boguszewski, K., & Smith, E. D. (2015). Further examination of the immediate impact of television on children’s executive function. Developmental Psychology, 51(6), 792–805. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039097
  • Lillard, A. S., & Peterson, J. (2011). The immediate impact of different types of television on young children’s executive function. Pediatrics, 128(4), 644–649. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2010-1919
  • Linebarger, D. L., Barr, R., Lapierre, M. A., & Piotrowski, J. T. (2014). Associations between parenting, media use, cumulative risk, and children’s executive functioning. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 35(6), 367–377. https://doi.org/10.1097/DBP.0000000000000069
  • Little, T. D. (2013). Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling. Guilford Press.
  • Li, H., Wu, D., Yang, J., Luo, J., Xie, S., & Chang, C. (2021). Tablet use affects preschoolers’ executive function: FNIRS evidence from the dimensional change card sort task. Brain Sciences, 11(5), 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11050567
  • McNeill, J., Howard, S. J., Vella, S. A., & Cliff, D. P. (2019). Longitudinal associations of electronic application use and media program viewing with cognitive and psychosocial development in preschoolers. Academic Pediatrics, 19(5), 520–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acap.2019.02.010
  • Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998-2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
  • Nathanson, A. I., Aladé, F., Sharp, M. L., Rasmussen, E. E., & Christy, K. (2014). The relation between television exposure and executive function among preschoolers. Developmental Psychology, 50(5), 1497–1506. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035714
  • Neophytou, E., Manwell, L. A., & Eikelboom, R. (2021). Effects of excessive screen time on neurodevelopment, learning, memory, mental health, and neurodegeneration: A scoping review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(3), 724–744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00182-2
  • Oakes, J. M. (2009). The effect of media on children: A methodological assessment from a social epidemiologist. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(8), 1136–1151. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209331538
  • Odgers, C. L., & Jensen, M. R. (2020). Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: Facts, fears, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(3), 336–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13190
  • OECD. (2022). Information and communication technology (ICT). OECDiLibrary. https://doi.org/10.1787/69c2b997-en
  • Paulus, M. P., Squeglia, L. M., Bagot, K., Jacobus, J., Kuplicki, R., Breslin, F. J., Bodurka, J., Morris, A. S., Thompson, W. K., Bartsch, H., & Tapert, S. F. (2019). Screen media activity and brain structure in youth: Evidence for diverse structural correlation networks from the ABCD study. Neuroimage: Reports, 185, 140–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.10.040
  • Rideout, V., & Robb, M. B. (2020). The common sense census: Media use by kids age zero to eight, 2020. Common Sense Media.
  • Rogers, V. W., Hart, P. H., Motyka, E., Rines, E. N., Vine, J., & Deatrick, D. A. (2013). Impact of let’s go! 5-2-1-0: A community-based, multisetting childhood obesity prevention program. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38(9), 1010–1020. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst057
  • Rosenqvist, J., Lahti-Nuuttila, P., Holdnack, J., Kemp, S. L., & Laasonen, M. (2016). Relationship of TV watching, computer use, and reading to children’s neurocognitive functions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 46, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.04.006
  • Salomon, G. (1983). Television watching and mental effort: A social psychological view. In J. Bryant & D. R. Anderson (Eds.), Children’s understanding of television: Research on attention and comprehension (pp. 35–68). Academic Press.
  • Schmidt, M. E., Bickham, D. S., Branner, A., & Rich, M. (2008). Media‐related policies of professional health organizations. In S. L. Calvert & B. J. Wilson (Eds.), The handbook of children, media, and development (pp. 503–526). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Sharif, I., Wills, T. A., & Sargent, J. D. (2010). Effect of visual media use on school performance: A prospective study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46(1), 52–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.05.012
  • Shiffman, S., Stone, A. A., & Hufford, M. R. (2008). Ecological momentary assessment. Annual Review of Clinical Psychololgy, 4(1), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091415
  • Shin, N. (2004). Exploring pathways from television viewing to academic achievement in school age children. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 165(4), 367–382. https://doi.org/10.3200/GNTP.165.4.367-382
  • Song, H. (2014). Validity of child-adolescent self-reported executive function difficulty screening questionnaire. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(1), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.15842/kjcp.2014.33.1.008
  • Statistics Korea. (2023). Household trend survey. https://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=2762
  • Statistics Korea, Bank of Korea, and Financial Supervisory Service. (2022). Household finances and welfare survey: Household income by income quintile by household characteristics. KOSIS. https://kosis.kr/statHtml/statHtml.do?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1HDAB02&conn_path=I2
  • Stevens, T., & Mulsow, M. (2006). There is no meaningful relationship between television exposure and symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Pediatrics, 117(3), 665–672. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2005-0863
  • Stockdale, L., Morrison, R. G., Palumbo, R., Garbarino, J., & Silton, R. L. (2017). Cool, callous and in control: Superior inhibitory control in frequent players of video games with violent content. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12(12), 1869–1880. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsx115
  • Toplak, M. E., West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Practitioner review: Do performance‐based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 131–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12001
  • West, S. G., Finch, J. F., & Curran, P. J. (1995). Structural equation models with nonnormal variables: Problems and remedies. In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 56–75). Sage Publications, Inc.
  • Yang, X., Chen, Z., Wang, Z., & Zhu, L. (2017). The relations between television exposure and executive function in Chinese preschoolers: The moderated role of parental mediation behaviors. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1833). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01833
  • Yang, X., Wang, Z., Qiu, X., & Zhu, L. (2020). The relation between electronic game play and executive function among preschoolers. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(10), 2868–2878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01754-w
  • Zelazo, P. D. (2015). Executive function: Reflection, iterative reprocessing, complexity, and the developing brain. Developmental Review, 38, 55–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2015.07.001
  • Zelazo, P. D. (2020). Executive function and psychopathology: A neurodevelopmental perspective. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 16(1), 431–454. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-072319-024242
  • Zelazo, P. D., Blair, C. B., & Willoughby, M. T. (2016). Executive function: Implications for education. NCER 2017-2000. National Center for Education Research.
  • Zimmerman, F. J., & Christakis, D. A. (2007). Associations between content types of early media exposure and subsequent attentional problems. Pediatrics, 120(5), 986–992. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2006-3322

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.