Increased diversity, increased (dis)approval? Measuring parental attitudes towards LGBTQ characters in Flemish children’s television

References

• Adamczyk, A., & Pitt, C. (2009). Shaping attitudes about homosexuality: The role of religion and cultural context. Social Science Research, 38(2), 338–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2009.01.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, R. A., & Masicampo, E. J. (2017). Protecting the innocence of youth: Moral sanctity values underlie censorship from young children. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43(11), 1503–1518. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217722557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond, B. J., & Compton, B. L. (2015). Gay on-screen: The relationship between exposure to gay characters on television and heterosexual audiences’ endorsement of gay equality. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 59(4), 717–732. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2015.1093485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borghs, P., & Eeckhout, B. (2010). LGB rights in Belgium, 1999–2007: A historical survey of a velvet revolution. International Journal of Law, Policy and the Family, 24(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1093/lawfam/ebp013
   Google Scholar
• Bos, H. M., Picavet, C., & Sandfort, T. G. (2012). Ethnicity, gender socialization, and children’s attitudes toward gay men and lesbian women. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(7), 1082–1094. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111420146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi, K. (2021). Sesame street: Beyond 50. Journal of Children and Media, 15(4), 597–603. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2021.1978675
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chonody, J. M. (2013). Measuring sexual prejudice against gay men and lesbian women: Development of the Sexual Prejudice Scale (SPS). Journal of Homosexuality, 60(6), 895–926. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2013.774863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cossman, J. S. (2004). Parents’ heterosexism and children’s attitudes toward people with Aids. Sociological Spectrum, 24(3), 319–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732170490431322
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennis, J. P. (2009). The boy who would be queen: Hints and closets on children’s television. Journal of Homosexuality, 56(6), 738–756. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918360903054210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewberry, D. R. (2014). The third-person effect goes to congress. Southern Communication Journal, 79(4), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/1041794X.2014.906642
   Google Scholar
• Dierckx, M., Meier, P., & Motmans, J. (2017). Beyond the box: A comprehensive study of sexist, homophobic, and transphobic attitudes among the Belgian population. DiGest: Journal of Diversity and Gender Studies, 4(1), 5–34. https://doi.org/10.11116/digest.4.1.1
   Google Scholar
• Dierckx, M., Motmans, J., Meier, P., Dieleman, M., & Pezeril, C. (2014). Beyond the box. Attitudemeting m.b.t. seksisme, holebifobie en transfobie: syntheserapport (Antwerpen: Universiteit Antwerpen)https://repository.uantwerpen.be/desktop/irua.
   Google Scholar
• Eeckhout, B., & Paternotte, D. (2011). A paradise for LGBT rights? The paradox of Belgium. Journal of Homosexuality, 58(8), 1058–1084. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2011.598414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference. 11.0 update (4th ed.). Allyn & Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, A. E., & Abreu, R. (2024). LGBTQ parent concerns and parent–child communication about the parental rights in education bill (“Don’t say gay”) in Florida. Family Relations, 73(1), 318–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gross, L. P. (2007). Gideon who will be 25 in the Year 2012: Growing up gay today. International Journal of Communication, 1 (1) , 121–138 doi:1932–8036/20070121.
   Google Scholar
• Herek, G. M., Capitanio, J. P., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1991-1999. American Journal of Public Health, 92(3), 371–377. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.92.3.371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huijnk, W., Damen, R., & van Kampen, L. (2022). LHBT-Monitor (2022). https://www.scp.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2022/07/05/lhbt-monitor-2022
   Google Scholar
• Jane, E. A. (2015). “Gunter’s a woman?!”— doing and undoing gender in cartoon network’s adventure time. Journal of Children and Media, 9(2), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2015.1024002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Key, A. (2015). A girl worth fighting for: A rhetorical critique of Disney princess Mulan’s bisexuality. Journal of Bisexuality, 15(2), 268–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299716.2015.1018658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kite, M. E., & Whitley, B. E., Jr. (1996). Sex differences in attitudes toward homosexual persons, behaviors, and civil rights: A meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22(4), 336–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167296224002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klocke, U. (2022). Sexualization of children or human rights? Attitudes toward addressing sexual-orientation diversity in school. Journal of Homosexuality, 71(3), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2022.2122368
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kooijman, J. (2019). After Will & Ellen: Uneventful queer television. Critical Studies in Television: The International Journal of Television Studies, 14(4), 451–455. https://doi.org/10.1177/1749602019875855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuyper, L. (2017). LHBT-monitor (2016).
   Google Scholar
• Lemish, D. (2011). ‘Can’t talk about sex’: Producers of children’s television around the world speak out. Sex Education, 11(3), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2011.590082
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, G. B., & Ritchie, T. D. (2017). Sex differences in attitudes toward transgender rights: A factor analytic examination. Sex Roles, 76(3–4), 201–210.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, G. B., & West, A. M. (2018). Age differences in attitudes toward transgender rights: The role of gender and sexual prejudice. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(8), 1093–1110. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1368772
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis, G. B., & West, A. M. (2019). Are attitudes toward transgender rights uniquely resistant to change? The role of gender and political ideology. Public Opinion Quarterly, 83(1), 1–26.
   Google Scholar
• Luhn, A. (2017, March 5). Russian MP calls for ban on beauty and the beast over ‘gay propaganda’. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/mar/05/russian-mp-calls-for-beauty-and-the-beast-ban-over-gay-propaganda
   Google Scholar
• Mares, M.-L., & Acosta, E. E. (2010). Teaching inclusiveness via TV narratives in the US. Journal of Children and Media, 4(3), 231–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2010.486127
   Google Scholar
• Mares, M.-L., Chen, Y. A., & Bond, B. J. (2023). Mutual socialization during shared media moments: U.S. LGBTQ teens and their parents negotiate identity support. Journal of Communication, 73(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqac046
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mares, M.-L., & Pan, Z. (2013). Effects of sesame street: A meta-analysis of children’s learning in 15 countries. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 34(3), 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2013.01.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinn, L., Stone, N., Ingham, R., & Bengry-Howell, A. (2016). Parental interpretations of “childhood innocence”. Health Education, 116(6), 580–594. https://doi.org/10.1108/HE-10-2015-0029
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan, W. (2021). Post-gay television: LGBTQ representation and the negotiation of ‘normal’ in MTV’s faking it. Media, Culture & Society, 43(3), 428–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443720957553
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, M. A., & Morrison, T. G. (2013). Modern homonegativity scale In T. D. Fisher, C. M. Davis, W. L. Yarber (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality-related measures (pp. 414–426). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, E. (2013). A “post-gay” era? Media gaystreaming, homonormativity, and the politics of LGBT integration. Communication, Culture & Critique, 6(2), 258–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parental Rights in Education Bill. (2022). Florida house of representatives. https://www.scribd.com/document/564018193/Parental-Rights-in-Education-bill#
   Google Scholar
• Poteat, V. P., & Anderson, C. J. (2012). Developmental changes in sexual prejudice from early to late adolescence: The effects of gender, race, and ideology on different patterns of change. Developmental Psychology, 48(5), 1403. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ResearchNed. (2022). Veilig op school. Landelijke veiligheidsmonitor 2020-2021. Veiligheidsbeleid en veiligheidsbeleving in het primair en voortgezet onderwijs.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, K. H. (2008). In the name of ‘childhood innocence’: A discursive exploration of the moral panic associated with childhood and sexuality. Cultural Studies Review, 14(2), 113–129. https://doi.org/10.5130/csr.v14i2.2075
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, K. H. (2012). ‘Difficult citizenship’: The precarious relationships between childhood, sexuality and access to knowledge. Sexualities, 15(3–4), 257–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460712436469
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer, P. (2022, November 24). Russia passes law banning ‘LGBT propaganda’ among adults. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/nov/24/russia-passes-law-banning-lgbt-propaganda-adults
   Google Scholar
• Shah, D. V., Faber, R. J., & Youn, S. (1999). Susceptibility and severity - Perceptual dimensions underlying the third-person effect. Communication Research, 26(2), 240–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/009365099026002006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snyder, A. L., Bonus, J. A., & Cingel, D. P. (2023). Representations of LGBQ+ families in young children’s media. Journal of Children and Media, 17(1), 154–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2023.2173856
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabachnick, B. G., Fidell, L. S., & Ullman, J. B. (2013). Using multivariate statistics (Vol. 6, pp. 497–516). Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Tebbe, E. A., Moradi, B., & Ege, E. (2014). Revised and abbreviated forms of the genderism and transphobia scale: Tools for assessing anti-trans prejudice. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 61(4), 581–592. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beusekom, G., & Kuyper, L. (2018). LHBT-monitor (2018).
   Google Scholar
• Vanlee, F., Dhaenens, F., & Van Bauwel, S. (2018). Understanding queer normality: LGBT+ representations in millennial Flemish television fiction. Television & New Media, 19(7), 610–625. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476417748431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanlee, F., & Kerrigan, P. (2021). Un/fit for young viewers: LGBT+ representation in Flemish and Irish children’s television. In C. Scarcelli (Ed.), Gender and sexuality in the European media (pp. 24–40) , Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Van Rij, A. (2023, November 24). What a far-right surge in the Netherlands means for Europe. Chatham House. https://www.chathamhouse.org/2023/11/what-far-right-surge-netherlands-means-europe
   Google Scholar
• Van Wichelen, T., & Dhoest, A. (2022a). Pink-wearing hairdressers to manly gay men: LGBT+ in Flemish children’s fiction. Communications, 48(1), 112–129. https://doi.org/10.1515/commun-2021-0013
   Google Scholar
• Van Wichelen, T., & Dhoest, A. (2022b). Ticking off the (pink) diversity box? Production views on LGBT+ in children’s fiction. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 26(3), 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1177/13675494221116400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wichelen, T., Verhoeven, E., & Hau, P. (2023). The genderbread person: Mapping the social media debate about inclusive sexuality education. Sex Education, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681811.2023.2238189
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson, W. W., Berry, S. D., DuBar, L., & Garner, Z. (2020). Throwing shade at Cyrus: Willingness to censor teen homosexuality in Disney’s Andi Mack. Journal of Homosexuality, 67(14), 2050–2072. https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2019.1618648
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaslow, E. (2018). Pink toenails and princess boys: Contemporary discourses of boys’ gender-fluidity in USA television news. Journal of Children and Media, 12(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/17482798.2018.1457552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar