Wheelchair service provision education and training in low and lower middle income countries: a scoping review

References

• Carver J, Ganus A, Ivey JM, et al. The impact of mobility assistive technology devices on participation for individuals with disabilities. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;11:468–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowran R, Casey J, Daly J. Utilising a sustainable community of practice model to build best practice in wheelchair provision on the Island of Ireland. In: Pollard N, Sakellarious D, editors. Occupational therapy without borders: integrating justice with practice. China: Elsevier; 2017. p. 263–276.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. Convention on the rights of the persons with disabilities [Internet]. Geneva: United Nations; 2006; [cited 2014 Apr 10]. Available from: http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Gowran RJ, McKay EA, O'Regan B. Sustainable solutions for wheelchair and seating assistive technology provision: presenting a cosmopolitan narrative with rich pictures. Technol Disabil. 2014;26:137–152.
   Google Scholar
• Papadimitriou C. Becoming en-wheeled: the situated accomplishment of re-embodiment as a wheelchair user after spinal cord injury. Disabil Soc. 2008;23:691–704.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standal ØF. Re-embodiment: incorporation through embodied learning of wheelchair skills. Med Health Care and Philos. 2011;14:177–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ripat J, Verdonck M, Carter RJ. The meaning ascribed to wheeled mobility devices by individuals who use wheelchairs and scooters: a metasynthesis. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2017;1–10. doi: 10.1080/17483107.2017.1306594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowran RJ. Wheelchair and Seating Provision Special Issue. Ir J Occup Ther. 2012;39:2. Editorial.
   Google Scholar
• Bauer SM, Elsaesser LJ, Arthanat S. Assistive technology device classification based upon the World Health Organization’s, International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF). Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2011;6:243–259.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gagnon B, Vincent C, Noreau L. Adaptation of a seated postural control measure for adult wheelchair users. Disabil Rehabil. 2005; 27:951–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid DT. Critical review of the research literature of seating interventions: a focus on adults with mobility impairments. Assist Technol. 2002;14:118–129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford L, Gerry G, Johnson MH, et al. Health status and quality of life of people with multiple sclerosis. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23:516–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salminen AL, Brandt Å, Samuelsson K, et al. Mobility devices to promote activity and participation: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2009;41:697–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rousseau-Harrison K, Rochette A, Routhier F, et al. Impact of wheelchair acquisition on social participation. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2009;4:344–352.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rousseau-Harrison K, Rochette A, Routhier F, et al. Perceived impacts of a first wheelchair on social participation. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2012;7:37–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sapey B, Stewart J, Donaldson G. Increases in wheelchair use and perceptions of disablement. Disabil Soc. 2005;20:489–505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald R. Attitude is everything. Aust Occup Ther J. 2008;55:77–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thyberg M, Gerdle B, Samuelsson K, et al. Wheelchair seating intervention. Results from a client-centred approach. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23:677–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirby RL, Ackroyd-Stolarz SA, Brown MG, et al. Wheelchair-related accidents caused by tips and falls among noninstitutionalized users of manually propelled wheelchairs in Nova Scotia. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 1994;73:319–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Guidelines on the provision of manual wheelchairs in less resourced settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. Global priority research agenda for improving access to high-quality affordable assistive technology. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2017
   Google Scholar
• Kirby RL. Wheelchair skills assessment and training. Canada: CRC Press; 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt PC, Boninger ML, Cooper RA, et al. Demographic and socioeconomic factors associated with disparity in wheelchair customizability among people with traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1859–1864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer MJ, Sax CL, Glueckauf RL. Activities and participation: the need to include assistive technology in rehabilitation counselor education. Rehabil Educ. 2005;19:177–190.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald SG, Collins DM, Cooper RA, et al. Issues in maintenance and repairs of wheelchairs: a pilot study. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2005;42:853–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best KL, Miller WC, Routhier F. A description of manual wheelchair skills training curriculum in entry-to-practice occupational and physical therapy programs in Canada. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;10:401–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best KL, Routhier F, Miller WC. A description of manual wheelchair skills training: current practices in Canadian rehabilitation Centers. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;10:393–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Marco A, Russell M, Masters M. Standards for wheelchair prescription. Aust Occ Ther J. 2003;50:30–39.
   Google Scholar
• Mortenson WB, Miller WC. The wheelchair procurement process: perspectives of clients and prescribers. Can J Occup Ther. 2008;75:167–175.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eggers SL, Myaskovsky L, Burkitt KH, et al. A preliminary model of wheelchair service delivery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:1030–1038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batavia M. The wheelchair evaluation: a clinician’s guide. Sudbury (MA): Jones and Bartlett; 2010. Chapter 11, Fitting, Training and Dispensing the Wheelchair; p. 227–233
   Google Scholar
• Batavia M, Batavia AI, Friedman R. Changing chairs: anticipating problems in prescribing wheelchairs. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23:539–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherer MJ, Craddock G. Matching person & technology (MPT) assessment process. Technol Disabil. 2002;14:125–131.
   Google Scholar
• Devitt R, Chau B, Jutai JW. The effect of wheelchair use on the quality of life of persons with multiple sclerosis. Occup Ther Health Care. 2004;17:63–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scherer MJ, Cushman LA. Measuring subjective quality of life following spinal cord injury: a validation study of the assistive technology device predisposing assessment. Disabil Rehabil. 2001;23:387–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rispin K, Wee J. Comparison between performances of three types of manual wheelchairs often distributed in low-resource settings. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2015;10:316–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernd T, Van Der Pijl, De Witte LP. Existing models and instruments for the selection of assistive technology in rehabilitation practice. Scand J Occup Ther. 2009;16:146–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller- Polgar J. The myth of neutral technology. In: Oishi MMK, Mitchell IM, Van de Loos HFM, editors. Design and use of assistive technology. New York (NY): Springer; 2010. p. 17–23.
   Google Scholar
• Toro ML, Garcia Y, Ojeda AM, et al. Quantitative exploratory evaluation of the frequency, causes and consequences of rehabilitation wheelchair breakdowns delivered at a paediatric clinic in Mexico. Disabil CBR Inclusive Dev. 2012;23:48–64.
   Google Scholar
• Kittel A, Di Marco A, Stewart H. Factors influencing the decision to abandon manual wheelchairs for three individuals with a spinal cord injury. Disabil Rehabil. 2002;24:106–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaves ES, Boninger ML, Cooper R, et al. Assessing the influence of wheelchair technology on perception of participation in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004; 85:1854–1858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silcox L. Assessment for the prescription of wheelchairs: what training is available? Br J Occup Ther. 1995;58:114–118.
   Google Scholar
• White E. Impact of training for wheelchair service specialists. Br J Ther Rehab. 2003;10:60–63.
   Google Scholar
• Higgs J, Edwards H. Educating beginning practitioners in the health professions. In: Higgs J, Edwards H, editors. Educating beginning practitioners: challenges for health professional education. Oxford, Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999. p. 3–9.
   Google Scholar
• Higgs J, Hunt A. Redefining the beginning practitioner. Focus on health professional education. Multi-Discip J. 2009;1:34–48.
   Google Scholar
• Higgs J. Do you reason like a health professional? In: Brown G, Esdaile SA, Ryan SE, editors. Becoming an advanced healthcare practitioner. Oxford, Boston: Butterworth Heinemann; 2003. p. 145–160.
   Google Scholar
• Motivation. Training Courses [Internet]. UK: Motivation UK; 2013; [cited 2014 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.motivation.org.uk/wpcontent/documents/Overseas%20Training%20Summary.pdf
   Google Scholar
• White E, Lemmer B. Effectiveness in wheelchair service provision. Br J Occup Ther. 1998;61:301–305.
   Google Scholar
• Gowran RJ, Purcell H. Do I know enough? Occupational therapists as wheelchair prescribers. Proceedings of the 2nd European seating symposium (ESS); 2009 September 14–17; Dublin, Ireland: Central Remedial Clinic (2009). p. 152–154.
   Google Scholar
• Hoenig H, Landerman LR, Shipp KM, et al. A clinical trial of a rehabilitation expert clinician versus usual care for providing manual wheelchairs. J Am Geri Soc. 2005;53:1712–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny S, Gowran RJ. Outcome measures for wheelchair and seating provision: a critical appraisal. Br J Occup Ther. 2014;77:67–77.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mortenson WB, Miller WC, Auger C. Issues for the selection of wheelchair-specific activity and participation outcome measures: a review. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:1177–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howard L. A survey of paediatric occupational therapists in the United Kingdom. Occup Ther Int. 2002;9:326–343.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aldersea P, Ham R, White E. Wheelchair training needs for OTs and physiotherapists. Br J Ther Rehab. 1999;6:510–515.
   Google Scholar
• Shepard K, Jensen GM. Handbook of teaching for physical therapists. 2nd ed. Boston, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Casey J, Gowran RJ, Rushton P, et al. Appropriate wheelchair provision is primary for living: reflecting on education for professional practice. Proceedings of the 5th European Seating Symposium; 2016 June 13–15. Dublin, Ireland.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations (UN). Standardised rules on the equalization of opportunities for persons with disabilities [Internet]. Geneva: United Nations; 1993; [cited 2013 Feb 10]. Available from: http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/enable/dissre00.htm
   Google Scholar
• United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Office of U.S Foreign Disaster Assistance (OFDA). OFDA Annual report FY 2003 [Internet]. Washington DC: USAID/OFDA; 2003; [cited 2013 Apr 23]. p. 1–86. Available from: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdaca555.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Werner D. Nothing about us without us: developing innovative technologies for, by, and with disabled persons [Internet]. Palo Alto (CA), USA: Health Wrights; 1998. Chapter 1. Introduction: Technical aids and equipment are important; [cited 2014 Jan 08]. p. 006. Available from: http://www.dinf.ne.jp/doc/english/global/david/dwe001/dwe00102.html#introduction1
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Disability and rehabilitation status review of disability issues and rehabilitation services in 29 African Countries [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2004; [cited 2014 Jan 08]. Available from: http://www.who.int/disabilities/publications/care/African%2029%20country%20report%20updated-12-2004.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Nunnerley J, Dunn J, McPherson K, et al. Participation and quality of life outcomes among individuals with earthquake-related physical disability: a systematic review. J Rehabil Med. 2015;47:385–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soomro N, Jalal S. Injuries increase the amputee burden at the prosthesis centre: a 2-year retrospective survey of amputees in a low-income setting. Int J Inj Contr Saf Promot. 2013;20:94–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha AK, Larizgoitia I, Audera-Lopez C, et al. The global burden of unsafe medical care: analytic modelling of observational studies. BMJ Qual Saf. 2013;22:809–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckingham J. Writing histories of disability in India: strategies of inclusion. Disabil Soc. 2011;26:419–431.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta N, Castillo-Laborde C, Landry MD. Health-related rehabilitation services: assessing the global supply of and need for human resources. BMC Health Serv Res. 2011;11:276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parnes P, Cameron D, Christie N, et al. Disability in low-income countries: issues and implications. Disabil Rehabil. 2009;31:1170–1180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eide AH, Mannan H, Khogali M, et al. Perceived barriers for accessing health services among individuals with disability in Four African Countries. PLoS One. 2015;10:1–13.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oderud T. Surviving spinal cord injury in low income countries. African J Disabil. 2014;3:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Njelesani J, Couto S, Cameron D. Disability and rehabilitation in Tanzania: a review of the literature. Disabil Rehabil. 2011;33:2196–2207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinney MJ, Chiodo A, Haig A, et al. Medical rehabilitation in Ghana. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:921–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grech S. Living with disability in rural Guatemala: exploring connections and impacts on poverty. Int J Disabil Community Rehabil. 2008;7:4.
   Google Scholar
• Miles M. Children with spina bifida and hydrocephalus in Africa: can medical, family and community resources improve the life chances. Disabil Soc. 2006; 17:643–658.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Federation of Occupational Therapists (WFOT). Occupational therapy human resource project 2012 [Internet]. WFOT; 2012 [cited 2013 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.wfot.org/ResourceCentre.aspx
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Joint position paper on the provision of mobility devices in less resourced settings. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011. p. 1–37.
   Google Scholar
• Edmonds LJ. Disabled people and development [Internet]. Philippines: Asian Development Bank; 2005 [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Chapter 2. Background on Disability. p. 7–11. Available from: http://www.academia.edu/1843914/Poverty_Reduction_and_Social_Development_Division_Regional_and_Sustainable_Development_Department_Asian_Development_Bank_June_2005.
   Google Scholar
• Visagie S, Eide AH, Mannan H, et al. A description of assistive technology sources, services and outcomes of use in a number of African settings. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2017;12:705–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellis F. The determinants of rural livelihood diversification in developing countries. J Agric Econ. 2000; 51:289–302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirtle C, Irz X, Lin L, et al. Relationship between changes in agricultural productivity and the incidence of poverty in developing countries, report commissioned by the Department for International Development. London: Department for International Development; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Oderud T, Jensen JS, Lyimo JE, et al. Review session: user satisfaction survey: an assessment study on wheelchairs in Tanzania. In: Sheldon S, Jacobs NA, editors. Report of a Consensus Conference on Wheelchairs for developing countries [Internet]; 2006 Nov 6–11; Bengaluru, India: ISPO; 2006. p. 112–117 [cited 2014 Mar 12]. Available from: http://www.who.int/disabilities/technology/Wheelchair%20Consensus%20Conference%20Report_Jan08.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Vergunst R, Swartz L, Mji G, et al. You must carry your chair-barriers to accessing health care in a South African rural area. Glob Health Action. 2015;8:1–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levac D, Colquhoun H, O'Brien KK. Scoping studies: advancing the methodology. Implementation Sci. 2010;5:69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis K, Drey N, Gould D. What are scoping studies? A review of the nursing literature. Int J Nurs Stud. 2009;46:1386–1400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumrill PD, Fitzgerald SM, Merchant WR. Using scoping literature reviews as a means of understanding and interpreting existing literature. Work. 2010;35:399–404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leberati A, Altman DG, Tetzlaff J, et al. The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. PLoS Med. 2009;6:e1000100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. Data, World Bank Country and Lending Groups – Country Classification. The World Bank Group [cited 2017 Mar 09]. Available from: https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups
   Google Scholar
• Bryman A. Social research methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2004.
   Google Scholar
• Streubert HJ, Carpenter DR. Qualitative research in nursing: advancing the humanistic imperative. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 1999
   Google Scholar
• Pearlman J, Cooper R, Krizack M, et al. Lower-limb prostheses and wheelchairs in low-income countries: an overview. IEEE Eng Med Biol Mag. 2008;27:12–22.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Glumac LK, Pennington SL, Sweeney JK, et al. Guatemalan caregivers' perceptions of receiving and using wheelchairs donated for their children. Pediatr Phys Ther. 2009;21:167–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Mulholland SJ. Seating/wheelchair technology in the developing world: need for a closer look. Technol Disabil. 1999;11:21–27.
   Google Scholar
• Mukherjee G, Samanta A. Wheelchair charity: a useless benevolence in community-based rehabilitation. Disabil Rehabil. 2005;27:591–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferds AN, Beyene NM, Upadhyay N, et al. Current state of mobility technology provision in less-resourced countries. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2010;21:221–242.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zakrasek EC, Creasey G, Crew JD. Pressure ulcers in people with spinal cord injury in developing nations. Spinal Cord. 2015;53:7–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gartz R, Goldberg M, Miles A, et al. Development of a contextually appropriate, reliable and valid basic wheelchair service provision test. Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. 2016;1:12.
   Google Scholar
• Visagie S, Scheffler E, Schneider M. Policy implementation in wheelchair service delivery in a rural South African setting. African J Disabil. 2013; 63:1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Ozturk A, Ucsular FD. Effectiveness of a wheelchair skills training programme for community-living users of manual wheelchairs in Turkey: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25:416–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visagie S, Mlambo T, Va der Veen J, et al. Is any wheelchair better than no wheelchair? A Zimbabwean perspective. Afr J Disabil. 2015;201:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Eide A, Oderud T. Assistive technology in low-income countries. In: MacLahlan M, Swartz L, editors. Disability and international development: towards inclusive global health. New York: Springer; 2009. p. 149–160.
   Google Scholar
• Whirlwind Wheelchair International (Whirlwind), Motivation, Centre for International Rehabilitation. Proposal to Develop Standards for Wheelchair Provision Services: The International Wheelchair Quality and Standards Organizing Committee [Internet]. Whirlwind; 2005 [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://web.mit.edu/sp.784/www/DOCUMENTS/WWI%20%20Wheelchair%20standards%20proposal.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sheldon S, Jacobs NA. ISPO consensus conference on wheelchairs for developing countries: conclusions and recommendations [Internet]. Prosthet Orthot Int. 2007; 31:217–223.
   Google Scholar
• African Federation of Orthopaedic Technologists (FATO), World Health Organization (WHO). Report of the Launching Workshop of the Wheelchair Service Training Package (WSTP) – Basic Level for French Speaking West Africa Countries [Internet]: 2013 Sept 02–06; Lomé, Togo: FATO (2013) p. 1–8; [cited 2013 Mar 12]. Available from: http://www.fatoafrique.org/site/IMG/pdf/reportofthefatowhoworkshopontheelchairs.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Handicap International (HI). The provision of wheeled mobility and positioning devices [Internet]. HI; 2013; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/handicapinternational/pages/270/attachments/original/1375907720/Provision_of_wheeled_mobility_and_positioning.pdf?1375907720
   Google Scholar
• Ghosh R. Capacity development: training modular approach: Mobility India. In: Sheldon S, Jacobs NA, editors. Report of a consensus conference on wheelchairs for developing countries [Internet]; 2006 Nov 6–11. Bengaluru, India: ISPO; 2006. p. 270–272; [cited 2013 Mar 12]. Available from: http://www.who.int/disabilities/technology/Wheelchair%20Consensus%20Conference%20Report_Jan08.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kumar A, Khasnabis C, Mines K. Wheelchair training curricula in rehabilitation profession: pilot study [Internet]. Proceedings of the American Public Health Association (APHA); 2012 Oct 30; San Francisco, USA. Am J Public Health. 2012;12 [cited 2017 Apr 02]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255992803_Wheelchair_Training_Curricula_in_Rehabilitation_Profession_Pilot_Study
   Google Scholar
• Motivation UK. Motivation impact report 2015–2016 “What If” [Internet]. Bristol, UK: Motivation; 2016; p. 1–20 [cited 2017 Mar 27] Available from: https://www.motivation.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=ca767299-c71b-486f-b4bf-be48a607120d
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Democracy, Human rights and governance empowerment and inclusion division: wheelchair program. Washington DC: USAID; 2015; [cited 2017 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/2496/wheelchair%20briefer%202_2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Society of Wheelchair Professionals (ISWP) Standards Working Group. Training on wheelchair provision and use in the curricula of rehabilitation professionals [power point presentation] ISWP; 2017 Feb 03; [cited 2017 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.wheelchairnet.org/ISWP/Resources/ISWPFeb7.pptx
   Google Scholar
• International Society of Wheelchair Professionals (ISWP) Increasing wheelchair provision education in university curricula of rehabilitation professionals [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 2017]. Available from: http://wheelchairnet.org/ISWP/Documents/ISWP_%20Concept%20Note_High-Level%20Meeting.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Society for Prosthetics and Orthotics (ISPO). ISWP develops the wheelchair service provision basic test [Internet]. Luxembourg, Brussels: ISPO; 2017 Jan 30; [cited 2017 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.ispoint.org/news/iswp-develops-wheelchair-service-provision-basic-test
   Google Scholar
• Borg J, Larsson S, Östergren PO, et al. Assistive technology use and human rights enjoyment: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh. BMC Int Health Hum Rights. 2012;12:
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong W, Reisinger KD, Smith WK. Evaluation of CIR-Whirlwind wheelchair and service provision in Afghanistan. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:935–948.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sumner E, O'Connell C, Macalpine B. Wheelchair donation in a low-resource setting: utilization, challenges and benefits of wheelchairs provided through a specialized seating programme in Haiti. J Rehabil Med. 2017;49:178–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frost SA. Hierarchy of training for wheelchair services in less resourced settings [Internet]. Proceedings of the 26th International Seating Symposium; 2010 Mar 11–13; Vancouver, BC: The University of British Columbia; 2010. p. 89–91 [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.seatingandmobility.ca/Libraries/Seating_Symposium_Pdfs/ISS_2010_26. sflb.ash
   Google Scholar
• Beattie S, Cornick C. Wheelchair technology as a profession. Proceedings of the 4th Institute of Engineering and Technology Seminar on Appropriate Healthcare Technologies for Developing Countries [Internet]; 2006 May 23–24; London, UK: IET; 2006. p. 45–52; [cited 2013 Mar 25]. Available from: http://www.docstoc.com/docs28968389WHEELCHAIR-TECHNOLOGY-AS-A-Profession
   Google Scholar
• Constantine D, Hingley CA, Howitt J. Donated wheelchairs in low-income Countries – issues and alternative methods for improving wheelchair provision [Internet]. Proceedings of the 4th Institute of Engineering and Technology Seminar on Appropriate Healthcare Technologies for Developing Countries; 2006 May 23–24; London, UK: IET; 2006. p. 37–44; [cited 2013 Mar 25]. Available from: http://www.motivation.org.uk/ourwork/documents/FULLPAPERIEAHTdonatedwheelchairsCH060316.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Shadel B. Use of mobility devices in developing countries; a comparative literature review introducing the contextual factors surrounding accessibility and use of mobility devices in Ghana, Bangladesh, and Guatemala [Thesis]. Lee Honors College, Scholar Works, Western Michigan University; 2014; [cited 2017 Mar 25]. Available from: http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article =3500&context=honors_theses
   Google Scholar
• Scovil CY, Ranabhat MK, Craighead IB, et al. Follow-up study of spinal cord injured patients after discharge from inpatient rehabilitation in Nepal in 2007. Spinal Cord. 2012;50:232–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nqwena MJ. Motivation Worldmade programme: the impact on the quality of life of mobility disabled people in less resourced settings [Internet]. Proceedings of the 26th International Seating Symposium; 2010 Mar 11–13; Vancouver, BC: The University of British Columbia; 2010. p. 86–88; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.seatingandmobility.ca/Libraries/Seating_Symposium_Pdfs/ISS_2010_26. sflb.ash
   Google Scholar
• Pan Africa Wheelchair Builders Association (PAWBA), Tanzanian Training Centre for Orthopaedic Technologists (TATCOT). 4th all Africa wheelchair Congress Report. Theme: Advancing Appropriate Wheelchair Services for Africa [Internet]; 2007 Sept 17-21; Moshi, Tanzania: PAWBA (2007) p. 1–47 [cited 2013 Sept 16]. Available from: http://www.independentliving.org/docs7/pawba-tatcot200709.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Steenbeek M. Capacity development: training: Capacity Development of the Clinic Team. In: Sheldon S, Jacobs NA, editors. Report of a Consensus Conference on Wheelchairs for Developing Countries [Internet]; 2006 Nov 6–11; Bengaluru, India: ISPO; 2006. p. 278–279 [cited 2014 Mar 12]. Available from:http://www.who.int/disabilities/technology/Wheelchair%20Consensus%20Conference%20Report_Jan08.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gyundi YE, Cornick C. Capacity development: training: formal training; TACTOT and Motivation. In: Sheldon S, Jacobs NA, editors. Report of a consensus conference on wheelchairs for developing countries [Internet]; 2006 Nov 6–11. Bengaluru, India: ISPO; 2006. p. 268–269; [cited 2013 Mar 12]. Available from: http://www.who.int/disabilities/technology/Wheelchair%20Consensus%20Conference%20Report_Jan08.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Motivation UK. Wheelchair service training [Internet]. Bristol, UK: Motivation UK; 2015; [cited 2017 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.motivation.org.uk/wheelchair-service-training
   Google Scholar
• Motivation Australia. Vanuatu wheelchair service provision, phase 1, project summary 2015–2017 [Internet]. Willunga, SA: Motivation Australia; 2016; [cited 2017 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.motivation.org.au/limesquare/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/VU-WSPI-Project-Summary-FINAL-May16.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Motivation UK. Why we exist [Internet]. Bristol: UK: Motivation UK; 2015; [cited 2017 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.motivation.org.uk/why-we-exist.
   Google Scholar
• Motivation UK. Our work – projects [Internet]. Bristol, UK: Motivation UK; 2015; [cited 2017 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.motivation.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=ca767299-c71b-486f-b4bf-be48a607120d
   Google Scholar
• Mobility India. Annual report April 2014 to March 2015 [Internet]. Bengaluru, India: Mobility India; 2015; p. 1–44; [cited 2017 Mar 14]. Available from: http://mobility-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Annualreport2014-2015.compressed.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mobility India. Annual Report April 2015–March 2016 [Internet]. Bengaluru, India: Mobility India; 2016; p. 1–44; [cited 2017 Mar 14]. Available from: http://mobility-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Annual-Report-April-2015-March2016.pdf
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization (WHO). Media Centre: Fact Sheet May; 2016 [Internet]. WHO c2016–2017 [cited 2017 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/assistive-technology/en/
   Google Scholar
• World Federation of Occupational Therapy (WFOT). WFOT Newsletter March 2017 – Motivation wheelchair programme [Internet]. WFOT; 2017 [cited 2017 Mar 12]. Available from: http://us3.campaignarchive1.com/?u=a5775c1daeae28b1411a3d373&id=698c12a390&e=230cbc4741
   Google Scholar
• Ethiopiaid. Disabilities [Internet]. Dublin, Ireland: Ethiopaid; 2015 [cited 2017 Mar 27]. Available from: http://www.ethiopiaid.ie/our-work/disabilities
   Google Scholar
• Khasnabis C, Mines K, editors. Wheelchair service training package – Reference Manual for participants basic level (WSTP-B) [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO) Press; 2012 [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/78236/1/9789241503471_reference_manual_eng.pdf?ua=1
   Google Scholar
• Khasnabis C, Mines K, editors. Wheelchair service training package – reference manual for participants intermediate l evel (WSTP-I) [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO) Press; 2013; [cited 2013 Feb 24]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85776/4/9789241505765_eng_refmanual.pdf?ua =1
   Google Scholar
• Frost S, Khasnabis C, Mines K, et al., editors. Wheelchair service training package for managers – Reference manual and workbook [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO) Press; 2015 [cited 2016 Mar 15]. Available from: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/246227/8/9789241549080-workbook-eng.pdf?ua =1
   Google Scholar
• Khasnabis C, Mines K, editors. Wheelchair service training package trainers manual – Basic level (WSTPTM-B) [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO) Press; 2012 [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/9789241503471_trainers_manual_eng.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kirby RL, Cooper RA. Applicability of the wheelchair skills program to the Indian context. Disabil Rehabil. 2007;29:969–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blindenmission C. CBR Policy Paper [Internet]. Bensheim, Germany: CBM; 2011 [cited 2013 Apr 14]. Available from: http://www.cbm.de/static/medien/CBM CBR Policy.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Winter AG. Assessment of wheelchair technology in Tanzania. Int J Serv Learn Eng Humanitarian Eng Soc Entrepreneurship. 2006;1:60–77.
   Google Scholar
• May-Teerink T. A survey of rehabilitative services and people coping with physical disabilities in Uganda, East Africa. Int J Rehabil Res. 1999; 22:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SINTEF. LOREWO – a concept for empowerment, participation, and rehabilitation for people with disabilities [Internet]. Oslo, Norway: SINTEF Health Research; 2004; [cited 2013 Sept 17]. Available from: http://sintef.no/globalassets/upload/helse/levekar-og-tjenester/lorewo-concept.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Sadiya A, Pattnaik M, Mohanty P. Exploring the impact of manual wheelchair design on user’s satisfaction and function in individuals with spinal cord injury. Asian J Sci Technol. 2016;7:3464–3472.
   Google Scholar
• Yadav SK. Challenges for the field of orthotics in India. Int J Multidiscipl Educ Res. 2013;1:458–461.
   Google Scholar
• Marasinghe KM, Lapitan JM, Ross A. Assistive technologies for ageing populations in six low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Innov. 2015;1:182–195.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Toro ML, Eke C, Pearlman J. The impact of the World Health Organization 8-steps in wheelchair service provision in wheelchair users in a less resourced setting: a cohort study in Indonesia health systems and services in low and middle income settings. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016;16:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA). RESNA Wheelchair Service Provision Guide [Internet]. RESNA 2011; [cited 02 Oct 2017]. Available from: https://www.resna.org/sites/default/files/legacy/resources/positionpapers/RESNAWheelchairServiceProvisionGuide.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Rehabilitation Engineering and Assistive Technology Society of North America (RESNA). ATP general info: Assistice Technology Professional (ATP) Certification [Internet]; [cited 2017 Oct 02]. Available from: http://www.resna.org/atp-general-info
   Google Scholar
• Fung KH, Rushton PW, Gartz R, et al. Wheelchair service provision education in academia. Afr J Disabil. 2017; 6:a340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Society of Wheelchair Professionals (ISWP) [Internet] Wheelchair service provider credential pilot- preliminary result. [power point presentation] ISWP 2017 July 19; [cited 2017 Oct 02]. Available from: http://wheelchairnet.org/ISWP/Documents/Training/072017CredentialTraining.pdf
   Google Scholar
• International Society of Wheelchair Professionals (ISWP) [Internet]. Wheelchair service provider credential pilot- preliminary result. [meeting recording] ISWP 2017 July 19; [cited 2017 Oct 02]. Available from: http://wheelchairnet.org/training-working-groups
   Google Scholar
• Smith C, Kirby RL. Wheelchair skills program: mobility training in low and middle income countries [Internet]. Proceedings of the Canadian seating and mobility conference (CSMC); 2006 Oct 4–6 2006; Toronto, Canada: CSMC; 2006; p. 107–108; [cited 2013 Sept 17]. Available from: http://www.csmc.ca/docs/archives/2006_archive/ml/2006%20CSMC%20PROGRAM%20AND%20PROCEEDINGS.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kirby RL. Wheelchair skills assessment and training – What in the world is going on? [Internet]. Proceedings of the 32nd International Seating Symposium; 2016 Mar 1–4; Vancouver, BC: The University of British Columbia; 2016. p. 121–122; [cited 2017 Mar 15]. Available from: file:///F:/research%20for%202017/Added%20to%20gray%20lit%20table/ISS_2016_syllabus.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Annamalai University, Occupational Therapy Centre [Internet]. Annamalai University Handbook; [cited 2013 Feb 13]. Available from: http://annamalaiuniversity.ac.in/download/handbook/medi/PG.%20DEGREE.pdf
   Google Scholar
• S.R.M Institute of Science and Technology. Syllabus for the Master of Occupational Therapy (M.O.T) Course [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 13]. Available from: http://www.srmuniv.ac.in/sites/default/files/files/mot-syllabus.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Pandit Deendal Upadhayaya Institute for the Physically Handicapped. ADIP Scheme [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.iphnewdelhi.in/UserView/UserView.aspx?TypeID=1150
   Google Scholar
• Bihar College of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy [Internet]. Syllabus for Final Bachelor of Occupational Therapy; [cited 2013 Feb 13]. Available from: http://www.bcpo.co.in/syllabus_occu2.html
   Google Scholar
• Tanzania Training Centre for Orthopaedic Technologists (TATCOT). Certificate Course in Wheelchair Technology [Internet]; TACTOT; 2012; [cited 2013 Mar 12]. Available from: http://www.tatcot.org/course-wt.html
   Google Scholar
• Physiotherapy Training Institute [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.iam-afghanistan.org/what-we-do/health-care/physiotherapy-institute
   Google Scholar
• Young BuzzCollege of Occupational Therapy Delhi Institute of Rural Development, BOTh in Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: https://www.youngbuzz.com/colleges/delhi-institute-of-rural-development/courses/both-in-occupational-therapy
   Google Scholar
• Jamia Hamdord, Deemed University. Department of Allied Health sciences [Internet]; [cited 2017 Feb 12]. Available from: http://jamiahamdard.edu/faculty-of-allied-health-sciences/
   Google Scholar
• Ahmedabad Institute of Medical Sciences (AIMS). Master of Physiotherapy (M.P.T.) [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.aimsahmedabad.org/mpt.php
   Google Scholar
• Smt. Kamlaben P. Patel Institute of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy. Paramedical Courses, DMLT/B.Sc- Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.spuvvn.edu/academic_programs/undergraduate_programmes/para/
   Google Scholar
• Manipal University. School of Allied Health Sciences (SOAHS) [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: https://manipal.edu/soahs-manipal.html
   Google Scholar
• Government Medical College and Hospital Nagpur. Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.gmcnagpur.gov.in/OCCUPATIONAL_THERAPY
   Google Scholar
• Lockmanya Tilak Memorial Medical College and Hospitals. Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.ltmgh.com/frontview/inner.aspx?Mkey=MTA4&lKey=Mw==
   Google Scholar
• All India Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://aiipmr.gov.in/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• DY Patil College of Occupational Therapy. Bachelor of Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.dypatil.edu/schools/occupational-therapy/bachelor-of-occupational-therapy/
   Google Scholar
• Swami Vivekanand National Institute of Rehabilitation Training and Research (SVNIRTAR) [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.svnirtar.nic.in/
   Google Scholar
• KMCH College of Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.kmchcot.ac.in/
   Google Scholar
• Jaipur Occupational Therapy College [Internet]; [cited 2013 Mar 10]. Available from: http://www.jaipurotcollege.org/
   Google Scholar
• World Federation of Occupational Therapy (WFOT). Surakarta Health Polytechnic [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.wfot.org/Education/EntrylevelEducationalProgrammesWFOTApproved/tabid/131/id/765/Default.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Kenya Medical Training Centre Nairobi [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.kmtc.ac.ke/index.php/academic-courses
   Google Scholar
• Federal School of Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: https://www.medicalworldnigeria.com/2015/04/federal-school-of-occupational-therapy-admission#.WUBP8VTyvIU
   Google Scholar
• Dow University of Health Sciences. Institute of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.duhs.edu.pk/inner.php?button=ipmr
   Google Scholar
• Cebu Doctors University. Bachelor of Science in Occupational Therapy, Revised Curriculum Effective Academic Year 2012–2013 [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.cebudoctorsuniversity.edu/downloads/nOT-CURRICULUM-2012-13.pdf
   Google Scholar
• University of Rwanda College of Medicine and Health Sciences [Internet] [cited 2017 Mar 15]. Available from: http://www.cmhs.ur.ac.rw/
   Google Scholar
• The National Hospital of Sri Lanka. The School of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 12]. Available from: http://www.nhsl.health.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96&Itemid =263&lang=en
   Google Scholar
• Kilimanjaro Christian Medical University College of Tumaini University. Diploma of Occupational Therapy [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 13]. Available from: http://kcmuco.ac.tz/diploma-of-occupational-therapy/
   Google Scholar
• Uganda National Council for Higher Education. Mulago school of Occupational [Internet]; [cited 2013 Feb 13]. Available from: http://www.unche.or.ug/institutions/public-tertiary-institutions/mulago-school-of-occupational-therapy.html
   Google Scholar
• Lusaka Apex medical University. Faculty of Health Sciences [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.lamu.edu.zm/faculty-health-sciences
   Google Scholar
• University of Health Science Korea [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.wu.ac.kr/CmsHome/MainDefault.aspx
   Google Scholar
• University of Antananarivo [Internet]; [cited 2017 Mar 28]. Available from: http://www.univ-antananarivo.mg/
   Google Scholar