References
- Aghili, E., et al., 2021. Behavior of granular column-improved clay under cyclic shear loading. Transportation Geotechnics, 31, 100654. doi:10.1016/j.trgeo.2021.100654
- Alexiew, D. and Thomson, G. (2014). Geotextile encased columns (GEC): why, when, what, how. In Fourth International Conference on Geotechnique, Construction Materials and Environment, Brisbane, Australia, Vol. 14, 484–489.
- Almeida, M.S.S., et al., 2014. Behavior of geotextile-encased granular columns supporting test embankment on soft deposit. Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 141 (3). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001256.
- Almeida, M.S.S., et al., 2018. Geosynthetic encased columns for soft soil improvement. In: CRC Press, London, UK: Taylor & Francis, CRC Press.
- ASTM D2166. (2003). Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.
- Bergado, D.T., et al., 1994. Improvement techniques of soft ground in subsiding and lowland environment. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands: Taylor & Francis.
- Castro, J., 2017. Groups of encased stone columns: influence of column length and arrangement. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 45, 68–80. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.12.001
- Cengiz, C., Kilic, I.E. and Guler, E., 2019. On the shear failure mode of granular column embedded unit cells subjected to static and cyclic shear loads. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 47 (2), 193–202. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2018.12.011.
- Debnath, P. and Dey, A.K., 2017. Bearing capacity of reinforced and unreinforced sand beds over stone columns in soft clay. Geosynthetics International, 24 (6), 1–15. doi:10.1680/jgein.17.00024.
- Fahmi, S.K., Kolosov, E.S., and Fattah, M.Y., 2019. Behavior of different materials for stone column construction. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 14 (4), 1162–1168. doi:10.36478/jeasci.2019.1162.1168.
- Fattah, M.Y., Zabar, B.S., and Hassan, H.A., 2015. Soil arching analysis in embankments on soft clays reinforced by stone columns. Structural Engineering and Mechanics, 56 (4), 507–534. doi:10.12989/sem.2015.56.4.507.
- Fattah, M.Y., Zabar, B.S., and Hassan, H.A., 2016. Experimental analysis of embankment on ordinary and encased stone columns. International Journal of Geomechanics, 16 (4), 04015102. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000579.
- Ghorbani, A., Hosseinpour, I., and Shormage, M., 2021. Deformation and stability analysis of embankment over stone column-strengthened soft ground. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 25 (2), 404–416. doi:10.1007/s12205-020-0349-y.
- Gu, L., et al., 2020. Numerical investigation into ground treatment to mitigate the permanent train-induced deformation of pile-raft-soft soil system. Transportation Geotechnics. 24:100368. doi:10.1016/j.trgeo.2020.100368.
- Han, J., 2014. Recent research and development of ground column technologies. Ground Improvement, 168 (4), 246–264. doi:10.1680/grim.13.00016.
- Han, J., 2015. Principles and practice of ground improvement. Hoboken, New Jersey, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Han, J. and Ye, S., 2001. Simplified method for consolidation rate of stone column reinforced foundations. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 127 (7), 597–603. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2001)127:7(597).
- Hosseinpour, I., Almeida, M.S.S., and Riccio, M., 2016. Ground improvement of soft soil by geotextile-encased columns. Ground Improvement, 169 (4), 297–305. doi:10.1680/jgrim.16.00009.
- Hosseinpour, I., Riccio, M., and Almeida, M.S.S., 2014. Numerical evaluation of a granular column reinforced by geosynthetics using encasement and laminated disks. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 42 (4), 363–373. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2014.06.002.
- Hosseinpour, I., Riccio, M., and Almeida, M.S.S., 2021. Field measured Poisson’s ratio of geotextile encased granular column. Ground Improvement, 2 (174), 63–69. doi:10.1680/jgrim.18.00097.
- Hosseinpour, I., Soriano, C., and Almeida, M.S.S., 2019. A comparative study for the performance of encased granular columns. Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 11 (2), 379–388. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.12.002.
- Indraratna, B., Basack, S., and Rujikiatkamjorn, C., 2013. Numerical solution to stone column reinforced soft ground considering arching, clogging and smear effects. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 139 (3), 377–394. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000789.
- Ingold, T.S. and Miller, K.S., 1983. Drained axisymmetric loading of reinforced clay. Geotechnical Engineering, 109 (7), 883–898. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1983)109:7(883).
- Kawa, S.F., Fattah, M.Y., and Kolosov, E.S. (2018). Behavior of foundation soil improved by stone column under cyclic load. MATEC Web of Conferences, TransSiberia Novosibirsk, Russia. doi.10.1051/matecconf/201823905015.
- Lima, B.T., Almeida, M.S.S., and Hosseinpour, I., 2019. Field measured and simulated performance of a stone columns-strengthened soft clay deposit. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. doi:10.1080/19386362.2019.1653506.
- Mahawish, A., Bouazza, A., and Gates, W.P., 2018. Improvement of soft soils using bio-cemented sand columns. Proceedings of China-Europe Conference on Geotechnical Engineering, 822–825. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-97112-4-184.
- Miranda, M., et al., 2015. Influence of gravel density in the behaviour of soft soils improved with stone columns. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 52 (12), 1968–1980. doi:10.1139/cgj-2014-0487.
- Mitchell, J.K. and Huber, T.R., 1985. Performance of a stone column foundation. Geotechnical Engineering, 3 (2), 205–223. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:2(205).
- Mohapatra, S.R., Rajagopal, K., and Sharma, J., 2016. Direct shear tests on geosynthetic-encased granular columns. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 44 (3), 396–405. doi:10.1016/j.geotexmem.2016.01.002.
- Murugesan, S. and Rajagopal, K., 2009. Shear load tests on stone columns with and without geosynthetic encasement. Getoechnical Testing Journal, 32 (1), 76–85.
- Naeini, S.A. and Gholampoor, N., 2019. Effect of geotextile encasement on the shear strength behavior of stone column-treated wet clays. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 49 (3), 292–303. doi:10.1007/s40098-018-0329-z.
- Najjar, S.S., Sadek, S., and Maakaroun, T., 2010. Effect of sand columns on the undrained load response of soft clays. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136 (9), 1263–1277. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000328.
- Raheem, A.M., Fattah, M.Y., and Al-Recaby, M.K.M., 2021. Earthquake response of model footings on soft clays strengthened by stone columns. Engineering and Technology Journal, 39 (8), 1216–1223. doi:10.30684/etj.v39i8.1651.
- Shahu, J.T. and Reddy, Y.R., 2011. Clayey soil reinforced with stone column group: model tests and analyses. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 137 (12), 1265–1274. 10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000552. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000552.
- Shnaid, F., et al. (2014). Geotextile encased columns (GEC) under bridge approaches as a pressure-relief system: concept, experience and measurements. In: 10th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Berlin, Germany.
- Sivakumar, V., et al., 2011. The pressure distribution along stone column in soft clay under consolidation and foundation loading. Geotechnique, 61 (7), 613–620. doi:10.1680/geot.9.P.086.
- Unnikrishnan, N., Rajagopal, K., and Krishnaswamy, N.R., 2002. Behavior of reinforced clay under monotonic and cyclic loading. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 20 (2), 117–133. doi:10.1016/S0266-1144(02)00003-1.
- Xue, J., Liu, Z., and Chen, J., 2019. Triaxial compressive behavior of geotextile encased stone columns. Computers and Geotechnics, 108, 53–60. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.12.010
- Yi, Y., Liu, S., and Puppala, A., 2018. Bearing capacity of composite foundation consisting of T-shaped soil-cement column and soft clay. Transportation Geotechnics, 15, 47–56. doi:10.1016/j.trgeo.2018.04.003