585
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

A review on design aspects and behavioral studies of pile foundations in liquefiable soil

, , , ORCID Icon &
Pages 347-379 | Received 04 Sep 2020, Accepted 23 Dec 2021, Published online: 23 Mar 2022

References

  • AASHTO 2010. American association of state highway transportation official, load-and-resistance factor design (LRFD) bridge design specifications.
  • Abdoun, T. and Dobry, R., 2002. Evaluation of pile foundation response to lateral spreading. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22 (9–12), 1051–1058. doi:10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00130-6
  • Abdoun, T., et al., 2003. Pile response to lateral spreads: centrifuge modelling. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129 (10), 869–878. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:10(869)
  • AIJ, 1988. Architectural Institute of Japan, Recommendations for design of building foundations.
  • Ali, Z., 2019. Numerical analysis of pile foundation in liquefiable soils: parametric study. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. doi:10.1080/19386362.2019.1684655
  • ASCE SEI, 2010. American society of civil engineers, structural engineering institute, minimum design loads for buildings and other structures. 7–10.
  • Ashford, S. and Juirnarongrit, T., 2004. Evaluation of force based and displacement based analysis for response of single piles to lateral spreading. In: Proceedings of 3rd International Conference Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, University of California, Berkely, Vol. 1, 752–759.
  • Assimaki, D. and Shafieezadeh, A., 2013. Soil-pile-structure interaction simulations in liquefiable soils via dynamic macro elements: formulation and validation. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 47, 92–107. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.03.008
  • Bhattacharya, S., 2003. Pile Instability during Earthquake Liquefaction. Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge (U.K).
  • Bhattacharya, S. and Bolton, M., 2004. Buckling of piles during earthquake liquefaction. 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver.
  • Bhattacharya, S., 2006. Safety assessment of existing piled foundations in liquefiable soils against buckling instability. ISET Journal Earthquake Technology, 43, 133–147.
  • Bhattacharya, S. and Madabhushi, S.P.G., 2008. A critical review of methods for pile design in seismically liquefiable soils. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 6 (3), 407–446. doi:10.1007/s10518-008-9068-3
  • Bhattacharya, S. and Goda, K., 2013. Probabilistic buckling analysis of axially loaded piles in liquefiable soils. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 45, 13–24. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.10.004
  • Bhattacharya, S., et al., 2014. Collapse of showa bridge during 1964 Niigata earthquake: a quantitative reappraisal on the failure mechanisms. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 65 (1), 55–71. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.05.004
  • Boulanger, R.W., et al., 1999. Seismic soil-pile-structure interaction experiments and analyses. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 125 (9), 750–759. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:9(750)
  • Boulanger, R.W. et al., 2003. Pile foundations in liquefied and laterally spreading ground during earthquakes: centrifuge experiments and analysis. California: University of California, Davis and California Department of Transportation.
  • Bradley, B., Cubrinovski, M., and Haskell, J., 2011. Probabilistic pseudo-static analysis of pile foundations in liquefiable soils. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31 (10), 1414–1425. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.05.018
  • Brandenberg, S., et al., 2005. Behavior of pile foundations in laterally spreading ground during centrifuge Tests. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 131 (11), 1378–1391. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:11(1378)
  • California Department of Transportation (CALTRANS), 2011. Guidelines on foundation loading due to Liquefaction induced lateral spreading. Sacramento, CA: California Department of Transportation.
  • Carey, T.J. and Kutter, B.L., 2017. Comparison of liquefaction constitutive models for a hypothetical sand. Geotechnical Frontiers, 281, 389–398.
  • Chatterjee, K. and Choudhury, D., 2018. Influence of seismic motions on behaviors of piles in liquefied soils. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, 42 (3), 516–541. doi:10.1002/nag.2753
  • Chatterjee, K. and Choudhury, D., 2019. Influence of site specific soil amplification on seismic response of piles in liquefied soils. Innovative Infrastructure Solution, 4 (1). doi:10.1007/s41062-019-0199-y
  • Chen, C.H., Sueng, T., and Chen, C.H., 2012. Shaking table tests on model pile in saturated sloping ground. In The 15th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, LISBOA, 24–28.
  • Cheng, Z. and Jeremic, B., 2009. Numerical modeling and simulation of pile in liquefiable soil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29 (11–12), 1405–1416. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.02.008
  • Choobbasti, A.J. and Zahmatkesh, A., 2016. Computation of degradation factors of p-y curves in liquefiable soils for analysis of piles using three-dimensional finite-element model. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 89, 61–74. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.07.017
  • Choudhury, D., et al., 2014. Pile foundations during earthquakes in liquefiable soils – theory to practice, In the 15th SEE conference, IIT Roorkee, India. doi. 10.13140/2.1.3796.3847
  • Cubrinovski, M., et al., 2004. 3-D Numerical simulation of shake-table tests on piles subjected to lateral spreading, Osaka, Japan: TC4 Geotechnical earthquake engineering satellite conference, pp. 199–206.
  • Cubrinovski, M., Kokusho, T., and Ishihara, K., 2006a. Interpretation from large scale shake table test on piles undergoing lateral spreading in liquefied soil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26 (2–4), 275–286. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.02.018
  • Cubrinovski, M. and Ishihara, K., 2006b. Assessment of pile group response to lateral spreading by single pile analysis. In: Seismic Performance and Simulation of Pile Foundations in Liquefied and Laterally Spreading Ground. GSP 145, ASCE, 242–254.
  • Dash, S.R., et al., 2008. p-y curve to model lateral response of pile foundations in liquefied soils. In 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, 12–17.
  • Dash, S.R., Bhattacharya, S., and Blakeborough, A., 2010. Bending-buckling interaction as a failure mechanism of piles in liquefiable soils. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 30 (1–2), 32–39. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2009.08.002
  • Dobry, R., et al., 2003. Single piles in lateral spreads: field bending moment evaluation. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129 (10), 879–889. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2003)129:10(879)
  • Dungca, J.R., et al., 2006. Shaking table tests on the lateral response of a pile buried in liquefied sand. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 26 (2–4), 287–295. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2005.02.021
  • Ebeido, A., et al., 2019. Pile and pile group response to liquefaction induced lateral spreading in four large-scale shake-table experiments. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 145 (10), 04019080. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0002142
  • Elgamal, A., et al., 2006. Liquefaction-induced lateral load on piles. 4th International conference om Erathquake Engineering, Taipei, Taiwan 145.
  • EN1998-5. Eurocode 8 2004. Design provisions for earthquake resistance of structures- Foundations, retaining structures and geotechnical aspects.
  • Esfeh, P.K. and Kaynia, A.M., 2019. Numerical modeling of liquefaction and its impact on anchor piles for floating offshore structures. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 127, 105839. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105839
  • Feng, S. and Wang, J., 2006. Research on lateral resistance on pile in saturated sand under shake loading, GeoShanghai International Conference, 6–8 June Shanghai, China, 490–497. doi:10.1061/9780784408629
  • Fiky, E.L., Metwally, K.G., and Akl, A.Y., 2020. Effect of topsoil liquefaction potential on the seismic response of the embedded piles. Ain Shams Engineering Journal .doi:10.1016/j.asej.2020.03.002S
  • Finn, W.D.L. and Fujita, N., 2002. Piles in liquefiable soils: seismic analysis and design issues. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 22 (9–12), 731–742. doi:10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00094-5
  • Fujii, M., et al., 1998. Analyses of damaged and undamaged pile foundations in liquefied soils during the 1995 Kobe Earthquake. Geotechnical Special Publication, 2, 1187–1198.
  • Gao, X., et al., 2011. Soil pile bridge structure interaction in liquefying ground using shake table testing. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 31 (7), 1009–1017. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2011.03.007
  • Goh, S. and O’Rourke, T.D., 1999. Limit state model for soil–pile interaction during lateral spread. Proc. of 7th US Japan Workshop on Earthquake Resistant Design of Lifeline Facilities and Countermeasures Against Soil Liquefaction, Seattle, pp. 237–260.
  • Gonzalez, L., Abdoun, T., and Dobry, R., 2009. Effect of Soil Permeability on Centrifuge Modeling of Pile Response to Lateral Spreading. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 135 (1). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2009)135:1(62)
  • Haeri, S.M., et al., 2012. Response of group of piles to liquefaction induced lateral spreading by large scale shake table testing. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 38, 25–45. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.02.002
  • Haigh, S.K., 2002. Effects of Liquefaction on Pile Foundations in Sloping Ground. Ph.D. Dissertation, Cambridge University, UK.
  • Haigh, S.K. and Madabhushi, S.P.G., 2002. Centrifuge Modelling of Lateral Spreading past Pile Foundations. International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics, St John’s, Newfoundland, Canada.
  • Haldar, S. and Sivakumar Babu, G.L., 2010. Failure mechanisms of pile foundations in liquefiable soil: parametric study. International Journal of Geomechanics, 10 (2), 74–84. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2010)10:2(74)
  • Hall, F.E., Lombardi, D., and Bhattacharya, S., 2018. Identification of transient vibration characteristics of pile-group models during liquefaction using wavelet transform. Engineering Structures, 171, 712–729. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.06.028
  • Hamada, M., 1992. Large ground deformations and their effects on lifelines: 1964 Niigata earthquake. Case Studies of liquefaction and lifelines performance during past earthquake. Technical report NCEER-92-0001. Volume-1, Japanese case studies, National Centre for Earthquake Engineering Research, Buffalo, NY.
  • He, L., et al., 2008. Shadowing and group effects for piles during earthquake-induced lateral spreading, In Proceedings of the 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing, China.
  • Hui, S., et al., 2018. An investigation of the influence of near-fault ground motion parameters on the pile’s response in liquefiable soil. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 17 (4), 729–745. doi:10.1007/s11803-018-0472-7
  • Hung, W.Y., et al., 2014. Seismic behavior of pile in liquefiable soil ground by centrifuge shaking table tests. Journal of Vibroengineering, 16 (6), 2712–2721.
  • Hung, W.Y., Lee, C.J., and Tran, P.D., 2017. Centrifuge table shaking table tests on effect of vertical drain system for liquefied soil. Journal of Vibroengineering, 19 (1), 458–467. doi:10.21595/jve.2016.17895
  • Iai, S. and Tobita, T., 2004. Centrifuge model tests on group piles in liquefiable and nonliquefiable ground. 13th world conference, Vancouver, B.C., Canada.
  • Ishihara, K., 1997. Geotechnical aspects of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. In Fourteenth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Proceedings International Society for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Hamburg (Vol. 4), 2047–2073.
  • Ishihara, K. and Cubrinovski, M., 1998. Soil-pile interaction in liquefied deposits undergoing lateral spreading. KEYNOTE PAPER. Porec, 11th Danube-European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Croatia.
  • ISO 23469. 2005. International Organization for Standardisation, Bases for design of structures —Seismic actions for designing geotechnical works.
  • Janalizadeh, A. and Zahmatkesh, A., 2015. Lateral response of pile foundations in liquefiable soils. Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, 7 (5), 532–539. doi:10.1016/j.jrmge.2015.05.001
  • JRA 2002. Japan Road Association, Specifications for highway bridges. Preliminary English Version, prepared by Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) and Civil Engineering Research Laboratory (CRL).
  • JSWA 1997. Japan sewage work association, seismic countermeasure guidelines for sewage facilities.
  • JWWA, 1997. Japan water works association, seismic design and construction guidelines for water supply facilities. Tokyo.
  • Kerciku, A.A., et al., 2008. Fixity of pile foundations in seismically liquefied soils for buckling calculations- An eigenvalue analysis. In Proceedings of 14th world conference on Earthquake, Engineering, Beijing, China.
  • Kheradi, H., et al., 2019. Liquefaction-induced buckling failure of group-pile foundation and countermeasure by partial ground improvement. International Journal of Geomechanics, 19 (5), 04019020. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001379
  • Knappett, J.A. and Madabhushi, S.P.G., 2008. Liquefaction-induced settlement of pile groups in liquefiable and laterally spreading soils. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 134 (11), 1609–1618. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2008)134:11(1609)
  • Knappett, J.A. and Madabhushi, S.P.G., 2009. Influence of axial load on lateral pile response in liquefiable soils. Part I: physical modelling. Géotechnique, 59 (7), 571–581. doi:10.1680/geot.8.009.3749
  • Kramer, S.L., 2008. Geotechnical earthquake engineering. Pearson education, prentice-hall international series in civil engineering and engineering mechanics.
  • Li, P., Lu, X., and Chen, Y., 2006. Study and analysis on shaking table tests of dynamic interaction of soil-structure considering soil liquefaction. 4rth international conference on earthquake engineering, Taipei, Taiwan.
  • Li, W., et al., 2019. Response of pile groups with X and circular cross-sections subject to lateral spreading: 3D numerical simulations. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 126, 105774. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.105774
  • Li, G. and Motamed, R., 2017. Finite element modeling of soil-pile response subjected to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading in a large-scale shake experiment. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 92, 573–584. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2016.11.001
  • Lin, S.S., et al., 2010. Derivation of cyclic p-y curves from instrumented dynamic lateral load tests. Journal of Mechanics, 26 (2), 123–133. doi:10.1017/S1727719100002987
  • Ling, X.Z., Gao, X., and Su, L., 2014. Effect of shaking intensity on interactive behavior of soil-pile group foundation in liquefiable soil during shaking table test. International efforts in lifeline earthquake engineering, In Proceedings of the sixth China-Japan-US Trilateral Symposium on lifeline earthquake engineering, ASCE, 616–623.
  • Liu, L. and Dobry, R., 1995. Effect of liquefaction on lateral response of piles by centrifuge model tests, National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (NCEER). Bulletin, 9 (1), 7–11.
  • Lombardi, D. and Bhattacharya, S., 2016. Evaluation of seismic performance of pile‐supported models in liquefiable soils. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 45 (6), 1019–1038. doi:10.1002/eqe.2716
  • Lopez, G.A., et al., 2019. Effect of the soil-pile-structure interaction in seismic analysis: case of liquefiable soils. Acta Geotechnica, 14 (5), 1509–1525. doi:10.1007/s11440-018-0746-2
  • Lu, X.L., et al., 2000. Shaking table testing of dynamic soil-structure interaction system. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 4, 20–29.
  • Madabhushi, G., Knappett, J., and Haigh, S., 2010. Design of pile foundations in liquefiable soils. Imperial College Press.
  • Maheshwari, B. and Sarkar, R., 2011. Seismic behavior of soil-pile structure interaction in liquefiable soils: parametric Study. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 11 (4). doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000087
  • Maheshwari, B. and Sarkar, R., 2012. Effects of soil nonlinearity and liquefaction on seismic response of pile groups. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 6 (4), 497–506. doi:10.3328/IJGE.2012.06.04.497-506
  • Matlock, H., 1970. Correlations for design of laterally loaded pile in soft clay. In: proceeding of the 2nd offshore technology conference. 10.4043/1204-ms
  • Mizuno, H. and Sugimoto, M., 2000. Dynamic behavior of pile foundation in liquefaction process shaking table tests utilizing big box. In: Proceedings of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering: Vol XII. Silver stream, Upper Hutt: New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering.
  • Motamed, R. and Towhata, I., 2010. Shaking table model test on pile groups behind quay walls subjected to lateral spreading. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 136 (3), 477–498. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000115
  • Motamed, R., et al., 2013. Pile group response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading: e-Defence large shake table test. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 51, 35–46. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2013.04.007
  • National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP), 2009. Commentary (federal emergency management agency, USA, 369) for seismic regulations for new buildings and other structures.
  • National Research Council (NRC). 1985. Liquefaction of soils during earthquakes. committee on earthquake engineering. National Academic Press, Washington, DC, Report No. CETS-EE-001.
  • Phanikanth, V.S., Choudhury, D., and Reddy, G.R., 2013. Behavior of single pile in liquefied deposits during earthquakes. International Journal of Geomechanics, 13 (4), 454–462. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000224
  • Prasad, S.K., et al., 2004. Shaking table tests in earthquake geotechnical engineering. Current Science, 87 (10), 1398–1404.
  • Pradhan, M.K., et al., 2021. An experimental investigation for soil-pile interaction under harmonic load. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 51 (5), 887–908. doi:10.1007/s40098-020-00471-x
  • Puri, V.K. and Prakash, S., 2014. Pile design in liquefying soil, 14th world conference on earthquake engineering, Beijing.
  • Rajeswari, J.S. and Sarkar, R., 2020a. Estimation of transient forces in single pile embedded in liquefiable soil. International Journal of Geomechanics, 20 (9), 06020023. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0001788
  • Rajeswari, J.S. and Sarkar, R., 2020b. A three-dimensional investigation on performance of batter pile groups in laterally spreading ground. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 141, 106508. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106508
  • Rasekh, F., et al., 2020. Effect of air injection on pile and pile group behavior in liquefiable soil. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2020. doi:10.1007/s10064-020-01848-1
  • Rasool, Y., Khamehchiyan, M., and Nikudel, M.R., 2020. The effect of nano- kaolinite on liquefaction resistance of liquefiable sand. Geopersia, 10 (1), 101–113.
  • Ren, H., Lu, X., and Li, P., 2008. Computer simulation on dynamic soil-pile-structure interaction system considering liquefiable foundation. In the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
  • Rolfe, A.R., Palmer, S.J., and Chin, E.L., 2020. Design scenarios for piles in ground subject to liquefaction, New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, NZSEE-2020 Annual Conference, 46, 1–9.
  • Rollins, K.M., et al., 2005. Lateral resistance of a full-scale pile group in liquefied sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 131 (1), 115–125. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:1(115)
  • Saeedi, M., et al., 2018. Numerical analysis of pile-soil system under seismic liquefaction. Engineering Failure Analysis, 94, 96–108. doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.07.031
  • Sinha, R., Sarkar, R., and Rajeswari, J.S., 2020. Flexural response of pile foundation in liquefiable soil using finite-difference formulation following pseudo-static approach. Indian Geotechnical Journal, 50 (6), 880–906. doi:10.1007/s40098-020-00434-2
  • Shamoto, Y., Zhang, J., and Tokimatsu, K., 1998. New charts for predicting large residual post-liquefaction ground deformation. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 17 (7–8), 427–438. 18 February. doi:10.1016/S0267-7261(98)00011-6.
  • Su, D. and Li, X.S., 2006. Effect of shaking intensity on seismic response of single-pile foundation in liquefiable soil. Ground modification and seismic mitigation. ASCE, 379–386.
  • Su, L., et al., 2016. Pile response to liquefaction-induced lateral spreading: a shake-table investigation. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 82, 196–204. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.12.013
  • Sun, Y.K. and Yoo, M., 2020. Study on the dynamic soil-pile-structure interactive behavior in liquefiable sand by 3D numerical simulation. Applied Sciences, 10 (8), 2723. doi:10.3390/app10082723
  • Takahashi, A., 2002. Soil-pile interaction in liquefaction-induced lateral spreading of soils, Dr.Eng. thesis, Tokyo Institute of Technology.
  • Tang, L., et al., 2009. Case studies on shaking table test of Soil-pile Groups-bridge Structure Interaction in Liquefiable Ground, Critical issues in transportation system planning development and management. ASCE, 934–941.
  • Tang, L., et al., 2010. Shake Table Test of Soil-pile Groups-bridge Structure Interaction in Liquefiable Ground. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 9 (1), 39–50. doi:10.1007/s11803-009-8131-7
  • Tokimatsu, K. and Asaka, Y., 1998. Effects of liquefaction-induced ground displacements on pile performance in the 1995 hyogoken-nambu earthquake. Soils and Foundations, 38 (Special), 163–177. doi:10.3208/sandf.38.Special_163
  • Tokimatsu, K., Suzuki, H., and Suzuki, Y., 2001. Back-calculated p-y relation of liquefied soils from large shaking table tests. In International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. pp. 1–6.
  • Uno, K., Mitou, M., and Otsuka, H., 2011. Shaking table test and effective stress analysis of bridge pile foundation with seismic isolation rubber in liquefied grounds. Advances in Transportation Geotechnics, 2, 151.
  • Valsamis, A.I., Bouckovalas, G.D., and Papadimitrius, A.G., 2010. Parametric investigation of lateral spreading of gently sloping liquefied ground. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 30 (6), 490–508. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.01.005
  • Veletsos, A.S. and Meek, J.W., 1974. Dynamic behavior of building‐foundation systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 3 (2), 121–138. doi:10.1002/eqe.4290030203
  • Vesic, A.B., 1961. Beams on elastic subgrade and Winkler’s hypothesis. In: Proceedings of 5th. Int. Conf. on Soil Mechanical Foundation Engineering, 845–850.
  • Wang, R., Liu, X., and Zhang, J.M., 2016. Numerical analysis of the seismic inertial and kinematic effects on pile bending moment in liquefiable soils. Acta Geotechnica, 12 (4), 773–791. doi:10.1007/s11440-016-0487-z
  • Wang, S. and Orense, R.P., 2017. Numerical simulation of inclined piles in liquefiable soils. In 20th New Zealand Geotechnical Society (NZGS) geotechnical symposium, Napier.
  • Wilson, D.W., 1998. Soil-pile-superstructure interaction in liquefying sand and soft clay, Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California at Davis.
  • Wilson, D.W., Boulanger, R.W., and Kutter, B.L., 1999. Lateral resistance of piles in liquefying sand, analysis, Design, Construction and testing of deep foundations. In: Proceedings OTRC’99 Conf. Honoring Lymon C. Reese, Geotechnical Special Publication, ASCE, Reston, VA, 165–179.
  • Wilson, D.W., Boulanger, R.W., and Kutter, B.L., 2000. Observed seismic lateral resistance of liquefying Sand. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 126 (10), 898–906. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:10(898)
  • Yasuda, S., et al., 1998. Post liquefaction behavior of several sands. In: Proceedings of 11th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam.
  • Yasuda, S., et al., 1999. A simplified method to evaluate liquefaction-induced deformation, Earthquake Geotechnical Engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam.
  • Yasuda, S., Ishihara, K., and Tamura, S., 2000. Large scale shaking table tests on pile foundations in liquefied ground. In Proc., 12th World Conf. on Earthquake Engineering: 1–8.
  • Yu, H. and Lin, W., 2016. Laboratory investigation of liquefaction mitigation in silty sand using nanoparticles. Engineering Geology, 204, 23–32. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.01.015
  • Zhang, X., et al., 2018. Using peak ground velocity to characterize the response of soil-pile system in liquefying ground. Engineering Geology, 240, 62–73. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.04.011
  • Zhang, X., et al., 2020a. Critical buckling load of pile in liquefied soil. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 135, 106–197. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2020.106197
  • Zhang, X., et al., 2020b. Effect of the combined action of lateral load and axial load on the pile instability in liquefiable soils. Engineering Structures, 205, 110074. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2019.110074
  • Zhanfang, H., et al., 2020. Vertical bearing capacity of a pile-liquefiable sandy soil foundation under horizontal seismic force. PloS one, 15 (3). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0229532

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.