On Decision Variability in Child Protection: Respect, Interactive Universalism and Ethics of Care

References

• Banks, S. 2008. “Critical Commentary: Social Work Ethics.” British Journal of Social Work 38 (6): 1238–1249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, S. 2013. “Negotiating Personal Engagement and Professional Accountability: Professional Wisdom and Ethics Work.” European Journal of Social Work 16 (5): 587–604. doi:10.1080/13691457.(2012.732931.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, S. 2016. “Everyday Ethics in Professional Life: Social Work as Ethics Work.” Ethics and Social Welfare 10 (1): 35–52. doi:10.1080/17496535.2015.1126623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banks, S. 2020. Ethics and Values in Social Work. 5th ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Banks, S., and R. Williams. 2005. “Accounting for Ethical Difficulties in Social Welfare Work: Issues, Problems and Dilemmas.” British Journal of Social Work 35 (7): 1005–1022. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman, Z. 1994. Alone Again: Ethics After Certainty. London: Demos.
   Google Scholar
• Baumann, D. J., L. Dalgleish, J. Fluke, and H. Kern. 2011. The Decision-Making Ecology. Washington, DC: American Humane Association.
   Google Scholar
• Benbenishty, R., B. Davidson-Arad, M. López, J. Devaney, T. Spratt, C. Koopmans, E. J. Knorth, C. L. M. Witteman, J. F. Del Valle, and D. Hayes. 2015. “Decision Making in Child Protection: An International Comparative Study on Maltreatment Substantiation, Risk Assessment and Interventions Recommendations, and the Role of Professionals’ Child Welfare Attitudes.” Child Abuse & Neglect 49: 63–75. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.(2015.03.015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benhabib, S. 1987. “The Generalized and the Concrete Other.” In Feminism as Critique, edited by S. Benhabib and D. Cornell, 77–96. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Benhabib, S. 1992. Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contemporary Ethics. Polity Press.
   Google Scholar
• Britner, P., and D. Mossler. 2002. “Professionals’ Decision-Making About Out-of-Home Placements Following Instances of Child Abuse.” Child Abuse & Neglect 26 (4): 317–332. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00311-3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadhurst, K., C. Hall, D. Wastell, S. White, and A. Pithouse. 2010. “Risk, Instrumentalism and the Humane Project in Social Work: Identifying the Informal Logics of Risk Management in Children’s Statutory Services.” British Journal of Social Work 40(4): 1046–1064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodkin, E. Z. 2012. “Reflections on Street-Level Bureaucracy: Past, Present, and Future.” Public Administration Review 72 (6): 940–949.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, H. 2000. “Beyond the Rhetoric: A ‘Working’ Version of Child Protection Practice.” European Journal of Social Work 3 (1): 13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, H. 2003. Child Protection Practice: Beyond the Rhetoric. London: Jessica Kingsley.
   Google Scholar
• Buckley, H., N. Carr, and S. Whelan. 2011. “Like Walking on Eggshells: Service User Views and Expectations of the Child Protection System.” Child & Family Social Work 16 (1): 101–110. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2(206.(2010.00718.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundy-Fazioli, K., K. Briar-Lawson, and E. Hardiman. 2009. “A Qualitative Examination of Power Between Child Welfare Workers and Parents.” British Journal of Social Work 39: 1447–1464.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bywaters, P., G. Brady, L. Bunting, B. Daniel, B. Featherstone, C. Jones, K. Morris, J. Scourfield, T. Sparks, and C. Webb. 2018. “Inequalities in English Child Protection Practice Under Austerity: A Universal Challenge?” Child & Family Social Work 23 (1): 53–61. (206). doi:10.1111/cfs.12383.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cashmore, J. 2009. “Child Protection and Out-of-Home Care: The Responsibility of Families, Community and State.” In Children, Families and Communities: Contexts and Consequences, edited by J. Bowes and R. Grace, 165–179. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Collins, S. 2018. “Ethics of Care and Statutory Social Work in the UK: Critical Perspectives and Strengths.” Practice. Social Work in Action 30 (1): 3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Cook, L. L. 2017. “Making Sense of the Initial Home Visit: The Role of Intuition.” Journal of Social Work Practice 31 (4): 431–444. doi:10.1080/02650533.(2017.1394826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corby, B. 2000. Child Abuse – Towards a Knowledge Base. 2nd ed. Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cradock, G. 2004. “Risk, Morality and Child Protection: Risk Calculation as Guides to Practice.” Science, Technology, & Human Values 29(3), 314–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cradock, G. 2011. “Thinking Goudge: Fatal Child Abuse and the Problem of Uncertainty.” Current Sociology 59 (3): 362–378. doi:10.1177/0011392111400788.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dale, P. 2004. “Like a Fish in a Bowl: Parents’ Perceptions of Child Protection Services.” Child Abuse Review 13 (2): 137–157. doi:10.1002/car.837.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson-Arad, B. 2010. “Four Perspectives on the Quality of Life of Children at Risk Kept at Home and Removed from Home in Israel.” British Journal of Social Work 40: 1719–1735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doherty, P. 2016. “Child Protection Threshold Talk and Ambivalent Case Formulations in ‘Borderline’ Care Proceedings Cases.” Qualitative Social Work, 1–19. doi:10.1177/1473325016640062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, J. J. 2007. “Child Protection and Child Outcomes: Measuring the Effects of Foster Care.” American Economic Review, 97(5):1583–1610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Enosh, G., and T. Bayer-Topilsky. 2015. “Reasoning and Bias: Heuristics in Safety Assessment and Placement Decisions for Children at Risk.” British Journal of Social Work 45 (6): 1771–1787. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bct213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fargion, S. 2014. “Synergies and Tensions in Child Protection and Parent Support: Policy Lines and Practitioners’ Cultures.” Child and Family Social Work 19 (1): 24–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Featherstone, B., A. Gupta, K. Morris, and S. White. 2018. Protecting Children: A Social Model. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Featherstone, B., S. White, and K. Morris. 2014. Re-imagining Child Protection: Towards Humane Social Work with Families. Bristol: Policy Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fluke, J. D., Corwin, T. W., Hollinshead, D. M., & Maher, E. J. 2016. Family preservation or child safety? Associations between child welfare workers' experience, position, and perspectives. Children and Youth Services Review, 69: 210-218. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.08.012
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foucault, M. 2001. Power. Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984, Vol 3. The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gilligan, C. 1982. In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gray, M. 1995. “The Ethical Implications of Current Theoretical Developments in Social Work.” British Journal of Social Work 25 (1): 55–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray, M. 2010. “Moral Sources and Emergent Ethical Theories in Social Work.” British Journal of Social Work 40 (6): 1794–1811. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcp104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harries, M. 2018. “Protecting Children Within a Relationship -Based Feminist Ethic of Care.” In Critical Ethics of Care in Social Work, edited by B. Pease, A. Vreugdenhil, and S. Stanford. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Healy, K. 1998. “Participation and Child Protection: The Importance of Context.” British Journal of Social Work 28: 897–914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy, K. 2007. “Universalism and Cultural Relativism in Social Work Ethics.” International Social Work 50 (1): 11–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Healy, K., Y. Darlington, and J. A. Feeney. 2011. “Parents’ Participation in Child Protection Practice: Toward Respect and Inclusion.” Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 92 (3): 282–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Held, V. 2006. The Ethics of Care: Personal, Political, and Global. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Helm, D. 2011. “Judgements or Assumptions? The Role of Analysis in Assessing Children and Young People’s Needs.” British Journal of Social Work 41 (5): 894–911. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschman, D., and E. A. Bosk. 2020. “Standardizing Biases: Selection Devices and the Quantification of Race.” Sociology of Race and Ethnicity 6 (3): 348–364. doi:10.1177/2332649219844797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland, S. 2010. “Looked After Children and the Ethic of Care.” British Journal of Social Work 40 (6): 1664–1680. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcp086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood, R., A. Goldacre, S. Gorin, and P. Bywaters. 2019. “Screen, Ration and Churn: Demand Management and the Crisis in Children’s Social Care.” The British Journal of Social Work, doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcz035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston, S. 2011. “Engaging with the Crooked Timber of Humanity: Value Pluralism and Social Work.” British Journal of Social Work, 1–17. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston, S., T. Spratt, and J. Devaney. 2011. “Mandated Prevention in Child Welfare: Considerations for a Framework Shaping Ethical Inquiry.” Journal of Social Work 11 (3): 287–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoys, D. C. 2004. Critical Resistance: From Poststructuralism to Post-Critique. Massachussets Instititue of Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson, B. 2003. Justice in the Risk Society: Challenging and Reaffirming Justice in Late Modernity. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Hugman, R. 2003. “Professional Values and Ethics in Social Work: Reconsidering Postmodernism?” British Journal of Social Work 33 (8): 1025–1041. doi:10.1093/bjsw/33.8.1025.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hugman, R. 2005. New Approaches to Ethics in the Caring Professions. London: Palgrave.
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D., P. Slovic, and A. Tversky. 1990. Judgments Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Keddell, E. 2011. “Reasoning Processes in Child Protection Decision Making: Negotiating Moral Minefields and Risky Relationships.” British Journal of Social Work 41 (7): 1251–1270. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keddell, E. 2013. Beyond Care Versus Control: Decision-Making Discourses and Their Functions in Child Protection Social Work. (PhD). Dunedin: University of Otago.
   Google Scholar
• Keddell, E. 2014. “Current Debates on Variability in Child Welfare Decision-Making: A Selected Literature Review.” Social Sciences 3 (4): 916–940. doi:10.3390/socsci3040916.
   Google Scholar
• Keddell, E. 2015. “The Ethics of Predictive Risk Modelling in the Aotearoa/New Zealand Child Welfare Context: Child Abuse Prevention or Neo-Liberal Tool?” Critical Social Policy 35 (1): 69–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keddell, E. 2016a. “Constructing Parental Problems: The Function of Mental Illness Discourses in a Child Welfare Context.” British Journal of Social Work 46 (7): 2088–2103. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcv096.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keddell, E. 2016b. “Weighing It Up: Family Maintenance and Children’s Best Interests Discourses in Child Protection Decision-Making.” Child & Family Social Work 21 (4): 512–520. doi:10.1111/cfs.12168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keddell, E. 2017. “Interpreting Children’s Best Interests: Needs, Attachment and Decision-Making.” Journal of Social Work 17 (3): 324–342. doi:10.1177/1468017316644694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keddell, E., and I. Hyslop. 2018. “Role Type, Risk Perceptions and Judgements in Child Welfare: A Mixed Methods Vignette Study.” Children and Youth Services Review 87: 130–139. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.02.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keddell, E., and I. Hyslop. 2019. “Networked Decisions: Decision-Making Thresholds in Child Protection.” The British Journal of Social Work, doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcz131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koggel, C., and J. Orme. 2010. “Care Ethics: New Theories and a Pplications.” Ethics and Social Welfare 4 (2): 109–114. doi:10.1080/17496535.(2010.484255.
   Google Scholar
• Križ, K., and M. Skivenes. 2013. “Systemic Differences in Views on Risk: A Comparative Case Vignette Study of Risk Assessment in England, Norway and the United States (California).” Children and Youth Services Review 35 (11): 1862–1870. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.(2013.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Križ, K., and M. Skivenes. 2014. “Street-Level Policy Aims of Child Welfare Workers in England, Norway and the United States: An Exploratory Study.” Children and Youth Services Review 40 (0): 71–78. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.(2014.02.014.
   Google Scholar
• Lees, A., M. Edgar, and J. Rafferty. 2011. “From Menzies Lyth to Munro: The Problem of Managerialism.” British Journal of Social Work, doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky, M. 1980. Street-level Bureaucracy. Dilemmas of the Individual in Public Services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Lonne, B., M. Harries, and S. Lantz. 2013. “Workforce Development: A Pathway to Reforming Child Protection Systems in Australia.” British Journal of Social Work 43 (8): 1630–1648. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcs064.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonne, B., N. Parton, J. Thomson, and M. Harries. 2008. Reforming Child Protection. Milton Park: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Maiter, S., S. Palmer, and S. Manji. 2006. “Strengthening Worker-Client Relationships in Child Protective Services.” Qualitative Social Work 5 (2): 161–186. doi:10.1177/747222500606-4255.
   Google Scholar
• McBeath, G., and Webb, S. A. 2002. Virtue Ethics and Social Work: Being Lucky, Realistic, and Not Doing Ones Duty. British Journal of Social Work 32 (8): 1015-1036. doi: 10.1093/bjsw/32.8.1015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meagher, G., and N. Parton. 2004. “Modernising Social Work and the Ethics of Care.” Social Work and Society 2 (1): 1–32.
   Google Scholar
• Moraes, S., E. Durrant, D. Brownridge, and G. Reid. 2006. “Professionals’ Decision-Making in Cases of Physical Punishment Reported to Child Welfare Authorities: Does Family Poverty Matter?” Child and Family Social Work 11(2): 157–169.
   Google Scholar
• Munro, E. 2014. “The Munro Review of Child Protection”: Final Report, a Child-Centred System. The Stationary Office Limited. Munro, E., Taylor, J., & Bradbury-Jones, C. (2014). “Understanding the Causal Pathways to Child Maltreatment: Implications for Health and Social Care Policy and Practice.” Child Abuse Review 23 (1): 61–74. doi:10.1002/car.2266.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen, M. A., and M. Engen. 2021. “Power and Care in Statutory Social Work with Vulnerable Families.” Ethics and Social Welfare 15 (3): 279–293. doi:10.1080/17496535.(2021.1924814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton, N. 2009. “Challenges to Practice and Knowledge in Child Welfare Social Work: From the ‘Social’ to the ‘Informational’?” Children and Youth Services Review 31 (7): 715–721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton, N. 2016. “An ‘authoritarian neoliberal’ approach to child welfare and protection?” Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 28 (2): 7–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parton, N., and O'Byrne, P. 2000. Constructive Social Work: Towards a New Practice. Macmillan Press: Stuttgart.
   Google Scholar
• Platt, D., and D. Turney. 2014. “Making Threshold Decisions in Child Protection: A Conceptual Analysis.” British Journal of Social Work 44 (6): 1472–1490. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bct007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, E. 1999. Feminist Perspectives on Ethics. New York: Pearson Education.
   Google Scholar
• Reamer, F. G. 2013. Social Work Ethics and Values. 4th Ed. Columbia: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Regehr, Cheryl, Marion Bogo, Aron Shlonsky, and Vicki LeBlanc. 2010. “Confidence and Professional Judgment in Assessing Children’s Risk of Abuse.” Research on Social Work Practice 20 (6): 621–628. doi:10.1177/1049731510368050.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, F. 2011. The Ethics of Care: A feminist Approach to Human Security. Temple University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rose, N. 1999. Powers of Freedom. University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Scourfield, J., and I. Welsh. 2003. “Risk, Reflexivity and Social Control in Child Protection: New Times or Same Old Story?” Critical Social Policy 23(3): 398–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sevenhuijsen, S. 1998. Citizenship and the Ethics of Care: Feminist Considerations on Justice, Morality and Politics. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Sheppard, M., and K. Ryan. 2003. “Practitioners as Rule Using Analysts: A Further Development of Process Knowledge in Social Work.” British Journal of Social Work 33(2): 157–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlonsky, A., and D. Wagner. 2005. “The Next Step: Integrating Actuarial Risk Assessment and Clinical Judgment Into an Evidence-Based Practice Framework in CPS Case Management.” Children and Youth Services Review 27: 409–427.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skivenes, M., and H. Stenberg. 2013. “Risk Assessment and Domestic Violence – How do Child Welfare Workers in Three Countries Assess and Substantiate the Risk Level of a 5-Year-Old Girl?” Child and Family Social Work, doi:10.1111/cfs.1(2092.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodhi, Mininder K., and H. Cohen. 2012. “The Manifestation and Integration of Embodied Knowing Into Social Work Practice.” Adult Education Quarterly 62 (2): 120–137. doi:10.1177/0741713611400302.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spratt, T., and J. Callan. 2004. “Parents’ Views on Social Work Interventions in Child Welfare Cases.” British Journal of Social Work 34 (2): 199–224. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford, S. 2011. “Constructing Moral Responses to Risk: A Framework for Hopeful Social Work.” British Journal of Social Work, doi:10.1093/bjsw/bcr030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2014. ‘Respect’ Updated Feb 4th. Accessed August 18th, 2014. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/respect/#KanAccResForPer.
   Google Scholar
• Teoh, A. H., J. Laffer, N. Parton, and A. Turnell. 2003. “Trafficking in Meaning: Constructive Social Work in Child Protection Practice.” In Constructing Clienthood in Social Work and Human Services: Identities, Interaction and Practices, edited by C. Hall, K. Juhila, N. Parton, and T. Poso. Jessica Kingsley.
   Google Scholar
• Tronto, J. 1994. Moral Boundaries: A Political Argument for an Ethic of Care. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Turnell, A., and S. Edwards. 1999. Signs of Safety: A Solution and Safety Oriented Approach to Child Protection Casework. W.W. Norton and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, J. 2021. “Social Work Legitimacy: Democratising Research, Policy and Practice in Child Protection.“ The British Journal of Social Work 51 (4): 1168–1185. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcab021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wastell, D., S. White, K. Broadhurst, S. Peckover, and A. Pithouse. 2010. “Children’s Services in the Iron Cage of Performance Management: Street-Level Bureaucracy and the Spectre of Švejkism.” International Journal of Social Welfare 19 (3): 310–313. 20. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2397.(2009.00716.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, S. 2006. Social Work in a Risk Society: Social and Political Perspectives. Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• White, A. 2005. Assessment of Parenting Capacity: Literature Review. Centre for parenting and research.
   Google Scholar
• Williams, C., and H. Soydan. 2005. “When and How Does Ethnicity Matter? A Cross-National Study of Social Work Responses to Ethnicity in Child Protection Cases.” British Journal of Social Work 35(6): 901–920.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, T. 2011. “Embodied Liability: The Usefulness of “at-Risk Youth”.” Canadian Social Work, Review 28 (1): 49–59.
   Google Scholar
• Zilberstein, K. 2016. “Parenting in Families of Low Socio-Economic Status: A Review with Implications for Child Welfare Practice.” Family Court Review 54 (2): 221–231.
   Google Scholar