Obeying the rules or gaming the system? Delegating random selection for examinations to head teachers within an accountability system

References

• Besley , T. and Ghatak , M. 2003 . Incentives, choice, and accountability in the provision of public services . Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 19 ( 2 ) : 235 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bevan , G. and Hood , C. 2006 . What's measured is what matters: Targets and gaming in the English public health care system . Public Administration , 84 ( 3 ) : 517 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudon , R. 1986 . Theories of social change , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Christophersen , K.A. , Elstad , E. and Turmo , A. 2010 . Is teacher accountability possible? The case of Norwegian high school science . Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research , 54 ( 5 ) : 413 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen , J.B. and Reback , R. 2002 . Tinkering toward accolades: School gaming under a performance accountability system . Advances in Applied Microeconomics , 14 : 1 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• De Wolf , I.F. and Janssens , F.J.G. 2007 . Effects and side effects of inspections and accountability in education: An overview of empirical studies . Oxford Review of Education , 33 ( 3 ) : 379 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elstad , E. , Nordtvedt , G.A. and Turmo , A. 2009 . The Norwegian assessment system: An accountability perspective . CADMO , 17 ( 2 ) : 89 – 103 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elstad , E. and Sivesind , K. 2010 . “ OECD setter dagsorden ” . In PISA – Sannheten om skolen? , Edited by: Elstad , E. and Sivesind , K. 20 – 41 . Oslo : Universitetsforlaget .
   Google Scholar
• Elster , J. 2007 . Explaining social behavior , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Figlio , D.N. 2006 . Testing, crime and punishment . Journal of Public Economics , 90 ( 4–5 ) : 837 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figlio, D.N., and L.S. Getzler. 2002. Accountability, ability, and disability: Gaming the system. National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper 9307, University of Florida. Cambridge, MA: NBER.
   Google Scholar
• Fitz-Gibbon , C.T. 1996 . Monitoring education: Indicators, quality and effectiveness , London : Cassel .
   Google Scholar
• Gravaas , B.C. , ægeland , T. H , Kirkebøen , L.J. and Steffensen , K. 2008 . Skoleresultater 2007. En kartlegging av karakterer fra grunnskoler og videregående skoler i Norge , Oslo : Statistics Norway .
   Google Scholar
• Hanushek , E.A. and Raymond , M.E. 2005 . Does school accountability lead to improved performance? . Journal of Policy Analysis and Management , 24 ( 2 ) : 297 – 327 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heilig , J.V. and Darling-Hammond , L. 2008 . Accountability Texas-style: The progress and learning of urban minority students in a high-stakes testing context . Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis , 30 ( 2 ) : 75 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrich , C.J. 2002 . Outcomes-based performance management in the public sector: Implications for government accountability and effectiveness . Public Administration Review , 62 ( 6 ) : 712 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmstrom , B. and Milgrom , P. 1991 . Multitask principal-agent analyses: Incentive contracts, asset ownership and job design . Journal of Law, Economics and Organization , 7 : 24 – 52 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hood , C. 2002 . Control, bargains and cheating: The politics of public-service reform . Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory , 12 ( 3 ) : 309 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hume , D. 1875 . “ On the independency of parliament ” . In Essays, Moral, Political and Literacy Vol. I , Edited by: Green , T.H. and Gross , T.H. 8 – 119 . London : Longmans .
   Google Scholar
• Hume, D. 2003. A treatise of human nature. The University of Adelaide Library Electronic Texts Collection. adelaide.edu.au/h/hume/david/ (Orig. pub. 1739.) http://www.etext.library (http://www.etext.library) (Accessed: 10 November 2010 ).
   Google Scholar
• Hægeland , T. , Kirkebøen , L.J. , Raaum , O. and Salvanes , K.G. 2004 . Marks across lower secondary schools in Norway. What can be explained by the composition of pupils and school resources? , Oslo : Statistics Norway .
   Google Scholar
• Jacob , B.A. 2005 . Accountability, incentives and behavior: Evidence from school reform in Chicago . Journal of Public Economics , 89 ( 5–6 ) : 761 – 96 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob , B. and Levitt , S. 2003 . Rotten apples: An investigation of the prevalence and predictors of teacher cheating . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 153 ( 3 ) : 843 – 78 .
   Google Scholar
• Kane , T.J. and Staiger , D.O. 2002 . The promise and pitfalls of using imprecise school accountability measures . Journal of Economic Perspectives , 16 ( 4 ) : 91 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly , A. 2003 . Decision making using game theory. An introduction for managers , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kjærnsli , M. , Lie , S. , Olsen , R.V. and Roe , A. 2007 . Tid for tunge løft. Norske elevers kompetanse i naturfag, lesing og matematikk , Oslo : Universitetsforlaget .
   Google Scholar
• Laffont , J.J. and Martimort , D. 2001 . The theory of incentives: The principal – agent model , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• LeGrand , J. 2003 . Motivation, agency and public policy , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education . 1996 . The curriculum for the 10-year compulsory school in Norway , Oslo : The Royal Ministry of Education, Research and Church Affairs .
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education . 2006 . Læreplanverket for Kunnskapsløftet , Oslo : The Royal Ministry of Education and Research . Provisional printed version
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 1988a . Reviews of national policies for education Norway , Paris : OECD .
   Google Scholar
• OECD . 1988b . Ekspertvurdering fra OECD. OECD-vurdering av norsk utdanningspolitikk , Oslo : Aschehoug .
   Google Scholar
• Propper , C. and Wilson , D. 2003 . The use and usefulness of performance measures in the public sector . Oxford Review of Economic Policy , 19 ( 2 ) : 250 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper , K.R. 1975 . The logic of scientific discovery , London : Hutchinson . (Orig. pub. 1934.)
   Google Scholar
• Popper , K.R. 1976 . “ The logic of the social sciences ” . In The positivist dispute in German sociology , Edited by: Adorno , T.W. , Albert , H. , Dahlendorf , R. , Habermas , J. , Pilot , H. and Popper , K.R. 87 – 104 . London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Rapoport , A. 1959 . “ Uses and limitations of mathematical models in social sciences ” . In Stochastic modeling of social processes , Edited by: Diekman , A. and Mitter , P. 7 – 38 . Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reback , R. 2008 . Teaching to the rating: School accountability and the distribution of student achievement . Journal of Public Economics , 92 ( 5–6 ) : 1394 – 415 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasch-Halvorsen , A. and Johnsbråten , H. 2007 . Norsk Matematikkråds undersøkelse høsten 2007 , Notodden : Telemark Open Research Archive .
   Google Scholar
• Rindal , U. 2010 . Constructing identity with L2: Pronunciation and attitudes among Norwegian learners of English . Journal of Sociolinguistics , 14 ( 2 ) : 240 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stecher , B.M. and Hamilton , L.S. 2002 . Putting theory to the test: Systems of ‘educational accountability’ should be held accountable . Rand Review , 26 ( 1 ) : 16 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Stodolsky , S.S. and Grossman , P.L. 1995 . The impact of subject matter on curricular activity: An analysis of five academic subjects . American Educational Research Journal , 32 ( 2 ) : 227 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sturman , L. 2003 . Teaching to the test: Science or intuition? . Educational Research , 45 ( 3 ) : 261 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 2005. Robert Aumann's and Thomas Schelling's contributions to game theory: Analysis of conflict and cooperation (). http://www.nobel.se (http://www.nobel.se) (Accessed: 19 October 2010 ).
   Google Scholar