Ionospheric precursor for a deep earthquake (∼378 km) near Papua New Guinea occurred on 7 July 2013, M_w = 7.2 in the environment of geomagnetic storm using two-dimensional principal component analysis

References

• Bošková, J., J. Šmilauer, P. Tříska, and K. Kudela. 1994. “Anomalous Behavior of Plasma Parameters as Observed by the Intercosmos 24 Satellite Prior to the Iranian Earthquake of 20 June 1990.” Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica 38 (2): 213–220. doi:10.1007/BF02295915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukunnaga, K. 1991. Introduction to Statistical Pattern Recognition, 38–40. London: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Földiák, P. 1989. “Adaptive Network for Optimal Linear Feature Extraction.” In Proceeding of Neural Networks, 1989. IJCNN., International Joint Conference on Source: IEEE Xplore 1, 401–405. Cambridge: Physiol. Lab. doi:10.1109/IJCNN.1989.118615.
   Google Scholar
• Freund, F. T. 2003. “Rocks that Crackle and Sparkle and Glow Strange Pre Earthquake Phenomena.” Journal of Scientific Exploration 17 (1): 37–71.
   Google Scholar
• Gao, Y., and K. Chen. 2006. “Development of a Real-Time Single-Frequency Precise Point Positioning System and Test Results.” ION GNSS 19th International Technical Meeting of Satellite Division, Fort Worth, TX, September 26–29.
   Google Scholar
• Hernández-Pajares, M., J. M. Juan, J. Sanz, R. Orus, A. Garcia-Rigo, J. Feltens, A. Komjathy, S. C. Schaer, and A. Krankowski. 2009. “The IGS VTEC Maps: A Reliable Source of Ionospheric Information since 1998.” Journal of Geodesy 83: 263–275. doi:10.1007/s00190-008-0266-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeong, D. H., C. Ziemkiewicz, W. Ribarsky, and R. Chang. 2009. Understanding Principal Component Analysis Using a Visual Analytics Tool. Charlotte, NC: Charlotte Visualization Center, UNC Charlotte.
   Google Scholar
• Jin, S., W. Zhu, and E. Afraimovich. 2010. “Co-seismic Ionospheric and Deformation Signals on the 2008 Magnitude 8.0 Wenchuan Earthquake from GPS Observations.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 31 (13): 3535–3543. doi:10.1080/01431161003727739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kong, H., L. Wang, E. K. Teoh, X. Li, J. G. Wang, R. Venkateswarlu. 2005. “Generalized 2D Principal Component Analysis for Face Image Representation and Recognition.” Neural Networks 18: 585–594. doi:10.1016/j.neunet.2005.06.041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer, M. A. 1991. “Nonlinear Principal Component Analysis Using Autoassociative Neural Networks.” AIChE Journal 37 (2): 233–243. doi:10.1002/aic.690370209.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J. W. 2010. “Ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) Anomalies Associated with Earthquakes through Karhunen–Loéve Transform (KLT).” Terrestrial, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences 21: 253–265. doi:10.3319/TAO.2009.06.11.01(T).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, J. W. 2011. “Use of Principal Component Analysis in the Identification of the Spatial Pattern of an Ionospheric Total Electron Content Anomalies after China's May 12, 2008, M=7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake.” Advances in Space Research 47: 1983–1989. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2011.01.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J. Y., Y. I. Chen, Y. J. Chuo, and C. S. Chen. 2006. “A Statistical Investigation of Pre-earthquake Ionospheric Anomaly.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 111: A05304. doi:10.1029/2005JA011333.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang, G., J. Wang, J. Wang, and D. Cole. 2008. “Analysis on Temporal-Spatial Variations of Australian TEC.” International Association of Geodesy Symposia 133 (4): 751–758. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-85426-5_86.
   Google Scholar
• Pulinets, S. A. 2004. “Ionospheric Precursors of Earthquakes; Recent Advances in Theory and Practical Applications.” Terrestrial Atmospheric Oceanic Sciences 15 (3): 413–435.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulinets, S. A., and A. D. Legen'ka. 2003. “Spatial-temporal Characteristics of the Large Scale Disturbances of Electron Concentration Observed in the F Region of the Ionosphere before Strong Earthquakes.” Cosmic Research 41: 221–230. doi:10.1023/A:1024046814173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothkaehl, H., R. Bucik, and K. Kudela. 2006. “Ionospheric Plasma Response to the Seismic Activity.” Physics and Chemistry of the Earth 31 (4–9): 473–481. doi:10.1016/j.pce.2006.02.039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang, J., D. Zhang, A. F. Frangi., J. Y. Yang. 2004. “Two-dimensional PCA: A New Approach to Appearance-based Face Representation and Recognition.” IEEE Transactions on Pattern analysis and Machine Intelligence 26 (1): 131–137. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.2004.1261097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar