Benchmark examples for data-driven site characterisation

References

• Adolf, R., S. Rama, B. Reagen, G. Y. Wei, and D. Brooks. 2016. “Fathom: Reference Workloads for Modern Deep Learning Methods.” In 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC), 25–27. doi:10.1109/IISWC.2016.7581275.
   Google Scholar
• Baidu. 2017. “DeepBench: Benchmarking Deep Learning Operations on Different Hardware.” https://github.com/baidu-research/DeepBench.
   Google Scholar
• Bhattacharjya, D., J. Eidsvik, and T. Mukerji. 2010. “The Value of Information in Spatial Decision Making.” Mathematical Geosciences 42: 141–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, S., N. Parikh, E. Chu, B. Peleato, and J. Eckstein. 2010. “Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers.” Found Trends Machine Learning 3 (1): 122. doi:10.1561/2200000016.
   Google Scholar
• Cai, J. S., E. C. Yan, T. C. Yeh, Y. Y. Zha, Y. Liang, S. Y. Huang, W. K. Wang, and J. C. Wen. 2017. “Effect of Spatial Variability of Shear Strength on Reliability of Infinite Slopes Using Analytical Approach.” Computers and Geotechnics 81: 77–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cami, B., S. Javankhoshdel, K. K. Phoon, and J. Ching. 2020. “Scale of Fluctuation for Spatially Varying Soils: Estimation Methods and Values.” ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A Civil Engineering 6 (4): 03120002.
   Google Scholar
• Ching, J., K. H. Li, M. C. Weng, and K. K. Phoon. 2018. “Generic Transformation Models for Some Intact Rock Properties.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 55 (12): 1702–1741.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., G. H. Lin, J. R. Chen, and K. K. Phoon. 2017. “Transformation Models for Effective Friction Angle and Relative Density Calibrated Based on Generic Database of Coarse-Grained Soils.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54 (4): 481–501.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., and K. K. Phoon. 2012. “Modeling Parameters of Structured Clays as a Multivariate Normal Distribution.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 49 (5): 522–545.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., and K. K. Phoon. 2013. “Multivariate Distribution for Undrained Shear Strengths Under Various Test Procedures.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 50 (9): 907–923.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., and K. K. Phoon. 2014. “Transformations and Correlations among Some Clay Parameters – the Global Database.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51 (6): 663–685.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., and K. K. Phoon. 2015. “Reducing the Transformation Uncertainty for the Mobilized Undrained Shear Strength of Clays.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 141 (2): 04014103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., K. K. Phoon, and C. H. Chen. 2014. “Modeling Piezocone Cone Penetration (CPTU) Parameters of Clays as a Multivariate Normal Distribution.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51 (1): 77–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., K. K. Phoon, Y. H. Ho, and M. C. Weng. 2021. “Quasi-Site-Specific Prediction for Deformation Modulus of Rock Mass.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal. doi:10.1139/cgj-2020-0168.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., K. K. Phoon, Z. Y. Yang, and A. W. Stuedlein. 2021. “Quasi-Site-Specific Multivariate Probability Distribution Model for Sparse, Incomplete, and Three-Dimensional Spatially Varying Soil Data.” Georisk. doi:10.1080/17499518.2021.1971256.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman, C., D. Narayanan, D. Kang, T. Zhao, J. Zhang, L. Nardi, P. Bailis, K. Olukotun, C. Ŕe, and M. Zaharia. 2017. “DAWNBench: An End-to-End Deep Learning Bench-mark and Competition.” NIPS ML Systems Workshop.
   Google Scholar
• Crisp, M. P., M. B. Jaksa, and Y. L. Kuo. 2020. “Optimal Testing Locations in Geotechnical Site Investigations Through the Application of a Genetic Algorithm.” Geoscience 10: 265. doi:10.3390/geosciences10070265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp, M. P., M. B. Jaksa, Y. L. Kuo, G. A. Fenton, and D. V. Griffiths. 2019. “A Method for Generating Virtual Soil Profiles with Complex, Multi-Layer Stratigraphy.” Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards 13 (2): 154–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davarpanah, A., and B. Mirshekari. 2018. “A Simulation Study to Control the oil Production Rate of Oil-Rim Reservoir Under Different Injectivity Scenario.” Energy Reports 4: 664–670.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Ignazio, M., K. K. Phoon, S. A. Tan, and T. T. Länsivaara. 2016. “Correlations for Undrained Shear Strength of Finnish Soft Clays.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53 (10): 1628–1645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donoho, D. L. 1995. “De-noising by Soft-Thresholding.” IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 41 (3): 613–627. doi:10.1109/18.382009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenton, G. A., and M. Naghibi. 2011. “Geotechnical Resistance Factors for Ultimate Limit State Design of Deep Foundations in Frictional Soils.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48 (11): 1742–1756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garzón, L. X., B. Caicedo, M. Sánchez-Silva, and K. K. Phoon. 2015. “Physical Modelling of Soil Uncertainty.” International Journal of Physical Modeling in Geotechnics, ICE 15 (1): 1400012.
   Google Scholar
• Google. 2017. TensorFlow Benchmarks. https://www.tensorflow.org/performance/benchmarks.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, P. C. 1992. “Analysis of Discrete Ill-Posed Problems by Means of L-Curve.” SIAM Review 34: 516–580. doi:10.1137/1034115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, P. C., and D. P. O’Leary. 1993. “The Use of the L-Curve in the Regularization of Discrete Ill-Posed Problems.” SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing 14 (6): 1487–1503. doi:10.1137/0914086.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hestenes, M. R., and S. Eduard. 1952. “Methods of Conjugate Gradients for Solving Linear Systems.” Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 49 (6): 409–435. doi:10.6028/jres.049.044.
   Google Scholar
• Hicks, M. A., and C. Onisiphorou. 2005. “Stochastic Evaluation of Static Liquefaction in a Predominantly Dilative Sand Fill.” Géotechnique 55 (2): 123–133.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idriss, I. M., and R. W. Boulanger. 2008. Soil Liquefaction During Earthquakes, Monograph MNO-12. Oakland, CA: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Jaksa, M. 1995. “The Influence of Spatial Variability on the Geotechnical Design Properties of a Stiff, Overconsolidated Clay.” PhD diss., University of Adelaide, Australia, 469 p.
   Google Scholar
• Jaksa, M. B., J. S. Goldsworthy, G. A. Fenton, W. S. Kaggwa, D. V. Griffiths, Y. L. Kuo, and H. G. Poulos. 2005. “Towards Reliable and Effective Site Investigations.” Géotechnique 55 (2): 109–121.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaksa, M B, W S Kaggwa, and P I Brooker. 1999. “Experimental Evaluation of the Scale of Fluctuation of a Stiff Clay.” Proceedings, 8th International Conference on Application of Statistics and Probability 415–422.
   Google Scholar
• Jaksa, M. B., W. S. Kaggwa, and P. I. Brooker. 2000. An Improved Technique for Evaluating the CPT Friction Ratio. Report Number: R166. Dept. Civil & Env. Engrg., University of Adelaide, 25 p.
   Google Scholar
• Länsivaara, T., K. K. Phoon, and J. Ching. 2021. “What is a Characteristic Value for Soils?” Georisk. doi:10.1080/17499518.2021.1975301.
   Google Scholar
• L'Heureux, J. S., R. Carroll, S. F. Lacasse, T. Lunne, S. O. Strandvik, S. Degago, A. Instanes, S. Nordal, and A. Sinitsyn. 2017. “New Research Benchmark Test Sites in Norway.” Geotechnical Frontiers 277: 631–640.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, S., H. Zou, G. Cai, B. V. Bheemasetti, A. J. Puppala, and J. Lin. 2016. “Multivariate Correlation among Resilient Modulus and Cone Penetration Test Parameters of Cohesive Subgrade Soils.” Engineering Geology 209: 128–142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Löfman, M. S., and L. K. Korkiala-Tanttu. 2021. “Transformation Models for the Compressibility Properties of Finnish Clays Using a Multivariate Database.” Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17499518.2020.1864410.
   Google Scholar
• Nie, X., J. Zhang, H. Huang, Z. Liu, and S. Lacasse. 2015. “Scale of Fluctuation for Geotechnical Probabilistic Analysis.” In Geotechnical Safety and Risk V, 834–838. doi:10.3233/978-1-61499-580-7-834.
   Google Scholar
• Nishimura, S., T. Shibata, T. Shuku, and K. Imaide. 2017. “Geostatistical Analysis for Identifying Weak Soil Layers in Dikes.” Geotechnical Risk Assessment and Management, GSP285, ASCE, Proceedings of the Geo-Risk 2017, 529–538. doi:10.1061/9780784480724.048.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K. 2017. “Role of Reliability Calculations in Geotechnical Design.” Georisk 11 (1): 4–21. doi:10.1080/17499518.2016.1265653.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K. 2018. “Editorial for Special Collection on Probabilistic Site Characterization.” ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems, Part A: Civil Engineering 4 (4): 02018002.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K. 2020. “The Story of Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering.” Georisk 14 (1): 3–25.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K., and J. Ching. 2021. “Project DeepGeo – Data-Driven 3D Subsurface Mapping.” Journal of GeoEngineering 16 (2): 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K K, J Ching, and Z Cao. 2022. Unpacking data-centric geotechnics. Underground Space, under review.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K., J. Ching, and T. Shuku. 2021. “Challenges in Data-Driven Site Characterization.” Georisk: Assessment and Management of Risk for Engineered Systems and Geohazards. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17499518.2021.1896005.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K., J. Ching, and Y. Wang. 2019. “Managing Risk in Geotechnical Engineering – from Data to Digitalization.” Proceedings, 7th International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and Risk (ISGSR 2019), 13–34, Taipei, Taiwan.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K., and F. H. Kulhawy. 1999. “Characterization of Geotechnical Variability.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36 (4): 612–624.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K., W. A. Prakoso, Y. Wang, and J. Ching. 2016b. “Uncertainty Representation of Geotechnical Design Parameters, Chapter 3.” In Reliability of Geotechnical Structures in ISO2394, edited by J. V. Retief and K. K. Phoon, 49–87. London: Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K., J. V. Retief, J. Ching, M. Dithinde, T. Schweckendiek, Y. Wang, and L. M. Zhang. 2016a. “Some Observations on ISO2394:2015 Annex D (Reliability of Geotechnical Structures).” Structural Safety 62: 24–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu, R., J. H. Prevost, and G. Deodatis. 1997. “Effects of Spatial Variability on Soil Liquefaction: Some Design Recommendations.” Géotechnique 47 (5): 1019–1036.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popescu, R., J. H. Prevost, and G. Deodatis. 2005. “3D Effects in Seismic Liquefaction of Stochastically Variable Soil Deposits.” Géotechnique 55 (1): 21–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, X. H., D. Q. Li, K. K. Phoon, Z. J. Cao, and X. S. Tang. 2016. “Simulation of Geologic Uncertainty Using Coupled Markov Chain.” Engineering Geology 207: 129–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, P. K. 2016. “Cone Penetration Test (CPT)-Based Soil Behaviour Type (SBT) Classification System – an Update.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 53 (12): 1910–1927. doi:10.1139/cgj-2016-0044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson, P. L., and K. L. Cabal. 2010. “Estimating Soil Unit Weight from CPT.” 2nd International Symposium on Cone Penetration Testing, Huntingon Beach, CA, USA, Volume 2&3: Technical Papers, Session 2: Interpretation, Paper No. 40.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson, P. K., and C. E. Wride. 1998. “Evaluating Cyclic Liquefaction Potential Using the Cone Penetration Test.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 35: 442–459. doi:10.1139/t98-017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlüter, S., H.-J. Vogel, O. Ippisch, P. Bastian, K. Roth, S. Schelle, W. Durner, R. Kasteel, and J. Vanderborght. 2012. “Virtual Soils: Assessment of the Effects of Soil Structure on the Hydraulic Behavior of Cultivated Soils.” Vadose Zone Journal 11 (4): 1377–1391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuppener, B. 2011. “Reliability Theory and Safety in German Geotechnical Design.” Third International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety & Risk, 527–536. Karlsruhe: Federal Waterways Engineering and Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Shuku, T., S. Nishimura, and T. Shibata. 2020. “A Sparse Polynomial Surrogate Model for Geotechnical Reliability Design.” Proceedings of the Seventh Asian-Pacific Symposium on Structural Reliability and Its Applications (APSSRA2020). doi:10.15083/00079762.
   Google Scholar
• Shuku, T., and K. K. Phoon. 2021. “Three-Dimensional Subsurface Modelling Using Geotechnical Lasso.” Computers and Geotechnics 133: 1034068. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuedlein, A. W., T. N. Gianella, and G. J. Canivan. 2016. “Densification of Granular Soils Using Conventional and Drained Timber Displacement Piles.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 142 (12): 04016075. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001554.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuedlein, A. W., S. L. Kramer, P. Arduino, and R. D. Holtz. 2012. “Geotechnical Characterization and Random Field Modeling of Desiccated Clay.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, ASCE 138 (11): 1301–1313. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000723.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun, R., T. C. Yeh, D. Mao, M. Jin, W. Lu, and Y. Hao. 2013. “A Temporal Sampling Strategy for Hydraulic Tomography Analysis.” Water Resources Research 49: 3881–3896. doi:10.1002/wrcr.20337.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, C., and K. K. Phoon. 2021. “Geotechnical Engineering in the Era of Industry 4.0, Chapter 1.” In Model Uncertainties in Foundation Design. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Y. Hu, and K. K. Phoon. 2021. “Non-parametric Modelling and Simulation of Spatiotemporally Varying geo-Data.” Georisk. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/17499518.2021.1971258.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, Y. G., Z. B. Sun, and Y. M. Chen. 2018. “Zhejiang University Benchmark Centrifuge Test for LEAP-GWU-2015 and Liquefaction Responses of a Sloping Ground.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 113: 698–713. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.03.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H., M. Akrout, B. Zheng, A. Pelegris, A. Jayarajan, A. Phanishayee, B. Schroeder, and G. Pekhimenko. 2018. “Benchmarking and Analyzing Deep Neural Network Training.” In 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Workload Characterization (IISWC), 88–100. doi:10.1109/IISWC.2018.8573476.
   Google Scholar