Time capsule for landslide risk assessment

References

• Adachi, K., K. Tokuyama, and A. Nakasuji. 1977. “Study on Judgment of Outbreakability of Debris Flow.” SHIN-SABO 33 (4): 7–16.
   Google Scholar
• AGS (Australian Geomechanics Society). 2007. “Practice Note Guidelines for Landslide Risk Management.” Australian Geomechanics 42 (1): 63–114.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, D. 2000. Confronting Catastrophe: New Perspectives on Natural Disasters. Harpenden: Terra.
   Google Scholar
• Alexander, D. 2018. “A Magnitude Scale for Cascading Disasters.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 30: 180–185. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2018.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, D. R., and G. Pescaroli. 2019. What are Cascading Disasters? UCL Open. Environment Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Ali, A., J. Huang, A. V. Lyamin, S. W. Sloan, D. V. Griffiths, M. J. Cassidy, and J. H. Li. 2014. “Simplified Quantitative Risk Assessment of Rainfall-Induced Landslides Modelled by Infinite Slopes.” Engineering Geology 179: 102–116. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.06.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alonso, E. E. 1976. “Risk Analysis of Slopes and its Application to Slopes in Canadian Sensitive Clays.” Géotechnique 26 (3): 453–472. doi:10.1680/geot.1976.26.3.453.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang, H. S., and W. H. Tang. 1984. Probability Concepts in Engineering Planning and Design: Design, Risk and Reliability. Vol. 2. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Ang, H. S., and W. H. Tang. 1975. Probability Concepts in Engineering Planning and Design: Basic Principles. Vol. 1. New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Antoine, P. 1977. “Rèflexions sur la cartographie ZERMOS et bilan des expériences en cours.” BRGM Bull, Section III 1-2: 9–20. (In French).
   Google Scholar
• Au, S. K., Z. J. Cao, and Y. Wang. 2010. “Implementing Advanced Monte Carlo Simulation Under Spreadsheet Environment.” Structural Safety 32 (5): 281–292. doi:10.1016/j.strusafe.2010.03.004.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, U., S. Lash, and B. Wynne. 1992. Risk Society: Towards a New Modernity. London: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Boholm, A. 2015. Anthropology and Risk. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, I., R. Kates, and G. White. 1993. The Environment as Hazard. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caplan, P. 2000. Introduction: Risk Revisited. Risk Revisited. London: Pluto Press, 1–28.
   Google Scholar
• Carrara, A., M. Cardinali, R. Detti, F. Guzzetti, V. Pasqui, and P. Reichenbach. 1991. “GIS Techniques and Statistical Models in Evaluating Landslide Hazard.” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 16 (5): 427–445. doi:10.1002/esp.3290160505.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascini, L., S. Cuomo, A. Di Mauro, M. Di Natale, S. Di Nocera, and F. Matano. 2021. “Multidisciplinary Analysis of Combined Flow-Like Mass Movements in a Catchment of Southern Italy.” Georisk 15 (1): 41–58. doi:10.1080/17499518.2019.1674339.
   Google Scholar
• Cepeda, J., B. Quan Luna, and F. Nadim. 2013. “Assessment of Landslide Runout by Monte Carlo Simulations.” Proceeding of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Chau, K. T., Y. L. Sze, M. K. Fung, W. Y. Wong, E. L. Fong, and L. C. P. Chan. 2004. “Landslide Hazard Analysis for Hong Kong Using Landslide Inventory and GIS.” Computers & Geosciences 30 (4): 429–443. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2003.08.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. Y., L. L. Zhang, H. Q. Yang, and M. Peng. 2019. “Probabilistic Runout Analysis of Landslide Considering Spatial Variability.” In Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and Risk (ISGSR), 745–750. doi:10.3850/978-981-11-2725-0-IS13-7-cd.
   Google Scholar
• Ching, J., J.-R. Chen, J.-Y. Yeh, and K.-K. Phoon. 2012. “Updating Uncertainties in Friction Angles of Clean Sands.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 138 (2): 217–229. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000573.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching, J., K.-K. Phoon, and Y.-G. Hu. 2009. “Efficient Evaluation of Reliability for Slopes with Circular Slip Surfaces Using Importance Sampling.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 135 (6): 768–777. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chivatá Cárdenas, I. 2019. “On the use of Bayesian Networks as a Meta-Modelling Approach to Analyse Uncertainties in Slope Stability Analysis.” Georisk 13 (1): 53–65. doi:10.1080/17499518.2018.1498524.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, S. E. 2007. “Effects of Spatial Variability of Soil Properties on Slope Stability.” Engineering Geology 92 (3-4): 97–109. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2007.03.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, S. E. 2010. “Probabilistic Assessment of Slope Stability That Considers the Spatial Variability of Soil Properties.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 136 (7): 975–984. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho, S. E. 2014. “Probabilistic Stability Analysis of Rainfall-Induced Landslides Considering Spatial Variability of Permeability.” Engineering Geology 171 (8): 11–20. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.12.015.
   Google Scholar
• Chowdhury, R. N., and D. W. Xu. 1995. “Geotechnical System Reliability of Slopes.” Reliability Engineering & System Safety 47 (3): 141–151. doi:10.1016/0951-8320(94)00063-T.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christian, J. T., C. C. Ladd, and G. B. Baecher. 1994. “Reliability Applied to Slope Stability Analysis.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 120 (12): 2180–2207. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:12(2180).
   Google Scholar
• Collins. 2015. Collins English Dictionary and Thesaurus Essential. Glasgow: Harpercollins Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, C. A. 1971. “First-order Uncertainty Analysis of Soils Deformation and Stability.” In Proceedings, 1st International Conference on Application of Statistics and Probability to Soil and Structural Engineering, edited by P. Lumb, 130–143. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University.
   Google Scholar
• Corominas, J., C. van Westen, P. Frattini, L. Cascini, J. P. Malet, S. Fotopoulou, F. Catani, et al. 2014. “Recommendations for the Quantitative Analysis of Landslide Risk.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 73 (2): 209–263. doi:10.1007/s10064-013-0538-8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crichton, D. 1999. “The Risk Triangle.” In Natural Disaster Management, edited by Jon Ingleton, 102–103. London: Tudor Rose.
   Google Scholar
• Cruden, D. M. 1991. “A Simple Definition of a Landslide.” Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 43 (1): 27–29. doi:10.1007/BF02590167.
   Google Scholar
• Cui, P., H. Deng, and C. Wang. 2019. Mountain Hazards. Beijing: Higher Education Press. (In Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Cui, Q., L. Zhang, X. Chen, Z. Cao, X. Wei, J. Zhang, J. Xu, D. Liu, and C. Du. 2022. “Quantitative Risk Assessment of Landslides with Direct Simulation of pre-Failure to Post-Failure Behaviors.” Acta Geotechnica 17: 4497–4514. doi:10.1007/s11440-022-01485-w.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dai, F. C., C. F. Lee, and Y. Y. Ngai. 2002. “Landslide Risk Assessment and Management: An Overview.” Engineering Geology 64 (1): 65–87. doi:10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00093-X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Angeli, S., B. D. Malamud, L. Rossi, F. E. Taylor, E. Trasforini, and R. Rudari. 2022. “A Multi-Hazard Framework for Spatial-Temporal Impact Analysis.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 73: 102829. doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102829.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Q. X., J. He, Z. J. Cao, I. Papaioannou, D. Q. Li, and K. K. Phoon. 2022. “Bayesian Learning of Gaussian Mixture Model for Calculating Debris Flow Exceedance Probability.” Georisk 16 (1): 154–177. doi:10.1080/17499518.2022.2028849.
   Google Scholar
• Deng, Z.-P., S.-H. Jiang, J.-T. Niu, M. Pan, and L.-L. Liu. 2020. “Stratigraphic Uncertainty Characterization Using Generalized Coupled Markov Chain.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 79 (10): 5061–5078. doi:10.1007/s10064-020-01883-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng, Z.-P., D.-Q. Li, X.-H. Qi, Z.-J. Cao, and K.-K. Phoon. 2017. “Reliability Evaluation of Slope Considering Geological Uncertainty and Inherent Variability of Soil Parameters.” Computers and Geotechnics 92 (C): 121–131. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2017.07.020.
   Google Scholar
• Der Kiureghian, A., and M. D. Stefano. 1991. “Efficient Algorithm for Second-Order Reliability Analysis.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics 117 (12): 2904–2923. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1991)117:12(2904).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhakal, A. S., T. Amada, and M. Aniya. 1999. “Landslide Hazard Mapping and the Application of GIS in the Kulekhani Watershed, Nepal.” Mountain Research and Development, 3–16. doi:10.2307/3674109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ditlevsen, O. 1979. “Narrow Reliability Bounds for Structural Systems.” Journal of Structural Mechanics 7 (4): 453–472. doi:10.1080/03601217908905329.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolinski, K. 1982. “First-order Second-Moment Approximation in Reliability of Structural Systems: Critical Review and Alternative Approach.” Structural Safety 1 (3): 211–231. doi:10.1016/0167-4730(82)90027-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorren, L., A. Sandri, H. Raetzo, and P. Arnold. 2009. Landslide Risk Mapping for the Entire Swiss National Road Network. Landslide Processes: From Geomorphologic Mapping to Dynamic Modeling, Strasbourg, 6–7.
   Google Scholar
• Eidsvig, U., S. Lacasse, and F. Nadim. 2009. “Event Tree Analysis of the Åknes Rock Slope[C]”. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (Volumes 1, 2, 3 and 4), 2633–2637. IOS Press.
   Google Scholar
• Einstein, H. H. 1988. Landslide Risk Assessment Procedure. Keynote Lecture. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Symposium on Landslides, July 10–15, Vol. 2, edited by C. Bonnard, 1075–1090. Lausanne: Balkema.
   Google Scholar
• Eldeen, M. T. 1980. “Predisaster Physical Planning: Integration of Disaster Risk Analysis into Physical Planning – a Case Study in Tunisia.” Disasters 4 (2): 211–222. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7717.1980.tb00274.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Ramly, H., N. R. Morgenstern, and D. M. Cruden. 2002. “Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis for Practice.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 39 (3): 665–683. doi:10.1139/t02-034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fell, R. 1994. “Landslide Risk Assessment and Acceptable Risk.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 31 (2): 261–272. doi:10.1139/t94-031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froude, M. J., and D. N. Petley. 2018. “Global Fatal Landslide Occurrence from 2004 to 2016.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 18 (8): 2161–2181. doi:10.5194/nhess-18-2161-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, S., K. Heiss, and J. Hübl. 2007. “Towards an Empirical Vulnerability Function for use in Debris Flow Risk Assessment.” Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 7 (5): 495–506. doi:10.5194/nhess-7-495-2007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs, S., M. Keiler, R. Ortlepp, R. Schinke, and M. Papathoma-Kohle. 2019. “Recent Advances in Vulnerability Assessment for the Built Environment Exposed to Torrential Hazards: Challenges and the way Forward.” Journal of Hydrology 575: 587–595. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.05.067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giddens, A. 1990. The Consequences of Modernity. Stanford, CA: John Wiley & Sons, Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Glade, T. 2003. “Vulnerability Assessment in Landslide Risk Analysis.” Die Erde; Zeitschrift Der Gesellschaft Fur Erdkunde Zu Berlin 134 (2): 123–146.
   Google Scholar
• Granger, K. 2003. “Quantifying Storm Tide Risk in Cairn.” Natural Hazards 30 (2): 165–185. doi:10.1023/A:1026166300914.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, D. V., and G. A. Fenton. 2004. “Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis by Finite Elements.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 130 (5): 507–518. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2004)130:5(507).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, D. V., J. Huang, and G. A. Fenton. 2009a. “Influence of Spatial Variability on Slope Reliability Using 2-D Random Fields.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 135 (10): 1367–1378. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0000099.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, D. V., J. Huang, and G. A. Fenton. 2009b. “On the Reliability of Earth Slopes in Three Dimensions.” Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 465 (2110): 3145–3164. doi:10.1098/rspa.2009.0165.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gui, S., R. Zhang, J. P. Turner, and X. Xue. 2000. “Probabilistic Slope Stability Analysis with Stochastic Soil Hydraulic Conductivity.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 126 (1): 1–9. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2000)126:1(1).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, Z., L. Chen, K. Yin, D. P. Shrestha, and L. Zhang. 2020. “Quantitative Risk Assessment of Slow-Moving Landslides from the Viewpoint of Decision-Making: A Case Study of the Three Gorges Reservoir in China.” Engineering Geology 273: 105667. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105667.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo, J., Y. F. Cui, W. J. Xu, Y. Z. Yin, Y. Li, and W. Jin. 2022. “Numerical Investigation of the Landslide-Debris Flow Transformation Process Considering Topographic and Entrainment Effects: A Case Study.” Landslides 19: 773–788. doi:10.1007/s10346-021-01791-6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta, R. P., and B. C. Joshi. 1990. “Landslide Hazard Zoning Using the GIS Approach—A Case Study from the Ramganga Catchment, Himalayas.” Engineering Geology 28 (1-2): 119–131. doi:10.1016/0013-7952(90)90037-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzzetti, F., A. Carrara, M. Cardinali, and P. Reichenbach. 1999. “Landslide Hazard Evaluation: A Review of Current Techniques and Their Application in a Multi-Scale Study, Central Italy.” Geomorphology 31 (1): 181–216. doi:10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00078-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn, H. 2003. Indicators and Other instruments for Local Risk Management for Communities and Local Governments. https://publications.iadb.org/en/comprehensive-risk-management-communities-and-local-governments-component-iii-indicators-and-other.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, A. 1984. “Landslide Hazard Analysis.” Slope Instability, 523–602.
   Google Scholar
• Hasofer, A. M., and N. C. Lind. 1974. “Exact and Invariant Second-Moment Code Format.” Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division 100 (1): 111–121. doi:10.1061/JMCEA3.0001848.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, A. M., and T. F. Wolff. 1999. “Search Algorithm for Minimum Reliability Index of Earth Slopes.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 125 (4): 301–308. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1999)125:4(301).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hata, Y., K. Ichii, and K. I. Tokida. 2012. “A Probabilistic Evaluation of the Size of Earthquake Induced Slope Failure for an Embankment.” Georisk 6 (2): 73–88. doi:10.1080/17499518.2011.604583.
   Google Scholar
• Hollingsworth, R., and G. S. Kovacs. 1981. “Soil Slumps and Debris Flows: Prediction and Protection.” Bulletin of the Association of Engineering Geologists 18 (1): 17–28. doi:10.2113/gseegeosci.xviii.1.17.
   Google Scholar
• Huang, J., G. A. Fenton, and D. V. Griffiths. 2010. “System Reliability of Slopes by RFEM.” Soils and Foundations 50 (3): 343–353. doi:10.3208/sandf.50.343.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, J., A. V. Lyamin, D. V. Griffiths, K. Krabbenhoft, and S. W. Sloan. 2013. “Quantitative Risk Assessment of Landslide by Limit Analysis and Random Fields.” Computers and Geotechnics 53: 60–67. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2013.04.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hungr, O., R. Fell, R. Couture, and E. Eberhardt. 2005. Landslide Risk Management. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hungr, O., and S. McDougall. 2009. “Two Numerical Models for Landslide Dynamic Analysis.” Computers & Geosciences 35 (5): 978–992. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2007.12.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, R. M. 2005. “Debris-flow Mechanics.” In Debris-flow Hazards and Related Phenomena. Berlin: Springer Praxis Books. doi:10.1007/3-540-27129-5_6.
   Google Scholar
• Iverson, R. M., S. P. Schilling, and J. W. Vallance. 1998. “Objective Delineation of Lahar-Inundation Hazard Zones.” Geological Society of America Bulletin 110 (8): 972–984. doi:10.1130/0016-7606(1998)110<0972:ODOLIH>2.3.CO;2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakob, M., O. Hungr, and D. M. Jakob. 2005. Debris-flow Hazards and Related Phenomena. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Jakob, M., D. Stein, and M. Ulmi. 2012. “Vulnerability of Buildings to Debris Flow Impact.” Natural Hazards 60 (2): 241–261. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-0007-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, S.-H., and J.-S. Huang. 2016. “Efficient Slope Reliability Analysis at Low-probability Levels in Spatially Variable Soils.” Computers and Geotechnics 75 (5): 18–27. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.01.016.
   Google Scholar
• Jiang, S.-H., J. Huang, D. V. Griffiths, and Z.-P. Deng. 2022. “Advances in Reliability and Risk Analyses of Slopes in Spatially Variable Soils: A State-of-the-art Review.” Computers and Geotechnics 141: 104498. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, S.-H., J. Huang, C. Yao, and J. H. Yang. 2017. “Quantitative Risk Assessment of Slope Failure in 2-D Spatially Variable Soils by Limit Equilibrium Method.” Applied Mathematical Modelling 47: 710–725. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2017.03.048.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, S.-H., D.-Q. Li, Z.-J. Cao, C.-B. Zhou, and K.-K. Phoon. 2015. “Efficient System Reliability Analysis of Slope Stability in Spatially Variable Soils Using Monte Carlo Simulation.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 141 (2): 04014096. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001227.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, S.-H., I. Papaioannou, and D. Straub. 2018. “Bayesian Updating of Slope Reliability in Spatially Variable Soils with in-Situ Measurements.” Engineering Geology 239: 310–320. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.03.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang, S. H., L. Wang, S. Ouyang, J. Huang, and Y. Liu. 2022. “A Comparative Study of Bayesian Inverse Analyses of Spatially Varying Soil Parameters for Slope Reliability Updating.” Georisk 16 (4): 746–765. doi:10.1080/17499518.2021.2010098.
   Google Scholar
• Johari, A., and H. Fooladi. 2020. “Comparative Study of Stochastic Slope Stability Analysis Based on Conditional and Unconditional Random Field.” Computers and Geotechnics 125: 103707. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jonkman, S. N., P. H. A. J. M. Van Gelder, and J. K. Vrijling. 2003. “An Overview of Quantitative Risk Measures for Loss of Life and Economic Damage.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 99 (1): 1–30. doi:10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00283-2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juang, C. H., J. Zhang, M. Shen, and J. Hu. 2019. “Probabilistic Methods for Unified Treatment of Geotechnical and Geological Uncertainties in a Geotechnical Analysis.” Engineering Geology 249: 148–161. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2018.12.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kappes, M. S., M. Papathoma-Köhle, and M. Keiler. 2012. “Assessing Physical Vulnerability for Multi-Hazards Using an Indicator-Based Methodology.” Applied Geography 32 (2): 577–590. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kasama, K., and A. J. Whittle. 2016. “Effect of Spatial Variability on the Slope Stability Using Random Field Numerical Limit Analyses.” Georisk 10 (1): 42–54. doi:10.1080/17499518.2015.1077973.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. M., and N. Sitar. 2013. “Probabilistic Evaluation of Seismically Induced Permanent Deformation of Slopes.” Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering 44: 67–77. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2012.09.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacasse, S., F. Nadim, and M. Uzielli. 2007. “Risk Assessment of Landslides.” Geotechnical Special Publication GSP157 “Computer Applications in Geotechnical Engineering”, edited by T.C. Siegel, R. Luna, T. Hueckel, L. Laloui, American Society of Civil Engineers.
   Google Scholar
• Le, T. M. H. 2014. “Reliability of Heterogeneous Slopes with Cross-Correlated Shear Strength Parameters.” Georisk 8 (4): 250–257. doi:10.1080/17499518.2014.966117.
   Google Scholar
• Leone, F., J. P. Asté, and E. Leroi. 1996. “Vulnerability Assessment of Elements Exposed to Mass-Movement: Working Toward a Better Risk Perception.” In Landslides-Glissements de Terrain, edited by K. Senneset, 263–270. Rotterdam: Balkema.
   Google Scholar
• Leroi, E. 1996. “Landslide Hazard – Risk Maps at Different Scales: Objectives, Tools and Developments.” In Proceedings of the VII International Symposium Landslides, edited by K. Senneset, Vol. 1, 35–52. Rotterdam: AA. Balkema.
   Google Scholar
• Li, B., W. Gong, H. Tang, Z. Zou, V. M. Bowa, and C. H. Juang. 2021. “Probabilistic Analysis of a Discrete Element Modelling of the Runout Behavior of the Jiweishan Landslide.” International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 45 (8): 1120–1138. doi:10.1002/nag.3199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Y., M. A. Hicks, and P. J. Vardon. 2016. “Uncertainty Reduction and Sampling Efficiency in Slope Designs Using 3D Conditional Random Fields.” Computers and Geotechnics 79: 159–172. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.05.027.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, K. S., and P. Lumb. 1987. “Probabilistic Design of Slopes.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 24 (4): 520–535. doi:10.1139/t87-068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., and Y. Wang. 2020. “Identification of Failure Slip Surfaces for Landslide Risk Assessment Using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics.” Georisk 14 (2): 91–111. doi:10.1080/17499518.2019.1602877.
   Google Scholar
• Li, D.-Q., M.-X. Wang, and W. Du. 2020. “Influence of Spatial Variability of Soil Strength Parameters on Probabilistic Seismic Slope Displacement Hazard Analysis.” Engineering Geology 276: 105744. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105744.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., X. Wang, H. Wang, and R. Y. Liang. 2016. “Quantifying Stratigraphic Uncertainties by Stochastic Simulation Techniques Based on Markov Random Field.” Engineering Geology 201: 106–122. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.12.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D. Q., T. Xiao, Z. J. Cao, K. K. Phoon, and C. B. Zhou. 2016. “Efficient and Consistent Reliability Analysis of Soil Slope Stability Using Both Limit Equilibrium Analysis and Finite Element Analysis.” Applied Mathematical Modelling 40 (9-10): 5216–5229. doi:10.1016/j.apm.2015.11.044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D. Q., T. Xiao, Z. J. Cao, C. B. Zhou, and L. M. Zhang. 2016. “Enhancement of Random Finite Element Method in Reliability Analysis and Risk Assessment of Soil Slopes Using Subset Simulation.” Landslides 13 (2): 293–303. doi:10.1007/s10346-015-0569-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D. Q., Z. Y. Yang, Z. J. Cao, and L. M. Zhang. 2019. “Area Failure Probability Method for Slope System Failure Risk Assessment.” Computers and Geotechnics 107: 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2018.11.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, D. Q., D. Zheng, Z. J. Cao, X. S. Tang, and K. K. Phoon. 2016. “Response Surface Methods for Slope Reliability Analysis: Review and Comparison.” Engineering Geology 203: 3–14. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.09.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, P. S., J. Y. Lin, J. C. Hung, and M. D. Yang. 2002. “Assessing Debris-Flow Hazard in a Watershed in Taiwan.” Engineering Geology 66 (3-4): 295–313. doi:10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00105-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X. L, 1988. “Study on the Debris Flow Hazard Assessment.” Journal of Catastrophology 3: 10–15. (in Chinese)
   Google Scholar
• Liu, W., and S. He. 2018. “Dynamic Simulation of a Mountain Disaster Chain: Landslides, Barrier Lakes, and Outburst Floods.” Natural Hazards 90 (2): 757–775. doi:10.1007/s11069-017-3073-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., D. Q. Li, Z. J. Cao, and Y. Wang. 2020. “Adaptive Monte Carlo Simulation Method for System Reliability Analysis of Slope Stability Based on Limit Equilibrium Methods.” Engineering Geology 264: 105384. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105384.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X. L., D. W. Muo, and X. D. Wang. 2001. “Regional Vulnerability Assessment of Debris Flow.” The Chinese Journal of Geological Hazard and Control 12 (2): 7–12. In Chinese. doi:10.1201/b16058-75.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, Z. Q., F. Nadim, A. Garcia-Aristizabal, A. Mignan, K. Fleming, and B. Q. Luna. 2015. “A Three-Level Framework for Multi-Risk Assessment.” Georisk 9 (2): 59–74. doi:10.1080/17499518.2015.1041989.
   Google Scholar
• Liu, X., and Y. Wang. 2021. “Probabilistic Simulation of Entire Process of Rainfall-Induced Landslides Using Random Finite Element and Material Point Methods with Hydro-Mechanical Coupling.” Computers and Geotechnics 132: 103989. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2020.103989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, X., Y. Wang, and D. Q. Li. 2019. “Investigation of Slope Failure Mode Evolution During Large Deformation in Spatially Variable Soils by Random Limit Equilibrium and Material Point Methods.” Computers and Geotechnics 111: 301–312. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2019.03.022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, J., Y. Wu, X. Gao, and X. Zhang. 2022. “A Simple Method of Mapping Landslides Runout Zones Considering Kinematic Uncertainties.” Remote Sensing 14 (3): 668. doi:10.3390/rs14030668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloret-Cabot, M., G. A. Fenton, and M. A. Hicks. 2014. “On the Estimation of Scale of Fluctuation in Geostatistics.” Georisk 8 (2): 129–140. doi:10.1080/17499518.2013.871189.
   Google Scholar
• Lo, M. K., and Y. F. Leung. 2017. “Probabilistic Analyses of Slopes and Footings with Spatially Variable Soils Considering Cross-Correlation and Conditioned Random Field.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 143 (9): 04017044. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, B. K., R. B. Gilbert, and S. G. Wright. 1998. “Slope Reliability Analysis Using Generalized Method of Slices.” Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 124 (4): 350–362. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(1998)124:4(350).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low, B. K., S. Lacasse, and F. Nadim. 2007. “Slope Reliability Analysis Accounting for Spatial Variation.” Georisk 1 (4): 177–189. doi:10.1080/17499510701772089.
   Google Scholar
• Low, B. K., and W. H. Tang. 1997. “Efficient Reliability Evaluation Using Spreadsheet.” Journal of Engineering Mechanics 123 (7): 749–752. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:7(749).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lumb, P. 1966. “The Variability of Natural Soils.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 3 (3): 74–97. doi:10.1139/t66-009.
   Google Scholar
• Lumb, P. 1970. “Safety Factors and the Probability Distribution of Soil Strength.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 7 (7): 225–242. doi:10.1139/t70-032.
   Google Scholar
• Luo, N., and R. J. Bathurst. 2018. “Probabilistic Analysis of Reinforced Slopes Using RFEM and Considering Spatial Variability of Frictional Soil Properties due to Compaction.” Georisk 12 (2): 87–108. doi:10.1080/17499518.2017.1362443.
   Google Scholar
• Luo, H. Y., R. L. Fan, H. J. Wang, and L. M. Zhang. 2020. “Physics of Building Vulnerability to Debris Flows, Floods and Earth Flows.” Engineering Geology 271: 105611. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105611.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, G., M. Rezania, and M. M. Nezhad. 2022a. “Stochastic Assessment of Landslide Influence Zone by Material Point Method and Generalized Geotechnical Random Field Theory.” International Journal of Geomechanics 22 (4): 04022002. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0002308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma, G., M. Rezania, M. M. Nezhad, and X. Hu. 2022b. “Uncertainty Quantification of Landslide Runout Motion Considering Soil Interdependent Anisotropy and Fabric Orientation.” Landslides 19 (5): 1231–1247. doi:10.1007/s10346-021-01795-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macciotta, R., C. Gräpel, T. Keegan, J. Duxbury, and R. Skirrow. 2020. “Quantitative risk assessment of rock slope instabilities that threaten a highway near Canmore, Alberta, Canada: managing risk calculation uncertainty in practice.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57 (3): 337–353. doi:10.1139/cgj-2018-0739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod, A., R. J. Hofmeister, Y. Wang, and S. Burns. 2005. Landslide Indirect Losses: Methods and Case Studies from Oregon. Open File Report O-05-X. Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries. https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2006/1032/pdf/Oregon2.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Mafi, R., S. Javankhoshdel, B. Cami, R. J. Chenari, and A. H. Gandomi. 2021. “Surface Altering Optimisation in Slope Stability Analysis with non-Circular Failure for Random Limit Equilibrium Method.” Georisk 15 (4): 260–286. doi:10.1080/17499518.2020.1771739.
   Google Scholar
• Maletta, R., and G. Mendicino. 2022. “A Methodological Approach to Assess the Territorial Vulnerability in Terms of People and Road Characteristics.” Georisk 16 (2): 301–314. doi:10.1080/17499518.2020.1815214.
   Google Scholar
• Malkawi, A. I. H., W. F. Hassan, and F. A. Abdulla. 2000. “Uncertainty and Reliability Analysis Applied to Slope Stability.” Structural Safety 22 (2): 161–187. doi:10.1016/S0167-4730(00)00006-0.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark, R. K., and S. D. Ellen. 1995. “Statistical and Simulation Models for Mapping Debris-Flow Hazard.” In Geographical Information Systems in Assessing Natural Hazards, edited by A. Carrara and F. Guzzetti, 93–106. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Maskrey, A. 1989. Disaster Mitigation: A Community Based Approach. Oxford: Oxfam International.
   Google Scholar
• McDougall, S. 2017. “2014 Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: Landslide Runout Analysis — Current Practice and Challenges.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 54 (5): 605–620. doi:10.1139/cgj-2016-0104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondal, S., A. Mukherjee, and R. Maiti. 2012. “Application of a RS-and GIS-Based Semi-Quantitative Approach (Analytical Hierarchy Process–AHP) in Landslide Hazard Risk Assessment of the Shivkhola Watershed, Darjiling Himalaya.” Georisk 6 (4): 203–220. doi:10.1080/17499518.2012.719392.
   Google Scholar
• Mori, H., X. Chen, Y. F. Leung, D. Shimokawa, and M. K. Lo. 2020. “Landslide Hazard Assessment by Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics with Spatially Variable Soil Properties and Statistical Rainfall Distribution.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 57 (12): 1953–1969. doi:10.1139/cgj-2019-0601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadi, B., O. Tavasoli, P. K. Esfeh, and D. P. N. Kontoni. 2020. “Characteristics of Spatial Variability of Shear Wave Velocity on Seismic Response of Slopes.” Arabian Journal of Geosciences 13 (16): 1–12. doi:10.1007/s12517-020-05797-7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadim, F., and Z. Q. Liu. 2013. “Quantitative Risk Assessment for Earthquake-Triggered Landslides Using Bayesian Network.” Proceedings 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, France.
   Google Scholar
• Ng, C. W. W., C. Qu, R. W. M. Cheung, H. Guo, J. Ni, Y. Chen, and S. Zhang. 2021. “Risk Assessment of Soil Slope Failure Considering Copula-Based Rotated Anisotropy Random Fields.” Computers and Geotechnics 136: 104252. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2021.104252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngadisih, R. Yatabe, N. P. Bhandary, and R. K. Dahal. 2014. “Integration of Statistical and Heuristic Approaches for Landslide Risk Analysis: A Case of Volcanic Mountains in West Java Province, Indonesia.” Georisk 8 (1): 29–47. doi:10.1080/17499518.2013.826030.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen, T., and S. Likitlersuang. 2019. “Reliability Analysis of Unsaturated Soil Slope Stability Under Infiltration Considering Hydraulic and Shear Strength Parameters.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 78 (8): 5727–5743. doi:10.1007/s10064-019-01513-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oka, Y., and T. H. Wu. 1990. “System Reliability of Slope Stability.” Journal of Geotechnical Engineering 116 (8): 1185–1189. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1990)116:8(1185).
   Google Scholar
• Ouyang, C. J., S. M. He, Q. Xu, Y. Luo, and W. C. Zhang. 2013. “A MacCormack-TVD Finite Difference Method to Simulate the Mass Flow in Mountainous Terrain with Variable Computational Domain.” Computers & Geosciences 52: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.cageo.2012.08.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallàs, R., J. M. Vilaplana, M. Guinau, E. Falgas, X. Alemany, and A. Munoz. 2004. “A Pragmatic Approach to Debris Flow Hazard Mapping in Areas Affected by Hurricane Mitch: Example from NW Nicaragua.” Engineering Geology 72 (1-2): 57–72. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2003.06.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pantelidis, L. 2011. “A Critical Review of Highway Slope Instability Risk Assessment Systems.” Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment 70 (3): 395–400. doi:10.1007/s10064-010-0328-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peduzzi, P., H. Dao, and C. Herold. 2002. Global Risk and Vulnerability Index Trends per Year (GRAVITY). Phase II: Development, analysis and results, scientific report UNDP/BCPR. Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Pescaroli, G., and D. Alexander. 2015. “A Definition of Cascading Disasters and Cascading Effects: Going Beyond the “Toppling Dominos” Metaphor.” GRF Davos Planet@Risk 3 (1): 58–67.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K., J. Ching, and T. Shuku. 2022. “Challenges in Data-Driven Site Characterization.” Georisk 16 (1): 114–126. doi:10.1080/17499518.2021.1896005.
   Google Scholar
• Phoon, K. K., and F. H. Kulhawy. 1999. “Characterization of Geotechnical Variability.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36 (4): 612–624. doi:10.1139/t99-038.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter, M., and N. Morgenstern. 2013. Landslide Risk Evaluation – Canadian Technical Guidelines and Best Practices related to Landslides: A National Initiative for Loss Reduction. Geological Survey of Canada, Open File 7312, 21p. doi:10.4095/292234.
   Google Scholar
• Pudasaini, S. P., and M. Krautblatter. 2014. “A two-Phase Mechanical Model for Rock-ice Avalanches.” Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface 119 (10): 2272–2290. doi:10.1002/2014JF003183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi, X. H., D. Q. Li, K. K. Phoon, Z. J. Cao, and X. S. Tang. 2016. “Simulation of Geologic Uncertainty Using Coupled Markov Chain.” Engineering Geology 207: 129–140. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.04.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quantin, C., P. Allemand, N. Mangold, and C. Delacourt. 2004. “Ages of Valles Marineris (Mars) Landslides and Implications for Canyon History.” Icarus 172 (2): 555–572. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rackwitz, R., and B. Flessler. 1978. “Structural Reliability Under Combined Random Load Sequences.” Computers & Structures 9 (5): 489–494. doi:10.1016/0045-7949(78)90046-9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Ochoa, R., F. Nadim, J. M. Cepeda, M. A. Hicks, and Z. Liu. 2015. “Hazard Analysis of Seismic Submarine Slope Instability.” Georisk 9 (3): 128–147. doi:10.1080/17499518.2015.1051546.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblueth, E. 1975. “Point Estimates for Probability Moments.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 72 (10): 3812–3814. doi:10.1073/pnas.72.10.3812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenblueth, E. 1981. “Two-point Estimates in Probabilities.” Applied Mathematical Modelling 5 (2): 329–335. doi:10.1016/S0307-904X(81)80054-6.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez, M. E., M. Pastor, and M. G. Romana. 2013. “Modelling of Short Runout Propagation Landslides and Debris Flows.” Georisk 7 (4): 250–266. doi:10.1080/17499518.2013.797824.
   Google Scholar
• Santoso, A., K. Phoon, and S. T. Quek. 2011. “Effects of Soil Spatial Variability on Rainfall-Induced Landslides.” Computers & Structures 89 (11-12): 893–900. doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.02.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sassa, K., O. Nagai, R. Solidum, Y. Yamazaki, and H. Ohta. 2010. “An Integrated Model Simulating the Initiation and Motion of Earthquake and Rain Induced Rapid Landslides and its Application to the 2006 Leyte Landslide.” Landslides 7 (3): 219–236. doi:10.1007/s10346-010-0230-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sastre Jurado, C., P. Breul, C. Bacconnet, and M. Benz-Navarrete. 2021. “Probabilistic 3D Modelling of Shallow Soil Spatial Variability Using Dynamic Cone Penetrometer Results and a Geostatistical Method.” Georisk 15 (2): 139–151. doi:10.1080/17499518.2020.1728558.
   Google Scholar
• Shen, P., L. M. Zhang, H. X. Chen, and R. L. Fan. 2018. “EDDA 2.0: Integrated Simulation of Debris Flow Initiation and Dynamics Considering two Initiation Mechanisms.” Geoscientific Model Development 11 (7): 2841–2856. doi:10.5194/gmd-11-2841-2018.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skjong, R. 2005. Etymology of Risk: Classical Greek Origin–nautical Expression–metaphor for “Difficulty to Avoid in the Sea”. Det Norske Veritas (DNV).
   Google Scholar
• Spiker, E. C., and P. Gori. 2003. “National Landslide Hazards Mitigation Strategy: A Framework for Loss Reduction.” U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
   Google Scholar
• Srivastava, A., G. L. Sivakumar Babu, and S. Haldar. 2010. “Influence of Spatial Variability of Permeability Property on Steady State Seepage Flow and Slope Stability Analysis.” Engineering Geology 110 (3-4): 93–101. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2009.11.006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson, P. C. 1977. “An Empirical Method for the Evaluation of Relative Landslip Risk.” Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology 16 (1): 69–72. doi:10.1007/BF02591451.
   Google Scholar
• Sturm, M., B. Gems, F. Keller, B. Mazzorana, S. Fuchs, M. Papathoma-Köhle, and M. Aufleger. 2018. “Understanding Impact Dynamics on Buildings Caused by Fluviatile Sediment Transport.” Geomorphology 321: 45–59. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.08.016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang, W. H., M. S. Yucemen, and H. S. Ang. 1976. “Probability-based Short Term Design of Soil Slopes.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 13 (3): 201–215. doi:10.1139/t76-024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thouret, J. C., S. Ettinger, M. Guitton, O. Santoni, C. Magill, K. Martelli, G. Zuccaro, V. Revilla, J. A. Charca, and A. Arguedas. 2014. “Assessing Physical Vulnerability in Large Cities Exposed to Flash Floods and Debris Flows: The Case of Arequipa (Peru).” Natural Hazards 73 (3): 1771–1815. doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1172-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twichell, D. C., J. D. Chaytor, S. Uri, and B. Buczkowski. 2009. “Morphology of Late Quaternary Submarine Landslides along the U.S. Atlantic Continental Margin.” Marine Geology 264 (1-2): 4–15. doi:10.1016/j.margeo.2009.01.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNDHA. 1991. Mitigating Natural Disasters: Phenomena, Effects and Options: A Manual for Policy Makers and Planners. New York: United Nations Publications. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/126700
   Google Scholar
• UNDHA. 1992. Internationally Agreed Glossary of Basic Terms Related to Disaster Management. Geneva: UNDHA (United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs). https://reliefweb.int/report/world/internationally-agreed-glossary-basic-terms-related-disaster-management.
   Google Scholar
• UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery. 2004. Reduced Disaster Risk: A Challenge for Development. A Global Report.
   Google Scholar
• UNDRO (Office of the United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator). 1979. Natural Disaster and Vulnerability Analysis.
   Google Scholar
• UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction). 2016. UNISDR Annual Report 2015. Accessed September 13 2021. https://www.undrr.org/publication/unisdr-annual-report-2015.
   Google Scholar
• UNDRR. 2019. Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction. https://gar.undrr.org/report-2019.
   Google Scholar
• UNDRR. 2021. Disaster Risk. https://www.undrr.org/terminology/disaster-risk.
   Google Scholar
• UNISDR. 2005. “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005–2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters.” Extract from the Final Report of the World Conference on Disaster Reduction.
   Google Scholar
• Uzielli, M., S. Lacasse, and F. Nadim. 2009. “Probabilistic Risk Estimation for Geohazards: A Simulation Approach.” Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Geotechnical Safety and Risk, Gifu, June 11–12.
   Google Scholar
• Uzielli, M., F. Nadim, S. Lacasse, and A. M. Kaynia. 2008. “A Conceptual Framework for Quantitative Estimation of Physical Vulnerability to Landslides.” Engineering Geology 102 (3-4): 251–256. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.011.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanmarcke, E. H. 1977. “Probabilistic Modeling of Soil Profiles.” Journal of the Geotechnical Engineering Division 103 (11): 1227–1246. doi:10.1061/AJGEB6.0000517.
   Google Scholar
• Vanmarcke, E. H. 2010. Random Fields: Analysis and Synthesis. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
   Google Scholar
• Van Westen, C. J. 2000. “The Modelling of Landslide Hazards Using GIS.” Surveys in Geophysics 21 (2): 241–255. doi:10.1023/A:1006794127521.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varnes, D. J. 1978. “Slope Movement Types and Processes.” Special Report 176: 11–33.
   Google Scholar
• Varnes, D. J. 1984. Landslide Hazard Zonation: A Review of Principles and Practice.
   Google Scholar
• Villagrán, J. C. 2001. La Naturaleza de los Riesgos, un Enfoque Conceptual. Serie: Aportes para el Desarrollo, Sostenible, CIMDEN, Guatemala.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. R. 2020. “Uncertainty Quantification and Reduction in the Characterization of Subsurface Stratigraphy Using Limited Geotechnical Investigation Data.” Underground Space 5 (2): 125–143. doi:10.1016/j.undsp.2018.10.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., Z. Cao, and S. K. Au. 2011. “Practical Reliability Analysis of Slope Stability by Advanced Monte Carlo Simulations in a Spreadsheet.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48 (1): 162–172. doi:10.1139/T10-044.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Z. Z., and S. H. Goh. 2021. “Novel Approach to Efficient Slope Reliability Analysis in Spatially Variable Soils.” Engineering Geology 281: 105989. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2020.105989.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, B., M. A. Hicks, and P. J. Vardon. 2016. “Slope Failure Analysis Using the Random Material Point Method.” Géotechnique Letters 6 (2): 113–118. doi:10.1680/jgele.16.00019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, Y., C. Shi, and X. Li. 2022. “Machine Learning of Geological Details from Borehole Logs for Development of High-Resolution Subsurface Geological Cross-Section and Geotechnical Analysis.” Georisk 16 (1): 2–20. doi:10.1080/17499518.2021.1971254.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, X. R., H. Wang, and R. Y. Liang. 2018. “A Method for Slope Stability Analysis Considering Subsurface Stratigraphic Uncertainty.” Landslides 15 (5): 925–936. doi:10.1007/s10346-017-0925-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weidinger, J. T., O. Korup, H. Munack, U. Altenberger, S. A. Dunning, G. Tippelt, and W. Lottermoser. 2014. “Giant Rockslides from the Inside.” Earth and Planetary Science Letters 389: 62–73. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winter, M. G., and E. N. Bromhead. 2012. “Landslide Risk: Some Issues That Determine Societal Acceptance.” Natural Hazards 62 (2): 169–187. doi:10.1007/s11069-011-9987-1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wisner, B., P. Blaikie, T. Cannon, and I. Davis. 1994. At Risk: Natural Hazards, People’s Vulnerability and Disasters. New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Xiao, J., W. Gong, J. R. Martin II, M. Shen, and Z. Luo. 2016. “Probabilistic Seismic Stability Analysis of Slope at a Given Site in a Specified Exposure Time.” Engineering Geology 212: 53–62. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.08.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao, T., D. Q. Li, Z. J. Cao, S. K. Au, and K. K. Phoon. 2016. “Three-dimensional Slope Reliability and Risk Assessment Using Auxiliary Random Finite Element Method.” Computers and Geotechnics 79: 146–158. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2016.05.024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan, J., I. Papaioannou, and D. Straub. 2019. “Probabilistic Failure Analysis of Infinite Slopes Under Random Rainfall Processes and Spatially Variable Soil.” Georisk 13 (1): 20–33. doi:10.1080/17499518.2018.1489059.
   Google Scholar
• Yucemen, M. S., and W. H. Tang. 1975. “Long Term Stability of Soil Slopes: A Reliability Approach.” In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Statistics and Probability in Soil and Structural Engineering (ICASP), edited by E. Schultze, 215–229. Aachen: Dt. Ges. für Erdbau und Grundbau.
   Google Scholar
• Zeng, P., T. Zhang, T. Li, R. Jimenez, J. Zhang, and X. Sun. 2022. “Binary Classification Method for Efficient and Accurate System Reliability Analyses of Layered Soil Slopes.” Georisk 16 (3): 435–451. doi:10.1080/17499518.2020.1861635.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Y., and A. Der Kiureghian. 1995. “Two Improved Algorithms for Reliability Analysis.” Proc. 6th IFIP WG7.5 Working Conference on Reliability and Optimization of Structural Systems, Assisi, London: Chapman & Hall, September 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., M. Liu, L. L. Zhang, and Y. D. Xue. 2021. “Assessing Indirect Economic Losses of Landslides Along Highways.” Natural Hazards 106 (3): 2775–2796. doi:10.1007/s11069-021-04566-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, L. M., S. Zhang, and R. Q. Huang. 2014. “Multi-hazard Scenarios and Consequences in Beichuan, China: The First Five Years After the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake.” Engineering Geology 180: 4–20. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.03.020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., L. M. Zhang, and W. H. Tang. 2011. “New Methods for System Reliability Analysis of Soil Slopes.” Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48 (7): 1138–1148. doi:10.1139/t11-009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, C., W. Gong, T. Li, C. H. Juang, H. Tang, and H. Wang. 2021. “Probabilistic Characterization of Subsurface Stratigraphic Configuration with Modified Random Field Approach.” Engineering Geology 288: 106138. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2021.106138.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao, T., J. Lei, and L. Xu. 2022. “An Efficient Bayesian Method for Estimating Runout Distance of Region-Specific Landslides Using Sparse Data.” Georisk 16 (1): 140–153. doi:10.1080/17499518.2021.1952613.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou, X., and Z. Sun. 2019. “Quantitative Assessment of Landslide Risk Using Monte Carlo Material Point Method.” Engineering Computations 37 (5): 1577–1596. doi:10.1108/EC-04-2019-0186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H., D. V. Griffiths, G. A. Fenton, and L. M. Zhang. 2015. “Undrained Failure Mechanisms of Slopes in Random Soil.” Engineering Geology 191: 31–35. doi:10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.03.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu, H., L. M. Zhang, L. L. Zhang, and C. B. Zhou. 2013. “Two-dimensional Probabilistic Infiltration Analysis with a Spatially Varying Permeability Function.” Computers and Geotechnics 48: 249–259. doi:10.1016/j.compgeo.2012.07.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou, Q., P. Cui, G. G. D. Zhou, S. S. Li, J. X. Tang, and S. Li. 2018. “A new Approach to Assessing Vulnerability of Mountain Highways Subject to Debris Flows in China.” Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 42 (3): 305–329. doi:10.1177/0309133318770985.
   Google Scholar