Minustah’s Legitimacy and the ‘Security-first’ Approach: Reassessing Statebuilding and its Violent Features in the Case of Haiti

References

• Arendt, Hannah. 2006. On Revolution. New York: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Barma, Naazneen H. 2012. “Peace-Building and the Predatory Political Economy of Insecurity: Evidence from Cambodia, East Timor and Afghanistan.” Conflict, Security & Development 12 (3): 273–298. doi: 10.1080/14678802.2012.703535
   Google Scholar
• Barma, Naazneen H. 2017. The Peacebuilding Puzzle: Political Order in Post-Conflict States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Barnett, Michael, and Zürcher Christoph. 2009. “The Peacebuilder’s Contract: How External Statebuilding Reinforces Weak Statehood.” In The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Operations, edited by Roland Paris, and Timothy D. Sisk, 23–52. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, Greg. 2013. “The Ontology of Freedom: The Unthinkable Miracle of Haiti.” Journal of Haitian Studies 19 (2): 54–74. doi: 10.1353/jhs.2013.0040
   Google Scholar
• Beckett, Greg. 2017. “A Dog’s Life: Suffering Humanitarianism in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.” American Anthropologist 119 (1): 35–45. doi: 10.1111/aman.12818
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beetham, David. 2013. The Legitimation of Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Benhabib, Seyla, ed. 1996. Democracy and Difference: Contesting the Boundaries of the Political. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bhuta, Nehal. 2008. “Against State-Building.” Constellations (oxford, England) 15 (4): 517–542.
   Google Scholar
• Bliesemann de Guevara, Berit, ed. 2012. Statebuilding and State-Formation: The Political Sociology of Intervention. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Castor, Suzy. 2008. “La transición haitiana: entre los peligros y la esperanza.” OSAL: Observatorio Social de América Latina 8 (23): 25–38. CLACSO, ISSN 1515-3282.
   Google Scholar
• Cockayne, James. 2009. “Winning Haiti’s Protection Competition: Organized Crime and Peace Operations Past, Present and Future.” International Peacekeeping 16 (1): 77–99. doi: 10.1080/13533310802485476
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockayne, James. 2014. “The Futility of Force? Strategic Lessons for Dealing with Unconventional Armed Groups from the UN’s war on Haiti’s Gangs.” Journal of Strategic Studies 37 (5): 736–769. doi: 10.1080/01402390.2014.901911
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, Robert. 1983. “Hegemony and International Relations: An Essay in Method.” Millennium: Journal of International Studies 12 (2): 162–175. doi: 10.1177/03058298830120020701
   Google Scholar
• Dubois, Laurent. 2012. Haiti: The Aftershocks of History. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Eriksen, Stein Sundstøl. 2017. “State Effects and the Effects of State Building: Institution Building and the Formation of State-Centred Societies.” Third World Quarterly 38 (4): 771–786. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2016.1176854
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escobar, Arturo. 2011. Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of the Third World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, Peter. 1992. “The State as Problem and Solution: Predation, Embedded Autonomy and Structural Change.” In Politics of Economic Adjustment, edited by Stephan Haggart, and Robert Kaufrnan, 139–181. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Farmer, Paul. 2004. “An Anthropology of Structural Violence.” Current Anthropology 45 (3): 305–325. doi: 10.1086/382250
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, Paul. 2012. Haiti after the Earthquake. Public Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, Francis. 2004. “The Imperative of State-Building.” Journal of Democracy 15 (2): 17–31. doi: 10.1353/jod.2004.0026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon, Grant M., and Lauren E. Young. 2017. “Cooperation, Information, and Keeping the Peace: Civilian Engagement with Peacekeepers in Haiti.” Journal of Peace Research 54 (1): 64–79. doi: 10.1177/0022343316682063
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hancock, Landon E. 2018. “Legitimate Agents of Peacebuilding: Deliberative Governance in Zones of Peace.” In Local Peacebuilding and Legitimacy: Interactions Between National and Local Levels, edited by Landon E. Hancock, and Christopher Mitchell, 20–42. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Hauge, Wenche, Doucet Rachelle, and Alain Gilles. 2015. “Building Peace From Below—the Potential of Local Models of Conflict Prevention in Haiti.” Conflict, Security & Development 15 (3): 259–282. doi: 10.1080/14678802.2015.1055894
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herreros, Francisco. 2006. “‘The Full Weight of the State’: The Logic of Random State-Sanctioned Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 43 (6): 671–689. doi: 10.1177/0022343306069189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jennings, Kathleen M. 2010. “Unintended Consequences of Intimacy: Political Economies of Peacekeeping and Sex Tourism.” International Peacekeeping 17 (2): 229–243. doi: 10.1080/13533311003625126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, Lee. 2013. “State Theory and Statebuilding: Towards a Gramscian Analysis.” In New Agendas in Statebuilding: Hybridity, Contingency and History, edited by Robert Egnell, and Peter Haldén, 70–91. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Kolbe, Athena. 2013. Revisiting Haiti’s Gangs and Organized Violence. Instituto Igarapé. Accessed September 7, 2018. https://igarape.org.br/revisiting-haitis-gangs-and-organized-violence/.
   Google Scholar
• Kolbe, Athena, and Robert Muggah. 2011. “Securing the State: Haiti before and after the Earthquake.” In Small Arms Survey: States of Security, edited by Eric G. Berman, Keith Krause, Emile LeBrun, and Glenn McDonald, 229–260. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas. 2013. “Everyday Legitimacy and International Administration: Global Governance and Local Legitimacy in Kosovo.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 7 (1): 87–104. doi: 10.1080/17502977.2012.655622
   Google Scholar
• Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas. 2014. “Resistance in the Time of Cholera: The Limits of Stabilization through Securitization in Haiti.” International Peacekeeping 21 (2): 198–213. doi: 10.1080/13533312.2014.910399
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemay-Hébert, Nicolas. 2015. “The Political Sociology of Statebuilding: Looking beyond Weber.” In Conflict, Peace, Security and Development: Theories and Methodologies, edited by H. Hintjens, and D. Zarkov, 64–78. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mann, Michael. 2005. The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, Christopher. 2018. “By What Right? Competing Sources of Legitimacy in Intractable Conflicts.” In Local Peacebuilding and Legitimacy: Interactions between National and Local Levels, edited by Landon E Hancock, and Christopher Mitchell, 1–19. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Morcillo Laiz, Álvaro, and Klaus Schlichte. 2015. “Another Weber: State, Associations and Domination in International Relations.” Cambridge Review of International Affairs 29 (4): 1448–1466. doi: 10.1080/09557571.2015.1007336
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morcillo Laiz, Álvaro, and Klaus Schlichte. 2016. “Rationality and International Domination: Revisiting Max Weber.” International Political Sociology 10 (2): 168–184. doi: 10.1093/ips/olw004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muggah, Robert. 2005. “Securing Haiti’s Transition: Reviewing Human Insecurity and the Prospects for Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration.” An independent study by the Small Arms Survey Commissioned by DFAE. Accessed May 3, 2018. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/B-Occasional-papers/SAS-OP14-Haiti-EN.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Muggah, Robert. 2013. “The Political Economy of Statebuilding in Haiti – Informal Resistance to Security-First Statebuilding.” In Political Economy of Statebuilding – Power after Peace, edited by Mats Berdal, and Dominik Zaum, 293–305. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Newman, Edward. 2013. “The Violence of Statebuilding in Historical Perspective: Implications for Peacebuilding.” Peacebuilding 1 (1): 141–157. doi: 10.1080/21647259.2013.756281
   Google Scholar
• Norwegian Centre for Human Rights (Nordem). 2006. Report - Haiti: Presidential and Legislative Elections, February – April 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, Mancur. 1993. “Dictatorship, Democracy, and Development.” American Political Science Review 87 (3): 567–576. doi: 10.2307/2938736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orford, Anna. 2011. International Authority and the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paffenholz, Thania. 2015. “Unpacking the Local Turn in Peacebuilding: A Critical Assessment Towards an Agenda for Future Research.” Third World Quarterly 36 (5): 857–874. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2015.1029908
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paris, Roland. 2002. “International Peacebuilding and the ‘Mission Civilisatrice’.” Review of International Studies 28 (04): 637–656. doi: 10.1017/S026021050200637X
   Google Scholar
• Paris, Roland. 2004. At War's End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Paris, Roland, and Timothy D. Sisk, eds. 2009. The Dilemmas of Statebuilding: Confronting the Contradictions of Postwar Operations. London and New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pouligny, Béatrice. 2006. Peace Operations Seen from Below – UN Missions and Local People. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Renda, Mary A. 2001. Taking Haiti – Military Occupation & the Culture of U.S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill & London: The University of North Carolina Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sabrow, Sophia. 2017. “Local Perceptions of the Legitimacy of Peace Operations by the UN, Regional Organizations and Individual States–A Case Study of the Mali Conflict.” International Peacekeeping 24 (1): 159–186. doi: 10.1080/13533312.2016.1249365
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlichte, Klaus. 2003. “State Formation and the Economy of Intra-State War.” In Shadow Globalisation, Ethnic Conflicts and New Wars: A Political Economy of Intra-State Wars, edited by Dietrich Jung, 27–44. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Schlichte, Klaus. 2012. “The Limits of Armed Contestation: Power and Domination in Armed Groups.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 43 (4): 716–724.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlichte, Klaus. 2018. “A Historical-Sociological Perspective on Statehood.” In The Oxford Handbook of Governance and Limited Statehood, edited by Thomas Risse, Tanja A. Börzel and Anke Draude 48–67. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schuberth, Moritz. 2017. “Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration in Unconventional Settings: The Case of MINUSTAH’s Community Violence Reduction.” International Peacekeeping 24 (3): 410–433. doi: 10.1080/13533312.2016.1277145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schuller, Mark. 2012. “Is it Time for MINUSTAH to Leave? Popular Perceptions of the UN Stabilization Mission in Portau-Prince, Haiti.” Report Published on February 14 by York College. http://ijdh.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/MINUSTAH-Report.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Seitenfus, Ricardo. 2014. Haiti: dilemas e fracassos internacionais. Ijuí: Editora Unijui.
   Google Scholar
• Shah, Kamil. 2009. “The Failure of State Building and the Promise of State Failure: Reinterpreting the Security–Development Nexus in Haiti.” Third World Quarterly 30 (1): 17–34. doi: 10.1080/01436590802622243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamsie, Yasmine, and Andrew S. Thompson, eds. 2006. Haiti: Hope for a Fragile State. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Silveira, Pedro. 2014. “Rat pa kaka: política, desenvolvimento e violência no coração de Porto Príncipe.” Tese de Doutorado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Antropologia Social, Museu Nacional, da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Charles Anthony, and Heather M. Smith. 2011. “Human Trafficking: The Unintended Effects of United Nations Intervention.” International Political Science Review 32 (2): 125–145. doi: 10.1177/0192512110371240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. 2012. An Aesthetic Education in the Era of Globalization. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Suhrke, Astri. 2011. “Exogenous State-Building - The Contradictions of the International Project in Afghanistan.” In The Rule of Law in Afghanistan. Missing in Inaction, edited by Whit Mason, 225–248. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thomaz, Omar Ribeiro. 2010. “O terremoto no Haiti, o mundo dos brancos e o Lougawou.” Novos Estudos 86: 23–39. http://www.scielo.br/pdf/nec/n86/n86a02.pdf. doi: 10.1590/S0101-33002010000100002
   Google Scholar
• Trouillot, Michel-Rolph. 1990. Haiti – State Against Nation – The Origins and Legacy of Duvalierism. New York: Monthly Review Press.
   Google Scholar
• Veit, Alex. 2010. Intervention as Indirect Rule: Civil War and Statebuilding in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Frankfurt/ New York: Campus Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Von Trotha, Trutz. 2009. “The “Andersen Principle”: On the Difficulty of Truly Moving Beyond State-Centrism.” In Building Peace in the Absence of States: Challenging the Discourse on State Failure, edited by Martina Fischer, and Beatrix Schmelzle, 37–46. Berghof Handbook Dialogue Series 8. Berlin: Berghof Research Center.
   Google Scholar
• Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology. Berkeley, Los Angeles & London: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weingast, Barry R. 1997. “The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of the Law.” American Political Science Review 91 (2): 245–263. doi: 10.2307/2952354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whalan, Jeni. 2013. How Peace Operations Work: Power, Legitimacy, and Effectiveness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zanotti, Laura. 2010. “Cacophonies of Aid, Failed State Building and NGOs in Haiti: Setting the Stage for Disaster, Envisioning the Future.” Third World Quarterly 31 (5): 755–771. doi: 10.1080/01436597.2010.503567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanotti, Laura. 2011. Governing Disorder: UN Peace Operations, International Security, and Democratization in the Post-Cold War Era. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
   Google Scholar