References
- Abu-Nimer, Mohammad. 2003. Nonviolence and Peace Building in Islam: Theory and Practice. Florida: University of Florida Press.
- Ali, Zahra. 2021. “From Recognition to Redistribution? Protest Movements in Iraq in the age of ‘New Civil Society’.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (4): 528–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/17502977.2021.1886794.
- Al-Ruhaimi, Abdul-Halim. 2002. “The Daʿwa Islamic Party: Origins, Actors and Ideology.” In Ayatollahs, Sufis and Ideologues: State Religion and Social Movements in Iraq, edited by Faleh Jabar, 149–161. London, UK: Saqi Books.
- Alshamary, Marsin. 2018. “Authoritarian Nostalgia Among Iraqi Youth: Roots and Repercussions.” War on the Rocks, July 25.
- Atiyyah, Ghassan R. 1973. Iraq, 1908–1921 : A Socio-Political Study. Beirut: Arab Institute for Research and Publication.
- Bateson, Regina. 2012. “Crime Victimization and Political Participation.” American Political Science Review 106 (3): 570–587. doi:10.1017/S0003055412000299
- Blattman, Christopher. 2009. “From Violence to Voting: War and Political Participation in Uganda.” American Political Science Review 103 (2): 231–247. doi:10.1017/S0003055409090212
- Blaydes, Lisa. 2018. State of Repression: Iraq Under Saddam Hussein. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Brewer, John D., Gareth I. Higgins, and Francis Teeney. 2010. “Religion and Peacemaking: A Conceptualization.” Sociology 44 (6): 1019–1037. doi:10.1177/0038038510381608
- Casanova, Jose. 1994. Public Religions in the Modern World. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.
- Casanova, José. 2009. “Public Religions Revisited.” presented at the Religion Revisited – Women’s Rights and the Political Instrumentalisation of Religion, Berlin, June.
- Cockburn, Patrick. 2008. Muqtada Al-Sadr and the Battle for the Future of Iraq. New York: Scribner.
- Corboz, Elvire. 2015. Guardians of Shi’Ism: Sacred Authority and Transnational Family Networks. Edinburgh University Press.
- Coward, Harold, and Gordon S. Smith. 2004. Religion and Peacebuilding. New York: SUNY Press.
- Dai, Yamao. 2008. “Transformation of the Islamic Daʿwa Party in Iraq: From the Revolutionary Period to the Diaspora Era.” Asian and African Area Studies 7 (2): 238–267.
- Dodge, Toby. 2021. “The Failure of Peacebuilding in Iraq: the Role of Consociationalism and Political Settlements.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (4): 459–475. doi:10.1080/17502977.2019.1703492
- Gopin, Marc. 2002. Between Eden and Armageddon: The Future of World Religions, Violence, and Peacemaking. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Hadad, Hamzeh. 2019. “Badr: The Latest Splintering of a Major Party in Iraq.” 1001 Iraqi Thoughts.
- Haynes, Professor Jeffrey. 2009. “Conflict, Conflict Resolution and Peace-Building: The Role of Religion in Mozambique, Nigeria and Cambodia.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 47 (1): 52–75. doi:10.1080/14662040802659033
- Helfont, Samuel. 2018. Compulsion in Religion: Saddam Hussein, Islam, and the Roots of Insurgencies in Iraq. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- Isakhan, Benjamin, and Peter E. Mulherin. 2018. “Shi’i Division Over the Iraqi State: Decentralization and the Islamic Supreme Council of Iraq.” British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 47 (3): 361–380. doi:10.1080/13530194.2018.1500268.
- Jabar, Faleh. 2003. The Shi’ite Movement in Iraq. London, UK: Saqi Books.
- Kadhem, Abbas. 2013. “The Hawza Under Seige: A Study in the Ba’th Party Archive.” Institute for Iraqi Studies, IISBU Occasional Paper, 1 (June).
- Krohley, Nicholas. 2015. The Death of the Mehdi Army: The Rise, Fall, and Revival of Iraq’s Most Powerful Militia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Mako, Shamiran. 2021. “Subverting Peace: the Origins and Legacies of de Ba’athification in Iraq.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (4): 476–493. doi:10.1080/17502977.2021.1937467.
- Mako, Shamiran, and Alistair Edgar. 2021. “Introduction: Evaluating the Pitfalls of Liberal State- and Peacebuilding in Post-2003 Iraq.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (4): 425–440. doi:10.1080/17502977.2021.1958292
- Al-Marashi, Ibrahim. 2021. “Demobilization Minus Disarmament and Reintegration: Iraq’s Security Sector from the US Occupation to the Covid-19 Pandemic.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 15 (4): 441–458. doi:10.1080/17502977.2021.1934284.
- Nadhmi, Wamidh J.O. 1974. “The Political, Intellectual and Social Roots of the Iraqi Independence Movement 1920.” Doctoral Dissertation, Durham: Durham University.
- Patel, David. 2018. “How Oil and Demography Shape Post-Saddam Iraq.” 122. Middle East Brief. Brandeis University.
- Petersen, Roger D. 2002. Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Philpott, Daniel. 2007. “Religion, Reconciliation, and Transitional Justice: The State of the Field.” SSRC Working Papers, October.
- Philpott, Daniel. 2017. “What Religion Brings to the Politics of Transitional Justice.” Journal of International Affairs 61 (1): 93–XIII.
- Poethig, Kathryn. 2002. “Movable Peace: Engaging the Transnational in Cambodia’s Dhammayietra.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 41 (1): 19–28. doi:10.1111/1468-5906.00097
- Power, Maria. 2005. “Building Communities in a Post-Conflict Society: Churches and Peace-Building Initiatives in Northern Ireland Since 1994.” The European Legacy 10 (1): 55–68. doi:10.1080/1084877052000321985
- Powers, Gerard F. 2010. “Religion and Peacebuilding.” In Strategies of Peace: Transforming Confict in a Violent World, edited by Gerard F. Powers, and Daniel Philpott, 317–354. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Rahimi, Babak. 2010. “The Return of Moqtada al-Sadr and the Revival of the Mahdi Army.” The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point Sentinel 3 (6): 8–10.
- Revkin, Mara. 2018. “After the Islamic State: Balancing Accountability and Reconciliation in Iraq.” The Limits of Punishment, May 33.
- Sampson, Cynthia. 2007. “Religion and Peacebuilding.” In Peacemaking in International Conflict Methods and Techniques, edited by I. William Zartman, 273–326. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.
- Sayej, Caroleen Marji. 2018. Patriotic Ayatollahs, Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq. New York: Cornell University Press.
- Sluglett, Peter, and Marion Farouk-Sluglett. 1987. Iraq Since 1958: From Revolution to Dictatorship. New York: I.B. Tauris.
- Stepan, Alfred C. 2000. “Religion, Democracy, and the ‘Twin Tolerations’.” Journal of Democracy 11 (4): 37–57. doi:10.1353/jod.2000.0088.
- Talib, Aziz. 2019. Kharif al-Daʿwa. Cairo: Badaʿil Publishing House.
- Whiteside, Craig. 2015. “A Case for Terrorism as Genocide in an Era of Weakened States.” Dynamics of Asymmetric Conflict 8 (3): 232–250. doi:10.1080/17467586.2015.1104418