Virtualisation and the late age of schoolsFootnote¹

V. Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Trans. J.C. Beckwith, London 1964 [1831], p. 162.

References

• Apple , M.W. 1982 . Education and Power , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Apple , M.W. and Jungck , S. 1998 . “ ‘You don't have to be a teacher to teach this unit: Teaching, Technology and Control in the Classroom’ ” . In Education/Technology/Power: Educational Computing as a Social Practice , Edited by: Bromley , H. and Apple , WM. 133 – 154 . Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• ACT Department of Education and Training and Children's Youth and Family Services Bureau . 1996 . Gateways ‐ Information Technology in the Learning Process , Tuggeranong : Department of Education and Training and Children's Youth and Family Services Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• ACCE . 2000 . Teacher Learning Technology Competencies: Australian Council for Computers in Education Discussion Paper Revision 1.2 report available at http://www.acce.edu.au.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , B. 1998 . The Luddite Rebellion , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Becker , H.J. 2000 . “ Findings from the Teaching, Learning and Computing Survey: Is Larry Cuban Right? ” . available at http://www.crito.uci.edu/tlc/findings/ccsso.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Becker , H.J. and Ravitz , J. 1999 . The Influence of Computer and Internet Use on Teachers’ Pedagogical Practices and Perceptions . Journal of Research on Computing in Education , 31 ( 4 ) : 356 – 384 .
   Google Scholar
• Bell , G. and Gray , J.N . 1997 . “ ‘The Revolution Yet to Happen’ ” . In Beyond Calculation: The Next Fifty Years of Computing , Edited by: Denning , P.J. and Metcalfe , R.M. 5 – 32 . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Berners‐Lee , T. and Fischetti , M. 1999 . Weaving the Web: The Past, Present and Future of the World Wide Web by its Inventor Orion, London
   Google Scholar
• BritannicaSchool, 2000, available at http://www.brtiannicaschool.com (http://www.brtiannicaschool.com)
   Google Scholar
• Burke , J. 1986 . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In The New Technology and Human Values Edited by: Burke , J.G. 1 – 5 . Wadsworth, Belmont, CA
   Google Scholar
• Byron , Lord . 1970 . The Parliamentary Debates from the Year 1803 to the Present Time , 1st Series Vol. 21 , New York : Kraus Reprint Co . (Jan 7 ‐ Mar 16 1812)
   Google Scholar
• 2001 . Courier‐Mail . Online for a Degree , 31 January
   Google Scholar
• Callisrer , T. A. Jr. and Dunne , F. 1992 . ‘The Computer as Doorstop: Technology as Disempowerment’ . Phi Delta Kappan , 74 ( 4 ) : 324 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Crompton , R. and Reid , S. 1982 . “ ‘The Deskilling of Clerical Work’ ” . In The Degradation of Work? Skill, Deskilling and the Labour Process Edited by: Wood , S. 163 – 179 . Hutchinson, London
   Google Scholar
• Cuban , L. 1986 . Teachers and Machines: The Classroom Use of Technology since 1920 , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cuban , L. 1993 . How Teachers Taught: Constancy and Change in American Classrooms 1890–1990 , New York : Teachers College Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cuban , L. 2000 . So Much High‐Tech Money Invested, so Little Use and Change in Practice: How Come? report available at http://www.ccsso.org/techreport4.html.
   Google Scholar
• DETYA . 2000 . Real Time: Computers, Change and Schooling‐ National Sample Study of the Information Technology Skills of Australian School Students , Canberra : Australian Key Centre for Cultural and Media Policy . report available at http://www.detya.gov.au/schools/publicat.htm, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Denning , P.J. 1996 . How We Will Learn available at http://cne.gmu.edu/pjd/PUBS/hwwl.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Denning , P.J. and Metcalfe , R.M. 1997 . “ ‘Preface’ ” . In Beyond Calculation: The Next Fifty Years of Computing , Edited by: Denning , P. J. and Metcalfe , R.M. xiii – xvi . New York : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Dewey , J. 1963 . Experience and Education , New York : Collier Books .
   Google Scholar
• Dunn , S.L. 2000 . ‘The Virtualizing of Education’ . The Futurist, Washington , March/April available at http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb.
   Google Scholar
• El‐Assaad , L. 1986 . ‘The Use of Computers in Teaching Biological Sciences at Selected Secondary Schools’ . Dissertation Abstracts International , 47 ( 11A ) : 4044
   Google Scholar
• 2000 . Fear is the key . Age , 12 September : 9
   Google Scholar
• Freire , P. 1995 . Pedagogy of the Oppressed , New York : Continuum .
   Google Scholar
• Fullan , M.G. 1993 . Change farces: Probing the Depths of Educational Reform , London : The Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glynn , S.M. , Oaks , D.R. , Mattocks , L.F. and Britton , B.K. 1989 . “ ‘Computer Environments for Managing Writers’ Thinking Processes’ ” . In Computer Writing Environments , Edited by: Britton , B.K. and Glynn , S.M. 1 – 16 . Hillside, New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaurn .
   Google Scholar
• Grint , K. and Woolgar , S. 1997 . The Machine at Work: Technology, Work and Organisation , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hard , I. and Papert , S. 1993 . “ ‘Situating Constructionism’ ” . In Constructionism: Research Reports and Essays, 1985–1990 , Edited by: Harel , I. and Papert , S. 1 – 12 . Norwood, New Jersey : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Hilbun , J. and Maxcy , S. J. 1983 . ‘If Computers can Think, do we need Teachers?’ . Focus on Learning , 9 ( 2 ) : 40 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Hodas , S. 1993 . ‘Technology Refusal and the Organisational Culture of Schools’ . Education. Policy Analysis Archives , 1 ( 10 ) available http://olam.ed.asu.edu/epaa/v1n10.html.
   Google Scholar
• Hugo , V. 1964 . The Hunchback of Notre Dame Edited by: Beckwith , J.C. Collins, London
   Google Scholar
• Katz , E.J. and Aspden , P. 1997 . ‘A Nation of Strangers?’ . Communications of the ACM , 40 ( 12 ) : 81 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kennedy , J.F.K. 1961 . Special Message to the Congress on Urgent National Needs Delivered in Person before a Joint Session of Congress . May 25 1961 . available at http://www.cs.umb.edu/jfklibrary/j052561.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Kirschner , J. 1991 . “ ‘The Shirting roles of Family and School as Educator: A Historical Perspective’ ” . In Home Schooling: Political, Historical and Pedagogical Perspectives , Edited by: Van Galen , J. and Pitman , M.A. 137 – 159 . Norwood, New Jersey : Ablex .
   Google Scholar
• Kraut , R. , Patterson , M. , Lundmark , V. , Kiesler , S. , Mukopadhyay , T. and Scherlis , W. 1998 . ‘Internet Paradox: A Social Technology that Reduces Social Involvement and Psychological Well‐Being?’ . American Psychologist , 53 ( 9 ) : 1017 – 1031 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levinson , P. 1997 . The Soft Edge: A Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution , London and New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Locke , J.L. 1998 . The De‐Voicing of Society: Why We Don't Talk to Each Other Anymore , New York : Simon and Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Marlowe , B.A. and Page , M.L. 1998 . Creating and Sustaining the Constructivist Classroom , Thousand Oaks : Corwin .
   Google Scholar
• Marrou , H.I. 1956 . A History of Education in Antiquity , Edited by: Lamb , George . New York : Sheed and Ward .
   Google Scholar
• Milken , Will . 1999 . new Teachers be Prepared to Teach in the Digital Age? A National Survey on Information Technology in Teacher Education, by the Milken Exchange and the International Society for Technology in Education (ISTE) available at http://www.milkenexchange.org.
   Google Scholar
• More , T. 1941 . Utopia , London : J.M. Dent & Sons .
   Google Scholar
• Mogensen , V. 1996 . “ ‘The Future is Already Here: Deskilling of Work in the Office of the Future’ ” . In Beyond Survival: Wage Labor in the Late Twentieth Century. , Edited by: Bina , C. , Clements , L. and Davis , C. 177 – 197 . Armonk, N.Y : M.E. Sharpe .
   Google Scholar
• National Center for Educational Statistics . 2000 . Internet Access in US Public Schools and Classrooms 1994–1999 available at http://nces.ed.gov/pubs2000/2000086.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Noam , E.M. 1995 . ‘Electronics and the Dim Future of the University’ . Science , 270 : 247 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oppenheimer , T. 1997 . ‘The Computer Delusion’ . Atlantic Monthly , July available at http:www.theatlantic.com/issues/97/jul/computer.html.
   Google Scholar
• Ozga , J. 1995 . “ ‘Deskilling a Profession: Professionalism, Deprofessionalism and the New Managerialism’ ” . In Managing Teachers as Professionals in Schools , Edited by: Busher , H. and Saran , R. 21 – 37 . London : Kogan Page .
   Google Scholar
• Papert , S. 1996 . The Connected Family: Bridging the Digital Generation Gap , Atlanta, , Georgia : Longstreet Press .
   Google Scholar
• Perelman , L.J. 1992 . School's Out: Hyperlearning, the New Technology and the End of Education , New York : William Morrow and Company .
   Google Scholar
• Perelman , L.J. 1993 . School's Out: The Hyperlearning Revolution will Replace Public Education available at http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/l.01/hyperlearning_pr.html.
   Google Scholar
• Pheasant , M.F.W. 1989 . ‘Computers as Surrogate Teachers: A Study of Potential Legal Barriers in Four Western States’ . Dissertation Abstracts International , 50 ( 5A ) : 1165
   Google Scholar
• Putnam , G. 1962 . Books and their Makers in the Middle Ages: A Study of the Conditions of the Production and Distribution of Literature from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Close of the Seventeenth Century , New York : Hillary House .
   Google Scholar
• 1978 . Report and Minority Report of the Committee of Enquiry into the Future of the Correspondence School , Melbourne : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , G. 2000 . ‘School Education in the Era of the Ubiquitous Networked Computer’ . Technology in Society , 22 : 389 – 400 .
   Google Scholar
• Sale , K. 1995 . Rebels against the Future: The Luddites and their War on the Industrial Revolution: Lessons for the Computer Age. , Reading, Massachusetts : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Scheffler , F.L. and Logan , J.P. 1999 . ‘Computer Technology in Schools: What Teachers should Know and be able to do’ . Journal of Research on Computing in Education , 31 ( 3 ) : 305 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Segaller , S. 1998 . Nerds 2.01: A Brief History of the Internet , New York : TV Books .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , R. and Sachs , J. 1995 . “ ‘Academic Work intensification: Beyond Postmodernism’ ” . In After Postmodernism: Education, Politics and Identity , Edited by: Smith , R. and Wexler , P. 225 – 240 . London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stoll , C. 1999 . High‐Tech Heretic: Why Computers don't belong in the Classroom and Other Reflections by a Computer Contrarian , New York : Doubleday .
   Google Scholar
• 1937 . Technological Trends and National Policy, including the Social Implications of New Inventions: Report of the Subcommittee on Technology to the National Resources Committee, June 1937 , Washington : United States Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Tiffin , J. and Rajasingham , L. 1995 . In Search of the Virtual Class: Education in an Information Society , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Wells , H.G. 1902 . Anticipations of Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought , London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• V. Hugo, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Trans. J.C. Beckwith, London 1964 [1831], p. 162.
   Google Scholar