Self-determination Theory and the psychology of exercise

References

• Aiken , L.S. and West , S.G. 1991 . Multiple regression: testing and interpreting interactions , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen , I. 1991 . The Theory of Planned Behavior . Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes , 50 : 179 – 211 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames , C. 1992 . Classrooms: goals, structures, and student motivation . Journal of Educational Psychology , 84 : 261 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames , C. 1995 . “ Achievement goals, motivational climate, and motivational processes ” . In Motivation in sport and exercise , Edited by: Roberts , G.C. 161 – 176 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Armitage , C.J. and Conner , M. 2001 . Efficacy of the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a meta-analytic review . British Journal of Social Psychology , 40 : 471 – 499 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bargh , J.A. and Chartrand , T.L. 1999 . The unbearable automaticity of being . American Psychologist , 54 : 462 – 479 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron , R.M. and Kenny , D.A. 1986 . The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 51 : 1173 – 1182 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair , S.N. and Connelly , J.C. 1996 . How much physical activity should we do? The case for moderate amounts and intensities of physical activity . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 67 : 193 – 205 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd , M.P. , Weinmann , C. and Yin , Z. 2002 . The relationship of physical self-perceptions and goal orientations to intrinsic motivation for exercise . Journal of Sport Behavior , 25 : 1 – 18 .
   Google Scholar
• Brickell , T. , Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. and Pretty , G.M. 2006 . Autonomy and control: augmenting the validity of the Theory of Planned Behaviour in predicting exercise . Journal of Health Psychology , 11 : 51 – 63 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunel , P.C. 1996 . The relationship of task and ego orientation and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 17 ( Suppl ) : S18
   Google Scholar
• Burton , N.W. , Turrell , G. , Oldenburg , B. and Sallis , J.F. 2005 . The relative contributions of psychological, social, and environmental variables to explain walking, moderate-, and vigorous-intensity leisure-time physical activity . Journal of Physical Activity and Health , 3 : 181 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Burton , K.D. , Lydon , J.E. , D'Alessandro , D. and Koestner , R. 2006 . The differential effects of intrinsic and identified motivation on well-being and performance: prospective, experimental, and implicit approaches to Self-determination Theory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 91 : 750 – 762 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler , R. 1987 . Task-involving and ego-involving properties of evaluation: effects of different feedback conditions on motivational perceptions, interest, and performance . Journal of Educational Psychology , 79 : 474 – 482 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byers , T. , Nestle , M. , McTiernan , A. , Doyle , C. , Currie-Williams , A. Gansler , T. 2002 . American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention: reducing the risk of cancer with healthy food choices and physical activity . CACancer Journal of Clinicians , 52 : 92 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. and Biddle , S.J.H. 1998 . Functional significance of psychological variables that are included in the Theory of Planned Behaviour: a self-determination theory approach to the study of attitudes, subjective norms, perceptions of control and intentions . European Journal of Social Psychology , 28 : 303 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. and Hagger , M.S. , in press . Effects of an intervention based on Self-Determination Theory on self-reported leisure-time physical activity participation . Psychology and Health .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Biddle , S.J.H. and Meek , G.A. 1997 . A Self-determination Theory approach to the study of intentions and the intention-behaviour relationship in children's physical activity . British Journal of Health Psychology , 2 : 343 – 360 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Hagger , M.S. , Biddle , S.J.H. and Karageorghis , C. 2002 . The cognitive processes by which perceived locus of causality predicts participation in physical activity . Journal of Health Psychology , 7 : 685 – 699 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Hagger , M.S. , Biddle , S.J.H. , Smith , B. and Wang , J.C.K. 2003 . A meta-analysis of perceived locus of causality in exercise, sport, and physical education contexts . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 25 : 284 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Hagger , M.S. , Smith , B. and Sage , L.D. 2006 . The influences of intrinsic motivation on execution of social behaviour within the Theory of Planned Behaviour . European Journal of Social Psychology , 36 : 229 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Hagger , M.S. and Smith , B. 2007 . Influences of perceived autonomy support on physical activity within the Theory of Planned Behavior . European Journal of Social Psychology , 37 : 934 – 954 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conner , M. and Abraham , C. 2001 . Conscientiousness and the Theory of Planned Behavior: toward a more complete model of the antecedents of intentions and behavior . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 27 : 1547 – 1561 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy , D.E. 2004 . The unique psychological meanings of multidimensional fears of failing . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 26 : 484 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy , D.E. and Elliot , A.J. 2004 . Fear of failure and achievement goals in sport: addressing the issue of the chicken and the egg . Anxiety, Stress and Coping , 17 : 271 – 285 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy , D.E. , Elliot , A.J. and Hofer , S.M. 2003 . A 2×2 achievement goals questionnaire for sport: evidence for factorial invariance, temporal stability, and external validity . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 25 : 456 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Csikzentmihalyi , M. 1990 . Flow: the psychology of optimal experience , New York : Harper and Rowe .
   Google Scholar
• Cury , F. , Biddle , S.J.H. , Famose , J.P. , Goudas , M. , Sarrazin , P. and Durand , M. 1996 . Personal and situational factors influencing intrinsic interest of adolescent girls in school physical education: a structural equation modeling analysis . Educational Psychologist , 16 : 305 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Cury , F. , Da Fonseca , D. , Rufo , M. and Sarrazin , P. 2002a . Perceptions of competence, implicit theory of ability, perception of motivational climate, and achievement goals: a test of trichotomous conceptualization of endorsement of achievement motivational in the physical education setting . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 95 : 233 – 244 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cury , F. , Elliot , A.J. , Sarrazin , P. , Da Fonseca , D. and Rufo , M. 2002b . The trichotomous achievement goal model and intrinsic motivation: a sequential mediational analysis . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 38 : 473 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cury , F. , Da Fonséca , D. , Rufo , M. , Peres , C. and Sarrazin , P. 2003 . The trichotomous model and investment in learning to prepare for a sport test: a mediational analysis . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 73 : 529 – 543 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 1985a . The general causality orientations scale: self-determination in personality . Journal of Research in Personality , 19 : 109 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 1985b . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior , New York : Plenum Press .
   Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 1987 . The support of autonomy and the control of behavior . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 53 : 1024 – 1037 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 2000 . The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of goal pursuits: human needs and the self-determination of behavior . Psychological Inquiry , 11 : 227 – 268 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. , Eghrari , H. , Patrick , B.C. and Leone , D.R. 1994 . Facilitating internalization: the Self-determination Theory perspective . Journal of Personality , 62 : 119 – 142 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deci , E.L. , Koestner , R. and Ryan , R.M. 1999 . A meta-analytic review of experiments examining the effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation . Psychological Bulletin , 125 : 627 – 668 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health , (2004) . At least five a week: evidence on the impact of physical activity and its relationship to health. A report from the Chief Medical Officer . London : Department of Health .
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds , J.K. , Ntoumanis , N. and Duda , J.L. 2007 . “ Perceived autonomy support and psychological need satisfaction in exercise ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 35 – 51 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Edmunds , J.K. , Ntoumanis , N. and Duda , J.L.D. , (in press) . Testing a Self-determination Theory based teaching style in the exercise domain . European Journal of Social Psychology .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. and Harackiewicz , J.M. 1996 . Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: a mediational analysis . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 461 – 475 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. and Covington , M. 2001 . Approach and avoidance motivation . Educational Psychology Review , 13 : 73 – 92 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. and McGregor , H.A. 2001 . A 2×2 achievement goal framework . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 501 – 519 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. and Conroy , D.E. 2005 . Beyond the dichotomous model of achievement goals in sport and exercise psychology . Sport and Exercise Psychology Review , 1 : 17 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Elliot , A.J. , McGregor , H.A. and Thrash , T.M. 2002 . “ The need for competence ” . In Handbook of self-determination research , Edited by: Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 361 – 387 . Rochester, NY : University of Rochester Press .
   Google Scholar
• Escarti , A. and Gutierrez , M. 2001 . Influence of motivational climate in physical education on the intention to practice physical activity or sport . European Journal of Sport Science , 1 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Fortier , M. and Kowal , J. 2007 . “ The flow state and physical activity behaviour change as motivational outcomes: a Self-determination Theory perspective ” . In Intrinsic motivation and Self-determination Theory in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 113 – 125 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Frederick , C.M. and Ryan , R.M. 1995 . Self-determination in sport: a review using Cognitive Evaluation Theory . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 26 : 5 – 23 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frederick-Recascino , C.M. and Schuster-Smith , H. 2003 . Competition and intrinsic motivation in physical activity: a comparison of two groups . Journal of Sport Behavior , 26 : 240 – 254 .
   Google Scholar
• Fritz , T. , Wandell , P. , Aberg , H. and Engfeldt , P. 2006 . Walking for exercise – does three times per week influence risk factors in type 2 diabetes? . Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice , 71 : 21 – 27 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudas , M. and Biddle , S.J.H. 1994 . Perceived motivational climate and intrinsic motivation in school physical education classes . European Journal of Psychology of Education , 9 : 241 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudas , M. , Biddle , S.J.H. and Fox , K.R. 1994 . Perceived locus of causality, goal orientations, and perceived competence in school physical education classes . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 64 : 453 – 563 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goudas , M. , Biddle , S.J.H. and Underwood , M. 1995 . A prospective study of the relationships between motivational orientations and perceived competence with intrinsic motivation and achievement in a teacher education course . Educational Psychology Review , 5 : 89 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Greenwald , A.G. , Banaji , M.R. , Rudman , L.A. , Farnham , S.D. , Nosek , B.A. and Mellott , D.S. 2002 . A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept . Psychological Review , 109 : 3 – 25 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. and Armitage , C. 2004 . The influence of perceived loci of control and causality in the Theory of Planned Behavior in a leisure-time exercise context . Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research , 9 : 45 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 2005 . The social psychology of exercise and sport , Buckingham, , UK : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 2007a . Editorial: advances in Self-determination Theory research in sport and exercise . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 8 : 597 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 2007b . “ Self-determination Theory and the Theory of Planned Behavior: an integrative approach toward a more complete model of motivation ” . In Psychology of motivation , Edited by: Brown , L.V. 83 – 98 . Hauppauge, NY : Nova Science .
   Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 2007c . “ The trans-contextual model of motivation ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 53 – 70 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. (2007d) . Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. , Chatzisarantis , N. and Biddle , S.J.H. 2002a . The influence of autonomous and controlling motives on physical activity intentions within the Theory of Planned Behaviour . British Journal of Health Psychology , 7 : 283 – 297 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. , Chatzisarantis , N. and Biddle , S.J.H. 2002b . A meta-analytic review of the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior in physical activity: predictive validity and the contribution of additional variables . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 24 : 3 – 32 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. , Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Culverhouse , T. and Biddle , S.J.H. 2003 . The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisure-time physical activity intentions and behavior: a trans-contextual model . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 784 – 795 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. , Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Barkoukis , V. , Wang , C.K.J. and Baranowski , J. 2005 . Perceived autonomy support in physical education and leisure-time physical activity: a cross-cultural evaluation of the trans-contextual model . Journal of Educational Psychology , 97 : 376 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. , Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. and Harris , J. 2006a . From psychological need satisfaction to intentional behavior: testing a motivational sequence in two behavioral contexts . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 32 : 131 – 138 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. , Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. and Harris , J. 2006b . The process by which relative autonomous motivation affects intentional behavior: comparing effects across dieting and exercise behaviors . Motivation and Emotion , 30 : 306 – 320 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. , Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Hein , V. , Pihu , M. , Soós , I. and Karsai , I. 2007 . The perceived autonomy support scale for exercise settings (PASSES): development, validity, and cross-cultural invariance in young people . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 8 : 632 – 653 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger , M.S. , Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. , Hein , V. , Soós , I. , Karsai , I. , Lintunen , T. , et al. , ( in submission ). Teacher, peer, and parent autonomy support in physical education and leisuretime physical activity: a trans-contextual model of motivation in four cultures . Psychology and Health .
   Google Scholar
• Halvari , H. and Kjormo , O. 1999 . A structural model of achievement motives, performance approach and avoidance goals, and performance among Norwegian Olympic athletes . Perceptual and Motor Skills , 89 : 997 – 1022 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris , J. and Hagger , M.S. , (in preparation) . Integrating implicit motives into a motivational sequence . Colchester, , UK : University of Essex .
   Google Scholar
• Hein , V. and Hagger , M.S. 2007 . Global self-esteem, goal achievement orientations and self-determined behavioural regulations in physical education setting . Journal of Sports Sciences , 25 : 149 – 259 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hein , V. and Koka , A. 2007 . “ Perceived feedback and motivation in physical education and physical activity ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 127 – 140 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Hooper , L. , Summerbell , C.D. , Higgins , J.P.T. , Thompson , R.L. , Capps , N.E. Smith . 2001 . Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review . British Medical Journal , 322 : 757 – 763 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper , L. 2001 . Dietary fat intake and prevention of cardiovascular disease: systematic review . British Medical Journal , 322 : 757 – 763 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingledew , D. , Markland , D. and Sheppard , E. 2004 . Personality and self-determination of exercise behaviour . Personality and Individual Differences , 36 : 1921 – 1932 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavussanu , M. and Roberts , G.C. 1996 . Motivation in physical activity contexts: the relationship of perceived motivational climate to intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 18 : 264 – 280 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kehr , H.M. 2004 . Implicit/explicit motive discrepancies and volitional depletion among managers . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 30 : 315 – 327 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , A.C. 2001 . The coming of age of behavioral research in physical activity . Annals of Behavioral Medicine , 23 : 227 – 228 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koka , A. and Hein , V. 2003 . Perceptions of teacher's feedback and learning environment as components of motivation in physical education . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 4 : 333 – 346 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levesque , C. and Pelletier , L.G. 2003 . On the investigation of primed and chronic autonomous and heteronomous motivational orientations . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 1570 – 1584 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallett , C. , Kawabata , M. , Newcombe , P. , Otero-Forero , A. and Jackson , S. 2007 . Sport motivation scale-6 (SMS-6): a revised six-factor sport motivation scale . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 8 : 600 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markland , D. 1999 . Self-determination moderates the effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation in an exercise setting . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 21 : 351 – 361 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markland , D. and Tobin , V. 2004 . A modification to the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 26 : 191 – 196 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markland , D. and Ingledew , D. 2007 . “ Exercise participation motives ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 21 – 34 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Markland , D. and Vansteenkiste , M. 2007 . “ Self-determination Theory and motivational interviewing in exercise ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Markland , D. , Ryan , R.M. , Tobin , V.J. and Rollnick , S. 2005 . Motivational interviewing and Self-determination Theory . Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology , 24 : 811 – 831 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , S.B. , Morrow , J.R. , Jackson , A.W. and Dunn , A.L. 2000 . Variables related to meeting the CDC/ACSM physical activity guidelines . Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise , 32 : 2087 – 2092 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullan , E. and Markland , D. 1997 . Variations in self-determination across the stages of change for exercise in adults . Motivation and Emotion , 21 : 349 – 362 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullan , E. , Markland , D. and Ingledew , D.K. 1997 . A graded conceptualisation of self-determination in the regulation of exercise behaviour: development of a measure using confirmatory factor analysis . Personality and Individual Differences , 23 : 745 – 752 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newton , M.L. and Duda , J.L. 1999 . The interaction of motivational climate, dispositional goal orientations, and perceived ability in predicting indices of motivation . International Journal of Sport Psychology , 30 : 63 – 82 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICE , (2007) . Behaviour change and population, community and individual levels . London : National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J.G. 1989 . The competitive ethos and democratic education , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nosek , B.A. , Greenwald , A.G. and Banaji , M.R. 2007 . “ The Implicit Association Test at age 7: a methodological and conceptual review ” . In Automatic processes in social thinking and behavior , Edited by: Bargh , J.A. 265 – 292 . New York : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis , N. 2001 . A self-determination approach to the understanding of motivation in physical education . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 71 : 225 – 242 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis , N. 2005 . A prospective study of participation in optional school physical education based on Self-determination Theory . Journal of Educational Psychology , 97 : 444 – 453 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis , N. and Biddle , S.J.H. 1999 . A review of motivational climate in physical activity . Journal of Sports Sciences , 17 : 543 – 665 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ommundsen , Y. 2004 . Self-handicapping related to task and performance – approach and avoidance goals in physical education . Journal of Applied Sport Psychology , 16 : 183 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papaioannou , A. 2004 . A multi-level approach to motivational climate in physical education and sport settings: an individual or group level construct? . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 26 : 90 – 118 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier , L.G. and Sarrazin , P. 2007 . “ Measurement issues in Self-determination Theory and sport ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 143 – 152 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier , L.G. , Fortier , M.S. , Vallerand , R.J. and Briere , N.M. 2001 . Associations among perceived autonomy support, forms of self-regulation, and persistence: a prospective study . Motivation and Emotion , 25 : 279 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier , L.G. , Dion , S.C. , Slovinec-D'Angelo , M. and Reid , R. 2004 . Why do you regulate what you eat? Relationships between forms of regulation, eating behaviors, sustained dietary behavior change, and psychological adjustment . Motivation and Emotion , 28 : 245 – 277 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelletier , L.G. , Kabush , D. , Vallerand , R.J. and Sharp , E. , ( 2007a ). The revised SMS: support for the integrated regulation subscale . Unpublished manuscript, University of Ottawa .
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier , L.G. , Vallerand , R.J. and Sarrazin , P. 2007b . The revised six-factor Sport Motivation Scale (Mallett, Kawabata, Newcombe, Otero-Forero, and Jackson): something old, something new, and something borrowed . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 8 : 615 – 621 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perugini , M. 2005 . Predictive models of implicit and explicit attitudes . British Journal of Social Psychology , 44 : 29 – 45 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips , P. , Abraham , C. and Bond , R. 2003 . Personality, cognition, and university students’ examination performance . European Journal of Personality , 17 : 435 – 448 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawsthorne , L.J. and Elliot , A.J. 1999 . Achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: a meta-analytic review . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 3 : 326 – 344 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reeve , J. 2002 . “ Self-determination Theory applied to educational settings ” . In Handbook of self-determination research , Edited by: Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 183 – 203 . Rochester, NY : University of Rochester Press .
   Google Scholar
• Reeve , J. and Jang , H. 2006 . What teachers say and do to support students’ autonomy during a learning activity . Journal of Educational Psychology , 98 : 209 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve , J. , Bolt , E. and Cai , Y. 1999 . Autonomy-supportive teachers: how they teach and motivate students . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 : 537 – 548 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes , R.E. , Courneya , K.S. and Jones , L.W. 2002 . Personality, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and exercise: a unique role for extroversion's activity facet . Journal of Applied Social Psychology , 32 : 1721 – 1736 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , R. , Freeman , J.A. and Janssen , I. 2000 . Exercise alone is an effective strategy for reducing obesity and related comorbidities . Exercise and Sport Science Review , 28 : 165 – 170 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan , R.M. and Connell , J.P. 1989 . Perceived locus of causality and internalization: examining reasons for acting in two domains . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 57 : 749 – 761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan , R.M. and Deci , E.L. 2007 . “ Active human nature: Self-determination Theory and the promotion and maintenance of sport, exercise, and health ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 1 – 20 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Ryan , R.M. , Vallerand , R.J. and Deci , E.L. 1984 . “ Intrinsic motivation in sport: a Cognitive Evaluation Theory interpretation ” . In Cognitive sport psychology , Edited by: Straub , W.F. and Williams , J.M. 231 – 242 . Lansing, NY : Sport Science Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Sheeran , P. , Norman , P. and Orbell , S. 1999 . Evidence that intentions based on attitudes better predict behaviour than intentions based on subjective norms . European Journal of Social Psychology , 29 : 403 – 406 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheldon , K.M. , Elliot , A.J. , Kim , Y. and Kasser , T. 2001 . What is satisfying about satisfying events? Testing 10 candidates’ psychological needs . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 80 : 325 – 339 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence , A. and Townsend , E. 2007 . Predicting behaviour towards genetically modified (GM) food using implicit and explicit attitudes . British Journal of Social Psychology , 46 : 437 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standage , M. , Duda , J.L. and Ntoumanis , N. 2003a . A model of contextual motivation in physical education: Using constructs from self-determination and achievement goal theories to predict physical activity intentions . Journal of Educational Psychology , 95 : 97 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standage , M. , Duda , J.L. and Ntoumanis , N. 2003b . Predicting motivational regulations in physical education: the interplay between dispositional goal orientations, motivational climate and perceived competence . Journal of Sports Sciences , 21 : 631 – 647 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standage , M. , Duda , J.L. and Ntoumanis , N. 2005 . A test of Self-determination Theory in school physical education . British Journal of Educational Psychology , 75 : 411 – 433 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standage , M. , Gillison , F.B. and Treasure , D.C. 2007 . “ Self-determination and motivation in physical education ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 71 – 85 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Strack , F. and Deutsch , R. 2004 . Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 8 : 220 – 247 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treasure , D.C. and Roberts , G.C. 2001 . Students’ perceptions of the motivational climate, achievement beliefs and satisfaction in physical education . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 72 : 165 – 175 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services , ( 1996 ). Physical activity and health: a report of the Surgeon General . Atlanta, GA : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion .
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R.J. 1997 . “ Towards a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation ” . In Advances in experimental social psychology , Edited by: Zanna , M.P. 271 – 359 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R.J. 2007 . “ A hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for sport and physical activity ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 255 – 279 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R.J. and Reid , G. 1984 . On the causal effects of perceived competence on intrinsic motivation: a test of Cognitive Evaluation Theory . Journal of Sport Psychology , 6 : 94 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand , R.J. and Rousseau , F.L. 2001 . “ Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in sport and exercise: a review using the hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation ” . In Handbook of sport psychology , Edited by: Singer , R.N. , Hausenblas , H.A. and Janelle , C. 389 – 416 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste , M. and Sheldon , K.M. 2006 . ‘There's nothing more practical than a good theory’: integrating motivational interviewing and Self-determination Theory . British Journal of Clinical Psychology , 44 : 63 – 82 .
   Google Scholar
• Vansteenkiste , M. , Simons , J. , Soenens , B. and Lens , W. 2004 . How to become a persevering exerciser? Providing a clear, future intrinsic goal in an autonomy-supportive way . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 26 : 232 – 249 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallhead , T.L. and Ntoumanis , N. 2004 . Effects of a sport education intervention on students’ motivational responses in physical education . Journal of Teaching in Physical Education , 23 : 4 – 18 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang , C.K.J. and Biddle , S.J.H. 2003 . Intrinsic motivation towards sports in Singaporean students: the role of sport ability beliefs . Journal of Health Psychology , 8 : 515 – 523 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G.C. 2002 . “ Improving patients’ health through supporting the autonomy of patients and providers ” . In Handbook of self-determination research , Edited by: Deci , E.L. and Ryan , R.M. 233 – 254 . Rochester, NY : University of Rochester Press .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , G.C. and Deci , E.L. 1996 . Internalization of biopsychosocial values by medical students: a test of Self-determination theory . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 767 – 779 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G.C. , Grow , V.M. , Freedman , Z.R. , Ryan , R.M. and Deci , E.L. 1996 . Motivation predictors of weight loss and weight-loss maintenance . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 70 : 115 – 126 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G.C. , Freedman , Z.R. and Deci , E.L. 1998a . Supporting autonomy to motivate glucose control in patients with diabetes . Diabetes Care , 21 : 1644 – 1651 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G.C. , Rodin , G.C. , Ryan , R.M. , Grolnick , W.S. and Deci , E.L. 1998b . Autonomous regulation and long-term medication adherence in adult outpatients . Health Psychology , 17 : 269 – 276 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G.C. , Cox , E.M. , Kouides , R. and Deci , E.L. 1999 . Presenting the facts about smoking to adolescents: the effects of an autonomy supportive style . Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine , 153 : 959 – 964 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G.C. , Gagne , M. , Ryan , R.M. and Deci , E.L. 2002 . Facilitating autonomous motivation for smoking cessation . Health Psychology , 21 : 40 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , G.C. , McGregor , H.A. , Zeldman , A. and Freedman , Z.R. 2004 . Testing a Self-determination Theory process model for promoting glycemic control through diabetes self-management . Health Psychology , 23 : 58 – 66 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , P.M. and Rodgers , W.M. 2004 . The relationship between perceived autonomy support, exercise regulations and behavioral intentions in women . Psychology of Sport and Exercise , 5 : 229 – 242 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , P.M. and Rodgers , W.M. 2007 . “ Self-determination Theory, exercise and well-being ” . In Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in exercise and sport , Edited by: Hagger , M.S. and Chatzisarantis , N.L.D. 101 – 112 . Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization , 2004 . Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health . Geneva : World Health Organization .
   Google Scholar