20 years later: deliberate practice and the development of expertise in sport

References

• Abernethy, B., Farrow, D., & Berry, J. (2003). Constraints and issues in the development of a general theory of expert perceptual-motor performance: A critique of the deliberate practice framework. In J. L. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 349–370). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, J. (2003). Early specialization in youth sport: A requirement for adult expertise?. High Ability Studies, 14, 85–94. doi:10.1080/13598130304091
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J., Cote, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003a). Sport specific practice and the development of expert decision-making in team ball sports. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 12–25. doi:10.1080/10413200305400
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J., Côté, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003b). Learning from the experts: Practice activities of expert decision-makers in sport. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 74, 342–347. doi:10.1080/02701367.2003.10609101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2005). Expertise in ultra-endurance triathletes early sport involvement, training structure, and the theory of deliberate practice. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 64–78. doi:10.1080/10413200590907577
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker, J., & Davids, K. (2006). Genetic and environmental constraints on variability in sport performance. In K. Davids, S. J. Bennett, & K. M. Newell (Eds.), Movement system variability (pp. 109–132). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, J., Kungl, A. M., Pabst, J., Strauss, B., Büsch, D., & Schorer, J. (2013). Your fate is in your hands? Handedness, digit ratio, (2D:4D) and selection to a national talent development system. Laterality, 18, 710–718. doi:10.1080/1357650X.2012.755992
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J., Abernethy, B., & Côté, J. (2008). The contribution of structure activity and deliberate play to the development of expert perceptual and decision-making skill. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 30, 685–708.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bjorklund, D. F., & Pellegrini, A. D. (2002). The origins of human nature: Evolutionary developmental psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Bompa, T. O. (1999). Periodization: Theory and methodology of training (4th ed.). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Boudreau, P., & Tousignant, M. (1991). L'efficacite de l'intervention d'entraineurs benevoles en formation [Effectiveness of an intervention to train volunteer coaches]. Canadian Journal of Sport Sciences, 16, 134–141.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brunelle, J., Spallanzani, C., Tousignant, M., Martel, D., & Gagnon, J. (1989). Effets d'une strategie d'auto-supervision sur les composantes du temps d'apprentissage dans l'enseignement de deux sports [Effects of a strategy of self-supervision on components of learning time in the teaching of two sports]. Revue Canadienne de l'Education, 14, 182–201. doi:10.2307/1495350
   Google Scholar
• Bryan, W. L., & Harter, N. (1897). Studies in the physiology and psychology of the telegraphic language. Psychological Review, 4, 27–53. doi:10.1037/h0073806
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, K., & Parcels, J. (2013). Selling the dream: How hockey parents and their kids are paying the price for our national obsession. New York, NY: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Catteeuw, P., Helsen, W., Gilis, B., & Wagemans, J. (2009). Decision-making skills, role specificity, and deliberate practice in association football refereeing. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1125–1136. doi:10.1080/02640410903079179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chase, W. G., & Ericsson, K. A. (1981). Skilled memory. In J. R. Anderson (Ed.). Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 141–189). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Cimpian, A., Arce, H. M., Markham, E. M., & Dweck, C. S. (2007). Subtle linguistic cues affect children's motivation. Psychological Science, 18, 314–316. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01896.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobley, S., Wattie, N., Baker, J., & McKenna, J. (2009). A meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport: The emerging picture. Sports Medicine, 39, 235–256. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colvin, G. (2008). Talent is overrated: What really separates world-class performers from everybody else. New York, NY: Portfolio.
   Google Scholar
• Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003). From play to practice: A developmental framework for the acquisition of expertise in team sports. In J. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 89–110). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2007). Practice and play in the development of sport expertise. In R. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (3rd ed., pp. 184–202). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Côté, J., Erickson, K., & Duffy, P. (2013). Developing the expert performance coach. In D. Farrow, J. Baker, & C. MacMahon (Eds.), Developing sport expertise (2nd ed., pp. 96–109). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Côté, J., & Hay, J. (2002). Children's involvement in sport: A developmental analysis. In J. M. Silva & D. Stevens (Eds.), Psychological foundations of sport (pp. 484–502). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.
   Google Scholar
• Coughlan, E. K., Williams, A. M., McRobert, A. P., & Ford, P. R. (2013). How experts practice: A novel test of deliberate practice theory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, & Cognition, 40, 449–458. doi:10.1037/a0034302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coyle, D. (2009). The talent code. New York, NY: Bantam.
   Google Scholar
• Deakin, J. M., & Cobley, S. (2003). An examination of the practice environments in figure skating and volleyball: A search for deliberate practice. In J. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 90–113). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Duffy, L. J., Baluch, B., & Ericsson, K. A. (2004). Dart performance as a function of facets of practice amongst professional and amateur men and women players. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 35, 232–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein, D. (2013). The sports gene. New York, NY: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A. (1996). The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports and games. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A. (2003). How the expert performance approach differs from traditional approaches to expertise in sport: In search of a shared theoretical framework for studying expert performance. In J. L. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sports: Advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 371–402), Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A. (2007). Deliberate practice and the modifiability of body and mind: Toward a science of the structure and acquisition of expert and elite performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 38, 4–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K.A. (2013). Training history, deliberate practice and elite sports performance: an analysis in response to Tucker and Collins review—what makes champions? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47, 533–535. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2012-091767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., & Charness, N. (1994). Expert performance: Its structure and acquisition. American Psychologist, 49, 725–747. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.49.8.725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., Chase, W. G., & Faloon, S. (1980). Acquisition of a memory skill. Science, 208, 1181–1182. doi:10.1126/science.7375930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100, 363–406. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.100.3.363
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, P. R., & Williams, A. M. (2008). The effect of participation in Gaelic football on the development of Irish professional soccer players. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 709–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, H. (1995). Why would anyone become an expert?. American Psychologist, 50, 802–803. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.802
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladwell, M. (2008). Outliers: The story of success. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Company.
   Google Scholar
• Hancock, D., Adler, A. L., & Côté, J. (2013). A proposed theoretical model to explain relative age effects in sport. European Journal of Sport Science, 13, 630–637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2013.775352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanin, Y. L. (2000). Emotions in sport. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Helsen, W. F., Hodges, N. J., Van Winckel, J., & Starkes, J. L. (2000). The roles of talent, physical precocity and practice in the development of soccer expertise. Journal of Sports Sciences, 18, 727–736. doi:10.1080/02640410050120104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L., & Hodges, N. J. (1998). Team sports and the theory of deliberate practice. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 20, 12–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges, N. J., Kerr, T., Starkes, J. L., Weir, P. L., & Nananidou, A. (2004). Predicting performance times from deliberate practice hours for triathletes and swimmers: What, when, and where is practice important? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 10, 219–237. doi:10.1037/1076-898X.10.4.219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hodges, N. J., & Starkes, J. L. (1996). Wrestling with the nature of expertise: A sport specific test of Ericsson, Krampe, and Tesch-Römer's (1993) theory of deliberate practice. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 27, 400–424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hönekopp, J., & Schuster, M. (2010). A meta-analysis on 2D:4D and athletic prowess: Substantial relationships but neither hand out-predicts the other. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 4–10. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2009.08.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howe, M. J. A., Davidson, J. W., & Sloboda, J. (1998). Innate talents: Reality or myth?. Behavior and Brain Sciences, 21, 399–442. doi:10.1017/S0140525X9800123X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janelle, C. M., & Hillman, C. H. (2003). Expert performance in sport: Current perspectives and critical issues. In J. L. Starkes & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Expert performance in sport (pp. 19–48). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Jokela, M., & Hanin, I. L. (1999). Does the individual zones of optimal functioning model discriminate between successful and less successful athletes: A meta-analysis. Journal of Sport Sciences, 17, 873–887. doi:10.1080/026404199365434
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jourden, F. J., Bandura, A., & Banfield, J. T. (1991). The impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory factors and motor skill acquisition. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 13, 213–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallio, J., & Salmela, J. H. (1998). Development of expert performance in biathlon. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10, s90.
   Google Scholar
• Korman, M., Doyon, J., Doljansky, J., Carrier, J., Dagan, Y., & Karni, A. (2007). Daytime sleep condenses the time course of motor memory consolidation. Nature Neuroscience, 10, 1206–1213. doi:10.1038/nn1959
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kraus, W. E., Torgan, C. E., Duscha, B. D., Norris, J., Brown, S. A., Cobb, F. R., … Slentz, C. A. (2001). Studies of a targeted risk reduction intervention through defined exercise (STRRIDE). Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 33, 1774–1784. doi:10.1097/00005768-200110000-00025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law, M. P., Côté, J., & Ericsson, K. A. (2007). Characteristics of expert development in rhythmic gymnastics: A retrospective study. International Journal of Exercise and Sport Psychology, 5, 82–103. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2008.9671814
   Google Scholar
• Lockwood, P., & Kunda, Z. (1997). Superstars and me: Predicting the impact of role models on the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 91–103. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.1.91
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mangels, J. A., Butterfield, B., Lamb, J., Good, C., & Dweck, C. S. (2006). Why do beliefs about intelligence influence learning success? A social cognitive neuroscience model. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 1, 75–86. doi:10.1093/scan/nsl013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moesch, K., Elbe, A. M., Hauge, M. L., & Wikman, J. M. (2011). Late specialization: The key to success in centimeters, grams, or seconds (cgs) sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21, e282–e290. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2010.01280.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morss, G. M., Jordan, A. N., Skinner, J. S., Dunn, A. L., Church, T. S., Earnest, C. P., … Blair, S. N. (2004). Dose response to exercise in women aged 45–75yr (DREW): Design and rationale. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 36, 336–344. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000113738.06267.E5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, K. M., Liu, Y.-T., & Mayer-Kress, G. (2001). Time scales in motor learning and development. Psychological Review, 108, 57–82. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.108.1.57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newell, A., & Rosenbloom, P. S. (1981). Mechanisms of skill acquisition and the law of practice. In J. R. Anderson (Ed.). Cognitive skills and their acquisition (pp. 1–55). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Pellegrini, A. D., & Smith, P. K. (1998). Physical activity play: The nature and function of a neglected aspect of playing. Child Development, 69, 577–598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinker, S. (2002). The blank slate: The modern denial of human nature. New York, NY: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Plant, E. A., Ericsson, K. A., Hill, L., & Asberg, K. (2005). Why study time does not predict grade point average across college students: Implications of deliberate practice for academic performance. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 30, 96–116. doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.06.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigney, D. (2010). The Matthew effect: How advantage begets further advantage. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Roca, A., Williams, A. M., & Ford, P. R. (2012). Developmental activities and the acquisition of superior anticipation and decision making in soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 30, 1643–1652. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.701761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schunk, D. H., & Zimmerman, B. J. (1998). Self-regulated learning: From teaching to self-reflective practice. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Selye, H. (1956). The stress of life. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill
   Google Scholar
• Soberlak, P., & Côté, J. (2003). The developmental activities of elite ice-hockey players. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15, 41–49. doi:10.1080/10413200305401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkes, J. L. (2000). The road to expertise: Is practice the only determinant? International Journal of Sport Psychology, 31, 431–451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starkes, J. L., Deakin, J. M., Allard, F., Hodges, N. J., and Hayes, A. (1996). Deliberate practice in sports: What is it anyway?. In K. A. Ericsson (Ed.), The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts, sciences, sports and games (pp. 81–106). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Sternberg, R. J. (1996). Costs of expertise. In K. A. Ericsson (Ed.), The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games (pp. 347–354). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
   Google Scholar
• Syed, M. (2010). Bounce: Mozart, Federer, Picasso, Beckham and the science of success. New York, NY: Harper.
   Google Scholar
• Toering, T., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Jonker, L., van Heuvelen, M. J. G., & Visscher, C. (2012). Measuring self-regulation in a learning context: Reliability and validity of the Self-Regulation of Learning Self-Report Scale (SRL-SRS). International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 24–38. doi:10.1080/1612197X.2012.645132
   Google Scholar
• Toering, T. T., Elferink-Gemser, M. T., Jordet, G., & Visscher, C. (2009). Self-regulation and performance level of elite and non-elite youth soccer players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1509–1517. doi:10.1080/02640410903369919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trudel, P., & Brunelle, J. (1985). Les situations d'apprentissage offertes aux joueurs inscrits dans des ligues de hockey mineur [Learning situations available to minor hockey players]. L'Association Canadienne pour la Sante, l'Education Physique et le Loisir, 51, 18–25.
   Google Scholar
• Tucker, R., & Collins, M. (2012). What makes champions? A review of the relative contribution of genes and training to sporting success. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46, 555–561. doi:10.1136/bjsports-2011-090548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, M. P., & Stickgold, R. (2004). Sleep-dependent learning and memory consolidation. Neuron, 44, 121–133. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.031
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, P., Hodges, N. J., Starkes, J. L., & Williams, A. M. (2007). The road to excellence: Deliberate practice and the development of expertise. High Ability Studies, 18, 119–153. doi:10.1080/13598130701709715
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattie, N., Cobley, S., & Baker, J. (2008). Toward a unified understanding of relative age effects in sport. Journal of Sports Sciences, 26, 1403–1409. doi:10.1080/02640410802233034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissensteiner, J., Abernethy, B., Farrow, D., & Muller, S. (2008). The development of anticipation: A cross-sectional examination of the practice experiences contributing to skill in cricket batting. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 30, 663–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggins, M. S. (1998). Anxiety intensity and direction: Preperformance temporal patterns and expectations in athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 10, 201–211. doi:10.1080/10413209808406388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuest, D. A., Mancini, V. H., van der Mars, H., & Terrillion, K. (1986). The academic learning time-physical education of high-, medium-, and low-skilled female intercollegiate volleyball players. In M. Pieron & G. Graham (Eds.), Olympic Scientific Congress Proceedings, Volume 6 (pp. 123–130). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Young, B. W., Jemczyk, K., Brophy, K., & Côté, J. (2009). Discriminating skilled coaching groups: Quantitative examination of developmental experiences and activities. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 4, 397–414. doi:10.1260/174795409789623937
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, B. W., & Medic, N. (2008). The motivation to become an expert athlete: How coaches can promote long-term commitment. In Farrow, D., Baker, J., & MacMahon, C. (Eds.), Developing elite sports performers: Lessons from theory and practice (pp.43–59). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Young, B. W., & Salmela, J. H. (2001). Diary analyses of practice and recovery activities for elite and intermediate middle distance runners. Conference proceedings for the 10th meeting of the International Society of Sport Psychology, vol. 4, p.19. Skiathos, Greece.
   Google Scholar
• Young, B. W., & Salmela, J. H. (2002). Perceptions of training and deliberate practice of middle distance runners. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 33, 167–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, B. W., & Salmela, J. H. (2010). Examination of practice activities related to the acquisition of elite performance in Canadian middle distance running. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 41, 73–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, B. W., & Starkes, J. L., (2003). Test-retest reliability of the deliberate practice activity ratings questionnaire. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 25, S143.
   Google Scholar
• Young, B. W., & Starkes, J. L. (2006). Coaches’ perceptions of non-regulated training behaviors in competitive swimmers. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 1, 53–68. doi:10.1260/174795406776338427
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, B. J. (1989). A social cognitive view of self-regulated academic learning. Journal ofEducational Psychology, 81, 329–339. doi:10.1037/0022-0663.81.3.329
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Attaining self-regulation: A social cognitive perspective. In M. Boekaerts, P. R. Pintrich, & M. Zeidner (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 13–41). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, B. J. (2006). Development and adaptation of expertise: The role of self-regulatory processes and beliefs. In K. A. Ericsson, N. Charness, P. J. Feltovich, & R. R. Hoffman (Eds.), The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance (pp. 705–722). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar