Prevalence and correlates of psychological distress among retired elite athletes: A systematic review

References

• Amen, D. G., Willeumier, K., Omalu, B., Newberg, A., Raghavendra, C., & Raji, C. A. (2016). Perfusion neuroimaging abnormalities alone distinguish national football league players from a healthy population. Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 53(1), 237–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ang, E., & Gomez-Pinilla, F. (2007). Potential therapeutic effects of exercise to the brain. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 14(24), 2564–2571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appleton, P. R., & Duda, J. L. (2016). Examining the interactive effects of coach-created empowering and disempowering climate dimensions on athletes’ health and functioning. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 61–70.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur, R. (2016). The shrinking shelf life of NFL players. The Wallstreet Journal. Retrieved from http://www.wsj.com/articles/the-shrinking-shelf-life-of-nfl-players-1456694959
   Google Scholar
• Asken, B. M., Sullan, M. J., Snyder, A. R., Houck, Z. M., Bryant, V. E., Hizel, L. P., … Bauer, R. M. (2016). Factors influencing clinical correlates of chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE): A review. Neuropsychology Review, 26(4), 340–363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub.
   Google Scholar
• Bäckmand, H., Kaprio, J., Kujala, U., & Sarna, S. (2001). Personality and mood of former elite male athletes – A descriptive study. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 22(03), 215–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bäckmand, H., Kaprio, J., Kujala, U., & Sarna, S. (2003). Influence of physical activity on depression and anxiety of former elite athletes. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 24(08), 609–619.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bäckmand, H., Kaprio, J., Kujala, U. M., Sarna, S., & Fogelholm, M. (2006). Physical and psychological functioning of daily living in relation to physical activity. A longitudinal study among former elite male athletes and controls. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 18(1), 40–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckmand, H., Kujala, U., Sarna, S., & Kaprio, J. (2010). Former athletes’ health-related lifestyle behaviours and self-rated health in late adulthood. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 31(10), 751–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäckmand, H. M., Kaprio, J., Kujala, U. M., & Sarna, S. (2009). Physical activity, mood and the functioning of daily living: A longitudinal study among former elite athletes and referents in middle and old age. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 48(1), 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bagge, A. L., Rosén, T., Fahlke, C., Ehrnborg, C., Eriksson, B. O., Moberg, T., & Thiblin, I. (2017). Somatic effects of AAS abuse: A 30-years follow-up study of male former power sports athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20, 814–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, C. M., Samples, H. L., Broshek, D. K., Freeman, J. R., & Barth, J. T. (2010). The relationship between psychological distress and baseline sports-related concussion testing. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 20(4), 272–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bair, M. J., Robinson, R. L., Katon, W., & Kroenke, K. (2003). Depression and pain comorbidity: A literature review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(20), 2433–2445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, B. W., Meeuwisse, W. H., Rizos, J., Kang, J., & Burke, C. J. (2011). A prospective study of concussions among national hockey league players during regular season games: The NHL-NHLPA concussion program. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(8), 905–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. C., Kerkhoffs, G., Lambert, M. I., Gouttebarge, V., Aktekin, M., Karaman, T., … Zemaityte, A. (2017). Forced retirement from professional rugby union is associated with symptoms of distress. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 35, 12–17.
   Google Scholar
• Carlson, K., Kim, J., Lusardi, A., & Camerer, C. F. (2015). Bankruptcy rates among NFL players with short-lived income spikes. American Economic Review, 105(5), 381–384.
   Google Scholar
• Casson, I. R., Viano, D. C., Haacke, E. M., Kou, Z., & LeStrange, D. G. (2014). Is there chronic brain damage in retired NFL players? Neuroradiology, neuropsychology, and neurology examinations of 45 retired players. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 6(5), 384–395.
   Google Scholar
• Coakley, J. J. (1983). Leaving competitive sport: Retirement or rebirth? Quest (grand Rapids, Mich), 35(1), 1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Coakley, S. C. (2006). A phenomenological exploration of the sport-career transition experiences that affect subjective well-being of former national football players.
   Google Scholar
• Cottler, L. B., Abdallah, A. B., Cummings, S. M., Barr, J., Banks, R., & Forchheimer, R. (2011). Injury, pain, and prescription opioid use among former national football league (NFL) players. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 116(1), 188–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Didehbani, N., Cullum, C. M., Mansinghani, S., Conover, H., & Hart, J. (2013). Depressive symptoms and concussions in aging retired NFL players. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(5), 418–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas, K., & Carless, D. (2009). Abandoning the performance narrative: Two women’s stories of transition from professional sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 21(2), 213–230.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esopenko, C., Chow, T. W., Tartaglia, M. C., Bacopulos, A., Kumar, P., Binns, M. A., … Levine, B. (2017). Cognitive and psychosocial function in retired professional hockey players. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. jnnp-2016. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2016-315260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford, J. H., Giovanello, K. S., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2013). Episodic memory in former professional football players with a history of concussion: An event-related functional neuroimaging study. Journal of Neurotrauma, 30(20), 1683–1701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, A. J., Iverson, G. L., Wojtowicz, M., Levi, C. R., Kay-Lambkin, F., Schofield, P. W., … Stanwell, P. (2017). MR spectroscopy findings in retired professional rugby league players. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 38(03), 241–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gayman, A. M., Fraser-Thomas, J., Dionigi, R. A., Horton, S., & Baker, J. (2017). Is sport good for older adults? A systematic review of psychosocial outcomes of older adults’ sport participation. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 164–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouttebarge, V., Aoki, H., & Kerkhoffs, G. (2015a). Prevalence and determinants of symptoms related to mental disorders in retired male professional footballers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 56, 648–654.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouttebarge, V., Aoki, H., Verhagen, E., & Kerkhoffs, G. (2016). Are level of education and employment related to symptoms of common mental disorders in current and retired professional footballers? Asian Journal of Sports Medicine, 7(2), e28447.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gouttebarge, V., Frings-Dresen, M., & Sluiter, J. (2015). Mental and psychosocial health among current and former professional footballers. Occupational Medicine, 65(3), 190–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouttebarge, V., Jonkers, R., Moen, M., Verhagen, E., Wylleman, P., & Kerkhoffs, G. (2016). The prevalence and risk indicators of symptoms of common mental disorders among current and former Dutch elite athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35, 2148–2156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouttebarge, V., Kerkhoffs, G., & Lambert, M. (2016). Prevalence and determinants of symptoms of common mental disorders in retired professional rugby union players. European Journal of Sport Science, 16(5), 595–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gröpel, P., & Mesagno, C. (2017). Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology. doi:10.1080/1750984X.2017.1408134
   Google Scholar
• Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1), 157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Cantu, R. C., Randolph, C., & Jordan, B. D. (2005). Association between recurrent concussion and late-life cognitive impairment in retired professional football players. Neurosurgery, 57(4), 719–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guskiewicz, K. M., Marshall, S. W., Bailes, J., McCrea, M., Harding, H. P., Matthews, A., … Cantu, R. C. (2007). Recurrent concussion and risk of depression in retired professional football players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(6), 903–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadavi, T. (2011). Professional athletes prepare for life after sports, 2016, Retrieved from http://www.voanews.com/a/professional-athletes-prepare-for-life-after-sports-118377659/163130.html
   Google Scholar
• Hart, J., Kraut, M. A., Womack, K. B., Strain, J., Didehbani, N., Bartz, E., … Cullum, C. M. (2013). Neuroimaging of cognitive dysfunction and depression in aging retired national football league players. JAMA Neurology, 70(3), 326–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, B. M., Papas, R. K., Chatkoff, D. K., & Kerns, R. D. (2007). Meta-analysis of psychological interventions for chronic low back pain. Health Psychology, 26(1), 1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn, S., Gregory, P., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2009). Self-reported anabolic-androgenic steroids use and musculoskeletal injuries: Findings from the center for the study of retired athletes health survey of retired NFL players. American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 88(3), 192–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jhanjee, S. (2014). Evidence based psychosocial interventions in substance use. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 36(2), 112.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jones, P. B. (2013). Adult mental health disorders and their age at onset. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 202(s54), s5–s10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerr, Z. Y., DeFreese, J., & Marshall, S. W. (2014). Current physical and mental health of former collegiate athletes. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 2(8). doi: 10.1177/2325967114544107
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerr, Z. Y., Evenson, K. R., Rosamond, W. D., Mihalik, J. P., Guskiewicz, K. M., & Marshall, S. W. (2014). Association between concussion and mental health in former collegiate athletes. Injury Epidemiology, 1(1), 1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kerr, Z. Y., Marshall, S. W., Harding, H. P., & Guskiewicz, K. M. (2012). Nine-year risk of depression diagnosis increases with increasing self-reported concussions in retired professional football players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 40, 2206-12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilgore, A. (2015). Former players are suing the NHL over concussions, but remain loyal to hockey. The Washington Post. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/capitals/former-players-are-suing-the-nhl-over-concussions-but-remain-loyal-to-hockey/2016/05/25/9e680958-21c5-11e6-aa84-42391ba52c91_story.html
   Google Scholar
• Kim, J. E., & Moen, P. (2001). Is retirement good or bad for subjective well-being? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(3), 83–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King, T., Rosenberg, M., Braham, R., Ferguson, R., & Dawson, B. (2013). Life after the game – Injury profile of past elite Australian football players. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 16(4), 302–306.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kontro, T. K., Sarna, S., Kaprio, J., & Kujala, U. M. (2017). Use of alcohol and alcohol-related morbidity in Finnish former elite athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 49(3), 492–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn, A. W., Zuckerman, S. L., Solomon, G. S., Casson, I. R., & Viano, D. C. (2017). Interrelationships among neuroimaging biomarkers, neuropsychological test data, and symptom reporting in a cohort of retired national football league players. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 9(1), 30–40.
   Google Scholar
• Lally, P. (2007). Identity and athletic retirement: A prospective study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 8(1), 85–99.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavallee, D., Gordon, S., & Grove, J. R. (1997). Retirement from sport and the loss of athletic identity. Journal of Personal and Interpersonal Loss, 2(2), 129–147.
   Google Scholar
• Lindqvist, A. S., Moberg, T., Eriksson, B. O., Ehrnborg, C., Rosén, T., & Fahlke, C. (2013). A retrospective 30-year follow-up study of former Swedish-elite male athletes in power sports with a past anabolic androgenic steroids use: A focus on mental health. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47, 965–969. bjsports-2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mainwaring, L. M., Hutchison, M., Bisschop, S. M., Comper, P., & Richards, D. W. (2010). Emotional response to sport concussion compared to ACL injury. Brain Injury, 24(4), 589–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manley, G. T., Gardner, A. J., Schneider, K. J., Guskiewicz, K. M., Bailes, J., Cantu, R. C., … Dvořák, J. (2017). A systematic review of potential long-term effects of sport-related concussion. British Journal of Sports MedicineBritish Journal of Sports Medicine, 51, 969–977. bjsports-2017.
   Google Scholar
• McKenna, J., & Thomas, H. (2007). Enduring injustice: A case study of retirement from professional rugby union. Sport, Education and Society, 12(1), 19–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Group, P. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholas, S. J., Nicholas, J. A., Nicholas, C., Diecchio, J. R., & McHugh, M. P. (2007). The health status of retired American football players super bowl III revisited. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(10), 1674–1679.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2001). Gender differences in depression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 10(5), 173–176.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogilvie, B. C., & Taylor, J. (1993). Career termination issues among elite athletes. In Handbook of research on sport psychology (pp. 761–775). New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Orchard, J., & Seward, H. (2002). Epidemiology of injuries in the Australian football league, seasons 1997–2000. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 36(1), 39–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostelo, R. W., van Tulder, M. W., Vlaeyen, J. W., Linton, S. J., Morley, S., & Assendelft, W. J. (2005). Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. The Cochrane Library.
   Google Scholar
• Park, S., Lavallee, D., & Tod, D. (2013). Athletes’ career transition out of sport: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(1), 22–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccinelli, M., & Wilkinson, G. (2000). Gender differences in depression: Critical review. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 177(6), 486–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluye, P., Robert, E., Cargo, M., Bartlett, G., O’Cathain, A., Griffiths, F., … Rousseau, M. C. (2011). Proposal: A mixed methods appraisal tool for systematic mixed studies reviews. Retrieved from http://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublic.pbworks.com
   Google Scholar
• Prinz, B., Dvořák, J., & Junge, A. (2016). Symptoms and risk factors of depression during and after the football career of elite female players. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 2(1), e000124.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakakibara, B. M., Miller, W. C., Orenczuk, S. G., & Wolfe, D. L. (2009). A systematic review of depression and anxiety measures used with individuals with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 47(12), 841–851.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaal, K., Tafflet, M., Nassif, H., Thibault, V., Pichard, C., Alcotte, M., … Simon, S. (2011). Psychological balance in high level athletes: Gender-based differences and sport-specific patterns. PLoS One, 6(5), e19007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlossberg, N. K. (1995). Counseling adults in transition: Linking practice with theory. New York, NY: Springer Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Schuring, N., Aoki, H., Gray, J., Kerkhoffs, G. M., Lambert, M., & Gouttebarge, V. (2016). Osteoarthritis is associated with symptoms of common mental disorders among former elite athletes. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy, 25, 3179–3185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenk, T. L., Gorenflo, D. W., Dopp, R. R., & Hipple, E. (2007). Depression and pain in retired professional football players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 39(4), 599–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segen, J. (2012). Segen’s medical dictionary. Huntingdon Valley: Farlex.
   Google Scholar
• Simon, J. E., & Docherty, C. L. (2013). Current health-related quality of life is lower in former division I collegiate athletes than in non–collegiate athletes. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 42, 423–429..
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon, J. E., & Docherty, C. L. (2016). Current health-related quality of life in former national collegiate athletic association division i collision athletes compared with contact and limited-contact athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 51(3), 205–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorenson, S. C., Romano, R., Scholefield, R. M., Martin, B. E., Gordon, J. E., Azen, S. P., … Salem, G. J. (2014). Holistic life-span health outcomes among elite intercollegiate student–athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 49(5), 684–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souto, R. Q., Khanassov, V., Hong, Q. N., Bush, P. L., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2015). Systematic mixed studies reviews: Updating results on the reliability and efficiency of the mixed methods appraisal tool. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(1), 500–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambulova, N. (2001). Sports career termination of Russian athletes: Readiness to the transition. Paper presented at the the 10th World Congress of Sport Psychology, Skiatos, Greece, May 28-June 2, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Stephan, Y. (2003). Repercussions of transition out of elite sport on subjective well-being: A one-year study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(4), 354–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strain, J., Didehbani, N., Cullum, C. M., Mansinghani, S., Conover, H., Kraut, M. A., … Womack, K. B. (2013). Depressive symptoms and white matter dysfunction in retired NFL players with concussion history. Neurology, 81(1), 25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swann, C., Moran, A., & Piggott, D. (2015). Defining elite athletes: Issues in the study of expert performance in sport psychology. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 3–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targett, S. G. (1998). Injuries in professional rugby union. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 8(4), 280–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A conceptual model of adaptation to retirement among athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6(1), 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Torre, P. S. (2009). How (and why) athletes go broke. Sports Illustrated, 23, 23–35.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, A. P., Barlow, J. H., & Heathcote-Elliott, C. (2000). Long term health impact of playing professional football in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(5), 332–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turunen, E., & Hiilamo, H. (2014). Health effects of indebtedness: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1323.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van Ramele, S., Aoki, H., Kerkhoffs, G. M., & Gouttebarge, V. (2017). Mental health in retired professional football players: 12-month incidence, adverse life events and support. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 28, 85–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigand, S., Cohen, J., & Merenstein, D. (2013). Susceptibility for depression in current and retired student athletes. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 5, 263–266. 1941738113480464.
   Google Scholar
• Wennberg, R. A., & Tator, C. H. (2008). Concussion incidence and time lost from play in the NHL during the past ten years. The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, 35(05), 647–651.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Werthner, P., & Orlick, T. (1986). Retirement experiences of successful Olympic athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 17, 337–363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wippert, P.-M., & Wippert, J. (2008). Perceived stress and prevalence of traumatic stress symptoms following athletic career termination. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 2(1), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Wippert, P.-M., & Wippert, J. (2010). The effects of involuntary athletic career termination on psychological distress. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(2), 133–149.
   Google Scholar