6,174
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Enhancing parental support through parent-education programs in youth sport: a systematic review

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 208-235 | Received 22 Mar 2021, Accepted 10 Oct 2021, Published online: 07 Nov 2021

References

  • References marked with an asterisk indicate studies included in the systematic review.
  • Allan, V., Vierimaa, M., Gainforth, H. L., & Côté, J. (2018). The use of behaviour change theories and techniques in researched-informed coach development programmes: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(1), 47–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1286514
  • Anderson, J. C., Funk, J. B., Elliott, R., & Smith, P. H. (2003). Parental support and pressure and children’s extracurricular activities: Relationships with amount of involvement and affective experience of participation. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 24(2), 241–257. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-3973(03)00046-7
  • *Azimi, S., & Tamminen, K. A. (2020). Parental communication and reflective practice among youth sport parents. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2019.1705433
  • Baker, J., Horton, S., Robertson-Wilson, J., & Wall, M. (2003). Nurturing sport expertise: Factors influencing the development of elite athlete. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2(1), 1–9.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Prentice Hall.
  • Barnes, H. L., & Olson, D. H. (1985). Parent-adolescent communication and the circumplex model. Child Development, 56(2), 438–447. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129732
  • Bois, J. E., Lalanne, J., & Delforge, C. (2009). The influence of parenting practices and parental presence on children’s and adolescents’ pre-competitive anxiety. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(10), 995–1005. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410903062001
  • Bowlby, J. (1988). A secure base: Clinical applications of attachment theory. Routledge.
  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development. Sage.
  • Buri, J. R. (1991). Parental authority questionnaire. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57(1), 110–119. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13
  • Carpenter, P. J., Scanlan, T. K., Simons, J. P., & Lobel, M. (1993). A test of the sport commitment model using structural equation modelling. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 15(2), 119–133. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.15.2.119
  • Cheon, S. H., Reeve, J., Lee, J., & Lee, Y. (2015). Giving and receiving autonomy support in a high- stakes sport context: A field-based experiment during the 2012 London Paralympic games. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 19, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.02.007
  • Clarke, N. J., & Harwood, C. G. (2014). Parenting experiences in elite youth football: A phenomenological study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(5), 528–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.05.004
  • Clarke, N. J., Harwood, C. G., & Cushion, C. J. (2016). A phenomenological interpretation of the parent-child relationship in elite youth football. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), 125–143. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000052
  • Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385–396. https://doi.org/10.2307/2136404
  • Collins, D., & Cruickshank, A. (2017). Psychometrics in sport: The good, the bad and the ugly. In B. Cripps (Ed.), Psychometric Testing: Critical Perspectives (pp. 145–156).
  • Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.395
  • Dorsch, T. E. (2017). Optimising family involvement in youth sport. In C. J. Knight, C. G. Harwood, & D. Gould (Eds.), Sport psychology for young athletes (pp. 106–115). Routledge.
  • Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Blazo, J. B., Coakley, J., Côté, J., Wagstaff, C. R., Warner, S., & King, M. Q. (2020). Toward an integrated understanding of the youth sport system. Research Quarterly in Exercise and Sport, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1810847
  • Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Wilson, S. R., & McDonough, M. H. (2015). Parent goals and verbal sideline behavior in organized youth sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 4(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000025
  • Dorsch, T. E., Vierimaa, M., & Plucinik, J. (2019). A citation network analysis of research on parent-child interactions in youth sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 8(2), 145–162. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000140
  • Dorsch, T. E., Wright, E., Eckardt, V. C., Elliott, S., Thrower, S. N., & Knight, C. J. (2021). A history of parent involvement in organized youth sport: A scoping review. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000266
  • Dorsch, Travis E, Smith, Alan L., & McDonough, Meghan H. (2009). Parents' Perceptions of Child-to-Parent Socialization in Organized Youth Sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31(4), 444–468. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.4.444
  • *Dorsch, T. E., King, M. Q., Dunn, C. R., Osai, K. V., & Tulane, S. (2017). The impact of evidence-based parent education in organized youth sport: A pilot study. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 29(2), 199–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2016.1194909
  • *Ford, D. W., Jubenville, C. B., & Phillips, M. B. (2012). The effect of the STAR Sportsmanship education module on parents’ self-perceived sportsmanship behaviors in youth sport. Journal of Sport Administration & Supervision, 4(1), 114–126.
  • Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2004). Parental influences on youth involvement in sports. In M. R. Weiss (Ed.), Developmental sport and exercise psychology: A lifespan perspective (pp. 145–164). Fitness Information Technology.
  • Fredricks, J. A., & Eccles, J. S. (2005). Family socialization, gender, and sport motivation and involvement. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 27(1), 3–31. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.1.3
  • Gagné, M., Ryan, R. M., & Bargmann, K. (2003). Autonomy support and need satisfaction in the motivation and well-being of gymnasts. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 15(4), 372–390. https://doi.org/10.1080/714044203
  • Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. Further Education Unit.
  • Gill, D. L. (1997). Measurement, statistics, and research design issues in sport and exercise psychology. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 1(1), 39–53. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee0101_3
  • Gould, D., Lauer, L., Rolo, C., Jannes, C., & Pennisi, N. (2006). Understanding the role parents play in tennis success: A national survey of junior tennis coaches. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(7), 632–636. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.024927
  • Greendorfer, S. L. (1992). Sport socialization. In T. S. Horn (Ed.), Advances in sport psychology (pp. 201–218). Human Kinetics.
  • Gunnell, K., Poitras, V. J., & Tod, D. (2020). Questions and answers about conducting systematic reviews in sport and exercise psychology. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 297–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2019.1695141
  • Harwood, C., Drew, A., & Knight, C. J. (2010). Parental stressors in professional youth football academies: A qualitative investigation of specialising stage parents. Qualitative Research in Sport and Exercise, 2(1), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/19398440903510152
  • Harwood, C., & Knight, C. (2009a). Stress in youth sport: A developmental investigation of tennis parents. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(4), 447–456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2009.01.005
  • Harwood, C., & Knight, C. (2009b). Understanding parental stressors: An investigation of British tennis-parents. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(4), 339–351. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802603871
  • Harwood, C. G., Caglar, E., Thrower, S. N., & Smith, J. M. (2019). Development and validation of the parent-initiated motivational climate in individual sport competition questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 128. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00128
  • Harwood, C. G., & Knight, C. J. (2015). Parenting in youth sport: A position paper on parenting expertise. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16, 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.03.001
  • Harwood, C. G., & Knight, C. J. (2016). Parenting in sport. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), 84–88. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000063
  • *Harwood, C., & Swain, A. (2002). The development and activation of achievement goals within tennis: II. A player, parent, and coach intervention. The Sport Psychologist, 16(2), 111–137. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.16.2.111
  • Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Black, D. E., Mandigo, J. L., & Fox, K. R. (2009). Youth sport parenting styles and practices. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 31(1), 37–59. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.31.1.37
  • Holt, N. L., Tamminen, K. A., Black, D. E., Sehn, Z. L., & Wall, M. P. (2008). Parental involvement in competitive youth sport settings. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 663–685. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.001
  • Hong, Q. N., Pluye, P., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffith, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M.-C., & Vedel, I. (2018). Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), version 2018. Registration of Copyright (#1148552), Canadian Intellectual Property Office, Industry Canada.
  • Jowett, S., & Timson-Katchis, M. (2005). Social networks in sport: Parental influence on the coach-athlete relationship. The Sport Psychologist, 19(3), 267–287. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.3.267
  • Juntumaa, B., Keskivaara, P., & Punamäki, R. L. (2005). Parenting, achievement strategies and satisfaction in ice hockey. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 46(5), 411–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2005.00472.x
  • Kidman, L., McKenzie, A., & McKenzie, B. (1999). The nature of target of parents’ comments during youth sport competitions. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(1), 54–75.
  • Knight, C. J. (2019). Revealing findings in youth sport parenting research. Kinesiology Review, 8(3), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1123/kr.2019-0023
  • Knight, C. J., & Holt, N. L. (2013a). Factors that influence parents’ experiences at junior tennis tournaments and suggestions for improvement. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 2(3), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031203
  • Knight, C. J., & Holt, N. L. (2013b). Strategies used and assistance required to facilitate children’s involvement in tennis: Parents’ perspectives. The Sport Psychologist, 27(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.27.3.281
  • Knight, C. J., Little, G. C., Harwood, C. G., & Goodger, K. (2016). Parental involvement in elite junior slalom canoeing. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28(2), 234–256. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2015.1111273
  • Knight, C. J., Neely, K. C., & Holt, N. L. (2011). Parental behaviors in team sports: How do female athletes want parents to behave? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2010.525589
  • Knight, C. J., & Newport, R. A. (2017). Understanding and working with parents of young athletes. In C. J. Knight, C. G. Harwood, & D. Gould (Eds.), Sport psychology for young athletes (pp. 303–314). Routledge.
  • Lauer, L., Gould, D., Roman, N., & Pierce, M. (2010). Parental behaviours that affect junior tennis player development. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(6), 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2010.06.008
  • Leff, S. S., & Hoyle, R. H. (1995). Young athletes’ perceptions of parental support and pressure. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 24(2), 187–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537149
  • *Lisinskiene, A., & Lochbaum, M. (2019). A qualitative study examining parental involvement in youth sports over a one-year intervention program. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(19), 3563. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193563
  • Loy, J. (1968). The nature of sport: A definitional effort. Quest (Grand Rapids, Mich ), 10(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.1968.10519640
  • *McMahon, J., Knight, C., & McGannon, K. (2018). Educating parents of children in sport about abuse using narrative pedagogy. Sociology of Sport Journal, 35(4), 314–323. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2017-0186.
  • Michie, S., Atkins, L., & West, R. (2014). The behaviour change wheel: A guide to designing interventions (1st ed., pp. 1003–1010). London: Silverback Publishing.
  • Michie, S., & Johnston, M. (2012). Theories and techniques of behaviour change: Developing a cumulative science of behaviour change. Health Psychology Review, 6(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2012.654964
  • Michie, S., & Prestwich, A. (2010). Are interventions theory-based? Development of a theory coding scheme. Health Psychology, 29(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016939
  • Michie, S., Wood, C. E., Johnston, M., Abraham, C., Francis, J., & Hardeman, W. (2015). Behaviour change techniques: The development and evaluation of a taxonomic method for reporting and describing behaviour change interventions. Health Technology Assessment, 19(99), 1–188. https://doi.org/10.3310/hta19990
  • Morgado, F. F., Meireles, J. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A., & Ferreira, M. E. (2017). Scale development: Ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30(3), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41155-016-0057-1
  • Nelson, L., Groom, R., & Potrac, P. (Eds.). (2016). Learning in sports coaching: Theory and application. Routledge.
  • Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Achievement motivation: Conceptions of ability, subjective experience, task choice, and performance. Psychological Review, 91(3), 328–346. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.91.3.328
  • O’Rourke, D. J., Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., & Cumming, S. P. (2011). Trait anxiety in young athletes as a function of parental pressure and motivational climate: Is parental pressure always harmful? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 23(4), 398–412. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2011.552089
  • Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetlaff, J. M., & Moher, D. (2021). Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: Development of the PRISMA 2020 statement. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 134, 103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003
  • Power, T. G., & Woolger, C. (1994). Parenting practices and age-group swimming: A correlational study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1994.10762208
  • Prestwich, A., Sniehotta, F. F., Whittington, C., Dombrowski, S. U., Rogers, L., & Michie, S. (2014). Does theory influence the effectiveness of health behavior interventions? Meta-analysis. Health Psychology, 33(5), 465–474. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032853
  • Prestwich, A., Webb, T. L., & Conner, M. (2015). Using theory to develop and test interventions to promote changes in health behaviour: Evidence, issues, and recommendations. Current Opinion in Psychology, 5, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.02.011
  • Prochaska, J. O., & Velicer, W. F. (1997). The transtheoretical model of health behavior change. American Journal of Health Promotion, 12(1), 38–48. https://doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-12.1.38
  • *Richards, K., & Winter, S. (2013). Key reflections from “on the ground”: Working with parents to create a task climate. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 4(1), 34–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2012.733909
  • Ryan, R. (2013). Cochrane consumers and communication review group: Data synthesis and analysis.
  • *Sampol, P. P., Salas, D. P., Rotger, P. A. B., & Verdaguer, F. J. P. (2019). A socioeducational intervention about parental attitudes in grassroots football and its effects. Sustainability, 11(13), 3500. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11133500
  • Sánchez-Miguel, P. A., Leo, F. M., Sánchez-Oliva, D., Amado, D., & García-Calvo, T. (2013). The importance of parents’ behavior in their children’s enjoyment and amotivation in sports. Journal of Human Kinetics, 36(1), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0017
  • Schinke, R. J., Mellalieu, S., Ntoumanis, N., Kavussanu, M., Standage, M., Strauss, B., & Papaioannou, A. (2020). Getting published: Suggestions and strategies from editors of sport and exercise psychology journals. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 33(6), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1741725
  • Schwarz, J. C., Barton-Henry, M. L., & Pruzinsky, T. (1985). Assessing child-rearing behaviors: A comparison of ratings made by mother, father, child, and sibling on the CRPBI. Child Development, 56(2), 462–479. https://doi.org/10.2307/1129734
  • Smith, R. E., Smoll, F. L., Cumming, S. P., & Grossbard, J. R. (2006). Measurement of multidimensional sport performance anxiety in children and adults: The sport anxiety scale-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 28(4), 479–501. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.28.4.479
  • *Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., & Cumming, S. P. (2007). Effects of coach and parent training on performance anxiety in young athletes: A systemic approach. Journal of Youth Development, 2(1), 19–36. https://doi.org/10.5195/JYD.2007.358
  • Snyder, E. E., & Purdy, D. A. (1982). Socialization into sport: Parent and child reverse and reciprocal effects. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 53(3), 263–266. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1982.10609352
  • Stein, G. L., Raedeke, T. D., & Glenn, S. D. (1999). Children’s perceptions of parent sport involvement: It’s not how much, but to what degree that’s important. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22(4), 591–601.
  • *Tamminen, K. A., McEwen, C. E., Kerr, G., & Donnelly, P. (2020). Examining the impact of the respect in sport parent program on the psychosocial experiences of minor hockey athletes. Journal of Sports Sciences, 38(17), 2035–2045. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1767839
  • Tenenbaum, G. E., Eklund, R. C., & Kamata, A. E. (2012). Measurement in sport and exercise psychology. Human Kinetics.
  • Thrower, S. N., Harwood, C. G., & Spray, C. M. (2016). Educating and supporting tennis parents: A grounded theory of parents’ needs during childhood and early adolescence. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 5(2), 107–124. https://doi.org/10.1037/spy0000054
  • *Thrower, S. N., Harwood, C. G., & Spray, C. M. (2017). Educating and supporting tennis parents: An action research study. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 9(5), 600–618. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2017.1341947
  • *Thrower, S. N., Harwood, C. G., & Spray, C. M. (2019). Educating and supporting tennis parents using web-based delivery methods: A novel online education program. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 31(3), 303–323. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2018.1433250
  • Weiss, M. R., & Hayashi, C. T. (1995). All in the family: Parent-child influences in competitive youth gymnastics. Pediatric Exercise Science, 7(1), 36–48. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.7.1.36
  • Weiss, M. R., & Smith, A. L. (1999). Quality of youth sport friendships: Measurement development and validation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.21.2.145
  • Zakrajsek, R. A., & Zizzi, S. J. (2008). How do coaches’ attitudes change when exposed to a sport psychology workshop? Journal of Coaching Education, 1(1), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.1123/jce.1.1.66