Youth sport dropout according to the Process-Person-Context-Time model: a systematic review

References

• Agnew, D., Pill, S., & Drummond, M. (2015). Investigating the elements that encourage or inhibit the participation of children and youth in Australian football. Annals of Leisure Research, 19(1), 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2015.1036898
   Google Scholar
• Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behaviour. Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfermann, D. (2013). Drop-out. In R. C. Eklund, & G. Tenenbaum (Eds.), Encyclopedia of sport & exercise psychology (pp. 216-217). SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Alvarez, M. S., Balaguer, I., Castillo, I., & Duda, J. L. (2012). The coach- created motivational climate, young athletes’ well-being, and intentions to continue participation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 6, 166–179. https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.6.2.166
   Google Scholar
• Armentrout, S. M., & Kamphoff, C. S. (2011). Organizational barriers and factors that contribute to youth hockey attrition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 34(2), 121–136.
   Google Scholar
• Aspvik, N. P., Sæther, S. A., & Ingebrigtsen, J. E. (2008). Oppvekst i bygder. Ungdom i Sør-Trøndelag. [Growing up in villages. Youths in Sør Trøndelag county]. Rapport nr.1.NTNU samfunnsforskning AS. Senter for idrettsforskning.
   Google Scholar
• Baard, P. P., Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Intrinsic need satisfaction: A motivational basis of performance and well-being in two work settings. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 2045–2068.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, R. (2006). Physical education and sport in schools: A review of benefits and outcomes. The Journal of School Health, 76(8), 397–401. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00132.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blais, M. R., Vallerand, R. J., Pelletier L. G., & Brière, N. M. (1989). L'Échelle de satisfaction de vie: Validation canadienne-française du "Satisfaction with Life Scale". Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 2, 210–223.
   Google Scholar
• Blais, M. R., Vallerand, R. J., & Lachance, L. (1990). Predicting physical activity intentions using goal perspectives and self- determination theory approaches. European Psychologist, 4, 83–89.
   Google Scholar
• Balish, S. M., McLaren, C. D., Rainham, D., & Blanchard, C. M. (2014). Correlates of youth sport attrition: A review and future directions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(4), 429–439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.04.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett, N. P., Smoll, F. L., & Smith, R. E. (1992). Effects of enhancing coach-athlete relationships on youth sport attrition. The Sport Psychologist, 6(2), 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.2.111
   Google Scholar
• Biddle, S., Cury, F., Goudas, M., Sarrazin, P., Famose, J. P., & Durand, M. (1995). Development of scales to measure perceived physical education class climate: A cross-national project. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 65(3), 341–358.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blagoev, K. B., Wilkerson, J., & Fojo, T. (2012). Hazard ratios in cancer clinical trials–a primer. Nature Reviews. Clinical Oncology, 9(3), 178–183. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2011.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boiché, J. C. S., & Sarrazin, P. G. (2009). Proximal and distal factors associated with dropout versus maintained participation in organized sport. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 8(1), 9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradburn, M. J., Clark, T. G., Love, S. B., & Altman, D. G. (2003). Survival analysis part II: Multivariate data analysis–an introduction to concepts and methods. British Journal of Cancer, 89(3), 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6601119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brière, N. M., Vallerand, R. J., Blais, M. R., & Pelletier, L. G. (1995). Développement et Validation d’une Mesure de Motivation Intrinsèque, Extrinsèque et d’Amotivation en Contexte Sportif: L'Échelle de Motivation dans les Sports (ÉMS). International Journal of Sport Psychology, 26(4), 465–489.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (2005). Bioecological theory of human development. In U. Bronfenbrenner (Ed.), Making human beings human: Bioecological perspectives on human development (pp. 3–15). SAGE Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. (1998). The ecology of human developmental processes. In W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (5th ed., pp. 993–1028). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U., & Morris, P. (2006). The ecology of human developmental processes. In W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Theoretical models of human development (6th ed., pp. 793–828). Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, B. A. (1985). Factors influencing the process of withdrawal by female adolescents from the role of competitive age group swimmer. Sociology of Sport Journal, 2(2), 111–129. https://doi.org/10.1123/ssj.2.2.111
   Google Scholar
• Burton, D. (1992). Why young wrestlers” hang up” their singlet: An exploratory investigation comparing two models of sport attrition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 15(3), 209–226.
   Google Scholar
• Burton, D., & Martens, R. (1986). Pinned by their own goals: An exploratory investigation into why kids drop out of wrestling. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(3), 183–197.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton, D., O'Connell, K., Gillham, A. D., & Hammermeister, J. (2011). More cheers and fewer tears: Examining the impact of competitive engineering on scoring and attrition in youth flag football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 6(2), 219–228. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.6.2.219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butcher, J., Lindner, K. J., & Johns, D. P. (2002). Withdrawal from competitive youth sport: A retrospective ten-year study. Journal of Sport Behavior, 25(2), 7–8.
   Google Scholar
• Calvo, T. G., Cervello, E., Jimenez, R., Iglesias, D., & Murcia, J. A. M. (2010). Using self-determination theory to explain sport persistence and dropout in adolescent athletes. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 677–684. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600002341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter, P. J., & Coleman, R. (1998). A longitudinal study of elite youth cricketers' commitment. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29(3), 195–210.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesion in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 7(3), 244–266.
   Google Scholar
• Chelladurai, P., & Saleh, S. (1978). Preferred leadership in sports. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 3, 85–92.
   Google Scholar
• Chinapaw, M. J., Slootmaker, S. M., Schuit, A. J., van Zuidam, M., & van Mechelen, W. (2009). Reliability and validity of the Activity Questionnaire for Adults and Adolescents (AQuAA). BMC Medical Research Methodology, 9(1).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervello, E. M., Escarti, A., & Guzman, J. F. (2007). Youth sport dropout from the achievement goal theory. Psicothema, 19(1), 65–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, H. J., Camiré, M., Wade, T. J., & Cairney, J. (2015). Sport participation and its association with social and psychological factors known to predict substance use and abuse among youth: A scoping review of the literature. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 224–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1068829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobley, S. P., & Till, K. (2017). Participation trends according to relative age across youth UK Rugby league. International Journal of Sports Science and Coaching, 12(3), 339–343. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117710506
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cook, G. M., Fletcher, D., & Carroll, C. (2020). Psychosocial functioning of Olympic coaches and its perceived effect on athlete performance: a systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 278–311. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2020.1802769
   Google Scholar
• Côté, J. (1999). The influence of the family in the development of talent in sport. Sport Psychologist, 13(4), 395–417. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.13.4.395
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté, J., Ericsson, K. A., & Law, M. P. (2005). Tracing the development of athletes using retrospective interview methods: A proposed interview and validation procedure for reported information. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200590907531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté, J., Baker, J., & Abernethy, B. (2003). From play to practice: A developmental framework for the acquisition of expertise in team sport. In J. Starkes, & K. A. Ericsson (Eds.), Recent advances in research on sport expertise (pp. 89–114). Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Covidence systematic review software. (2020). Veritas Health Innovation. Melbourne, Australia. www.covidence.org
   Google Scholar
• Crane, J., & Temple, V. (2015). A systematic review of dropout from organized sport among children and youth. European Physical Education Review, 21(1), 114–131. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X14555294
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Bruin, A. B., Smits, N., Rikers, R. M., & Schmidt, H. G. (2008). Deliberate practice predicts performance over time in adolescent chess players and drop-outs: A linear mixed models analysis. British Journal of Psychology, 99, 473–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deelen, I., Ettema, D., & Kamphuis, C. B. (2018). Time-use and environmental determinants of dropout from organized youth football and tennis. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-5919-2
   Google Scholar
• Delorme, N., Boiche, J., & Raspaud, M. (2010a). Relative age effect in female sport: A diachronic examination of soccer players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 20(3), 509–515. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00979.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delorme, N., Boiche, J., & Raspaud, M. (2010b). Relative age and dropout in French male soccer. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(7), 717–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640411003663276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delorme, N., Chalabaev, A., & Raspaud, M. (2011). Relative age is associated with sport dropout: Evidence from youth categories of French basketball. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 21(1), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.01060.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delorme, N., & Raspaud, M. (2009). Is there an influence of relative age on participation in non-physical sports activities? The example of shooting sports. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(10), 1035–1042. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410902926438
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dishman, R. K., Ickes, W., & Morgan, W. P. (1980). Self-motivation and adherence to habitual physical activity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 10(2), 115–132. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1980.tb00697.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorsch, T. E., Smith, A. L., Blazo, J. A., Coakley, J., Côté, J., Wagstaff, C. R., … King, M. Q. (2020). Toward an integrated understanding of the youth sport system. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2020.1810847
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda, J. L. (1989). Relationship between task and ego orientation and the perceived purpose of sport among high school athletes. Journal of Sports and Exercise Psychology, 11, 318–335.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duda, J. L. (2001). Goal perspectives and their implications for health related outcomes in the physical domain. In F. Cury, P. Sarrazin, & F. P. Famose (Eds.), Advances in motivation theories in the sport domain (pp. 255–276). Presses Universitaires de France.
   Google Scholar
• Duda, J. L. (2013). The conceptual and empirical foundations of empowering coaching™: Setting the stage for the PAPA project. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.839414
   Google Scholar
• DuRant, R. H., Pendergrast, R. A., Donner, J., Seymore, C., & Gaillard, G. (1991). Adolescents’ attrition from school-sponsored sports. American Journal of Diseases of Children (1960), 145(10), 1119–1123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eime, R. M., Charity, M. J., Harvey, J. T., & Payne, W. R. (2015). Participation in sport and physical activity: Associations with socio-economic status and geographical remoteness. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1796-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eime, R. M., Young, J. A., Harvey, J. T., Charity, M. J., & Payne, W. R. (2013). A systematic review of the psychological and social benefits of participation in sport for children and adolescents: informing development of a conceptual model of health through sport. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 10(1), 1–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliasson, I., & Johansson, A. (2020). The disengagement process among young athletes when withdrawing from sport: A new research approach. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 1–21, https://doi.org/10.1177/1012690219899614
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escartí, A., Roberts, G. C., Cervelló, E. M., & Guzmán, J. F. (1999). Adolescent goal orientations and the perceptions of criteria of success used by significant others. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 30(3), 309–324.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredricks, J.A., and Eccles, J.S. (2002) Children's competence and value beliefs from childhood through adolescence: Growth trajectories in two malesex-typed domains. Developmental Psychology, 38, 519–533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feltz, D. L., & Petlichkoff, L. (1983). Perceived competence among interscholastic sport participants and dropouts. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 8(4).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Figueiredo, A. J., Gonçalves, C. E., Silva, C. e., & Malina, M. J., & M, R. (2009). Characteristics of youth soccer players who drop out, persist or move up. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(9), 883–891. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410902946469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiser, P. (2007). Career dropouts of young elite athletes. Psiholoska Obzorja / Horizons of Psychology, 16(4), 65–76.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, K. R., & Corbin, C. B. (1989). The physical self-perception profile: Development and preliminary validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 408–430. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.11.4.408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser-Thomas, J. (2010). Community size in youth sport settings: Examining developmental assets and sport withdrawal. Revue PhénEPS / PHEnex Journal, 2(2).
   Google Scholar
• Fraser-Thomas, J., & Côté, J. (2016). Understanding adolescents’ positive and negative developmental experiences in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 23(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.23.1.3
   Google Scholar
• Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008a). Examining adolescent sport dropout and prolonged engagement from a developmental perspective. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 20(3), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200802163549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser-Thomas, J., Côté, J., & Deakin, J. (2008b). Understanding dropout and prolonged engagement in adolescent competitive sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(5), 645–662. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2007.08.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser-Thomas, J., Falcão, W., & Wolman, L. (2016). Understanding take-up, drop-out and drop-off in youth sport. In Routledge handbook of youth sport (pp. 257–272). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Gardner, L. A., Magee, C. A., & Vella, S. A. (2017). Enjoyment and behavioral intention predict organized youth sport participation and dropout. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 14(11), 861–865. https://doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2016-0572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, D. L., & Deeter, T. E. (1988). Development of the sport orientation questionnaire. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 59(3), 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1988.10605504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill, D. L., Gross, J. B., & Huddleston, S. (1983). Participation motivation in youth sports. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 14(1), 1–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodman, R. (1997). The strengths and difficulties questionnaire: A research note. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 38(5), 581–586. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01545.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, D. (1987). Understanding attrition in children’s sport. In D. Gould & M. R. Weiss, Advances in pediatric sport sciences, behavioural issues (2nd ed., pp. 61–85). Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Gould, D., & Martens, R. (1979). Attitudes of volunteer coaches toward significant youth sport issues. Research Quarterly. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance, 50(3), 369–380. https://doi.org/10.1080/00345377.1979.10615623
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould, D., Feltz, D., Horn, T., & Weiss, M. (1982). Reasons for attrition in competitive youth swimming. Journal of Sport Behavior, 5(3), 155–165.
   Google Scholar
• Gröpel, P., & Mesagno, C. (2019). Choking interventions in sports: A systematic review. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(1), 176–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2017.1408134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillet, E., Sarrazin, P., Carpenter, P. J., Trouilloud, D., & Cury, F. (2002). Predicting persistence or withdrawal in female handballers with social exchange theory. International Journal of Psychology, 37(2), 92–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590143000243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzmán, J. F., & Kingston, K. (2012). Prospective study of sport dropout: A motivational analysis as a function of age and gender. European Journal of Sport Science, 12(5), 431–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2011.573002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guzman, J. F., & Lukwu, R. M. (2008). Propiedades psicométircas de una escala de percepción de la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas en el deporte [Psychometric properties of a scale to measure psychological need satisfaction in sport]. Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte, 3(8), 42.
   Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., Culverhouse, T., & Biddle, S. J. H. (2003). The processes by which perceived autonomy support in physical education promotes leisure-time physical activity intentions and behavior: A trans-contextual model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 95(4), 784–795. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.95.4.784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardie Murphy, M., Rowe, D. A., Woods, C. B., Murphy, M. H., Rowe, D. A., & & Woods, C. B. (2017). Impact of physical activity domains on subsequent physical activity in youth: A 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of Sports Sciences, 35(3), 262–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2016.1161219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harter, S. (1982). The perceived competence scale for children. Child Development, 53(1), 87–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, A.-R., Lam, M. H. S., Ku, S., Li, W. H. C., Lee, K. Y., Ho, E., Flint, S. A., & Wong, A. S. W. (2017). The reasons of dropout of sport in Hong Kong school athletes. Health Psychology Research, 5(1), 6766–6766. https://doi.org/10.4081/hpr.2017.6766
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hellandsig, E. T. (1998). Motivational predictors of high performance and discontinuation in different types of sports among talented teenage athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 29(1), 27–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helsen, W. F., Starkes, J. L., & Van Winckel, J. (1998). The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players. American Journal of Human Biology, 10(6), 791–798. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1998)10:6<791::AID-AJHB10>3.0.CO;2-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helmreich, R. L., Beane, W., Lucker, G. W., & Spence, J. T. (1978). Achievement motivation and scientific attainment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(2), 222–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., Rousseau, M., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2018). The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers. Education for Information, 34(4), 285–291. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-180221
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imtiaz, F., Hancock, D. J., Vierimaa, M., & Côté, J. (2014). Place of development and dropout in youth ice hockey. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(3), 234–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2014.880262
   Google Scholar
• Isoard-Gautheur, S., Guillet-Descas, E., & Gustafsson, H. (2016). Athlete burnout and the risk of dropout among young elite handball players. The Sport Psychologist, 30(2), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isoard-Gautheur, S., Oger, M., Guillet, E., & Martin-Krumm, C. (2010). Validation of a French version of the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26, 203–211. https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jakobsson, B. T., Lundvall, S., Redelius, K., & Engström, L. M. (2012). Almost all start but who continue? A longitudinal study of youth participation in Swedish club sports. European Physical Education Review, 18(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X11430660
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, I., & LeBlanc, A. G. (2010). Systematic review of the health benefits of physical activity and fitness in school-aged children and youth. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 7(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-7-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jõesaar, H., & Hein, V. (2011). Psychosocial determinants of young athletes’ continued participation over time. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 113(1), 51–66. https://doi.org/10.2466/05.06.13.PMS.113.4.51-66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jogulu, U. D., & Pansiri, J. (2011). Mixed methods: A research design for management doctoral dissertations. Management Research Review, 34(6), 687–701. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409171111136211
   Google Scholar
• Jowett, S., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). The coach–athlete relationship questionnaire (CART-Q): Development and initial validation. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 14(4), 245–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keathley, K., Himelein, M. J., & Srigley, G. (2013). Youth soccer participation and withdrawal: Gender similarities and differences. Journal of Sport Behavior, 36(2), 171–188.
   Google Scholar
• Keegan, R. J., Harwood, C. G., Spray, C. M., & Lavallee, D. E. (2009). A qualitative investigation exploring the motivational climate in early career sports participants: Coach, parent and peer influences on sport motivation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 10(3), 361–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2008.12.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirshnit, C. E., Ham, M., & Richards, M. H. (1989). The sporting life: Athletic activities during early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 18(6), 601–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02139076
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klint, K. A., & Weiss, M. R. (1986). Dropping in and dropping out: Participation motives of current and former youth gymnasts. Canadian Journal of Applied Sport Sciences, 11(2), 106–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurth, B. M., Kamtsiuris, P., Hölling, H., Schlaud, M., Dölle, R., Ellert, U., Kahl, H., Knopf, H., Lange, M., Mensink, G. B. M., Neuhauser, H., Rosario, A. S., Scheidt-Nave, C., Schenk, L., Schlack, R., Stolzenberg, H., Thamm, M., Thierfelder, W., & Wolf, U. (2008). The challenge of comprehensively mapping children's health in a nation-wide health survey: design of the German KiGGS-Study. BMC Public Health, 8(1).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klint, K. A., & Weiss, M. R. (1987). Perceived competence and motives for participating in youth sports: A test of Harter’s competence motivation theory. Journal of Sport Psychology, 9, 55–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagestad, P. (2019). Differences between adolescents staying in and dropping out of organized sport: A longitudinal study. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 19(2), 444–452. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2019.s2065
   Google Scholar
• Larson, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1983). The experience sampling method. In H. Reis (Ed.), New directions for naturalistic methods in the behavioral sciences (pp. 41–56). Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, H. K., Young, B. W., McHugh, T. L. F., & Rodgers, W. M. (2019). Markers of early specialization and their relationships with burnout and dropout in swimming. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 41(1), 46–54. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2018-0305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Bars, H., Ferron, F., Maïano, C., & Gernigon, C. (2006). Development and validation of the Significant Others Goal-Involving Roles in Sport Questionnaire. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 37, 359–380.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Bars, H., Gernigon, C., & Ninot, G. (2009). Personal and contextual determinants of elite young athletes’ persistence or dropping out over time. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 19(2), 274–285. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00786.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemez, S., Baker, J., Horton, S., Wattie, N., & Weir, P. (2014). Examining the relationship between relative age, competition level, and dropout rates in male youth ice-hockey players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 24(6), 935–942. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12127
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, F., & Harmer, P. (1996). Testing the simple assumption underlying the Sport Motivation Scale: A structural equation modeling analysis. Research Quarterly for Sport and Exercise, 67(4), 396–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindner, K. J., Johns, D. P., & Butcher, J. (1991). Factors in withdrawal from youth sport: A proposed model. Journal of Sport Behavior, 14(1), 3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Losier, G. F., Vallerand, R. J., & Blais, M. R. (1993). Construction et validation de l'Échelle des Perceptions de Compétence dans les Domaines de Vie (EPCDV) [Construction and validation of the Perceived Competence in Life Domains Scale (PCLDS)]. Science et Comportement, 23(1), 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Lyle, J. (2005). Sports coaching concepts: A framework for coaches’ behaviour. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• MacCosham, B., & Gravelle, F. (2018). Withdrawing from amateur junior ice hockey as a means for optimizing leisure experiences. Annals of Leisure Research, 21(1), 32–46. https://doi.org/10.1080/11745398.2016.1256224
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen, D. B., Das, A. K., Bogen, I., & Grossman, E. E. (1987). A short sensation-seeking scale. Psychological Reports, 60(3, Pt 2), 1179–1184. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1987.60.3c.1179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manz, K., Krug, S., Schienkiewitz, A., & Finger, J. D. (2016). Determinants of organized sports participation patterns during the transition from childhood to adolescence in Germany: Results of a nationwide cohort study. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3615-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martens, R. (1977). Sport competition anxiety test. Human Kinetics Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Martens, R., Landers, D. M., & Loy, J. W. (1972). Sport cohesiveness questionnaire. Unpublished manuscript, University of Illinois.
   Google Scholar
• May, C. (2020, October 23). What is sport? Clearinghouse for sport, Sport Australia, https://www.clearinghouseforsport.gov.au/kb/what-is-sport#defining_sport
   Google Scholar
• McAuley, E., Duncan, T., & Tammen, V. V. (1989) Psychometric properties of the Intrinsic Motivation Inventory in a competitive sport setting: A confirmatory factor analysis. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 60(1), 48–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDermott, M. R. (1988). Measuring rebelliousness: The development of the negativism dominance scale. In Advances in psychology (Vol. 51, pp. 297–312). North-Holland.
   Google Scholar
• Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., & Altman, D. G. (2009). The PRISMA group. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), 6. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed1000097
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinero, O., Salguero, A., Tuero, C., Alvarez, E., & Marquez, S. (2006). Dropout reasons in young spanish athletes: Relationship to gender, type of sport and level of competition. Journal of Sport Behavior, 29(3), 255-269.
   Google Scholar
• Monteiro, D. M., Marinho, D. A., Moutão, J. M., Vitorino, A. P., Antunes, R. N., & Cid, L. L. (2018). Reasons for dropout in swimmers, differences between gender and age and intentions to return to competition. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 58(12), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.17.06867-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moulds, K., Abbott, S., Pion, J., Brophy-Williams, C., HeathCote, M., & Cobley, S. (2020). Sink or swim? A survival analysis of sport dropout in Australian youth swimmers. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 30(11), 2222–2233. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mountjoy, M., Andersen, L. B., Armstrong, N., Biddle, S., Boreham, C., Brandl Bedenbeck, H. P., … Van Mechelen, W. (2011). International Olympic committee consensus statement on the health and fitness of young people through physical activity and sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 45(11), 839–848. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2011-090228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nache, C. M., Bar-Eli, M., Perrin, C., & Laurencelle, L. (2005). Predicting dropout in male youth soccer using the theory of planned behavior. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 15(3), 188–197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.00416.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. G. (1984). Striving to demonstrate and develop ability: A theory of achievement motivation. In J. G. Nicholls (Ed.), The development of achievement motivation. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. (1989). The competitive ethos and democratic education. Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. G., Cobb, P., Wood, T., Yackel, E., & Patashnick, M. (1990). Assessing students’ theories of success in mathematics: Individual and classroom differences. Journal for Research in Mathematics Education, 21(2), 109–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls, J. G., Patashnick, M., & Nolen, S. B. (1985). Adolescents’ theories of education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 77(6), 683–692.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ntoumanis, N., & Vazou, S. (2005). Peer motivational climate in youth sport: Measurement development and validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 27(4), 432–455. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.27.4.432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ommundsen, Y., & Vaglum, P. (1997). Competence, perceived importance of competence and drop-out from soccer: A study of young players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 7(6), 373–383. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.1997.tb00170.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patriksson, G. (1988). Theoretical and empirical analyses of drop-outs from youth sports in Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Sports Sciences, 10(1), 29–37.
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier, L.G., & Otis, N. (2001). Construction et validation de l’échelle des Comportements Interpersonnels. Manuscript submitted for publication.
   Google Scholar
• Pelletier, L. G., Tuson, K. M., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Brière, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The sport motivation scale (SMS). Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35–53. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.1.35
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Persson, M., Espedalen, L. E., Stefansen, K., & Strandbu, A. (2019). Opting out of youth sports: How can we understand the social processes involved? Sport Education and Society, 25(7), 842–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2019.1663811
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips, L. H. (2000). Sports injury incidence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(2), 133–136. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.34.2.133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pion, J., Lenoir, M., Vandorpe, B., & Segers, V. (2015). Talent in female gymnastics: A survival analysis based upon performance characteristics. International Journal of Sports Medicine, 94(11), 935–940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0035-1548887
   Google Scholar
• Pluye, P., Gagnon, M., Griffiths, F., & Johnson-Lafleur, J. (2009). A scoring system for appraising mixed methods research, and concomitantly appraising qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods primary studies in mixed studies reviews. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 46(4), 529–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2009.01.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pluye, P., Robert, E., Cargo, M., Bartlett, G., O’Cathain, A., Griffiths, F., … Rousseau, M. C. (2011). Proposal: A mixed methods appraisal tool for systematic mixed studies reviews. Montréal: McGill University, 2, 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Prins, R. G., Kamphuis, C. B. M., van Empelen, P., Beenackers, M. A., Brug, J., Mackenbach, J. P., & Oenema, A. (2013). Explaining socio-demographic differences in disengagement from sports in adolescence. European Journal of Public Health, 23(5), 811–816. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quested, E., Ntoumanis, N., Viladrich, C., Haug, E., Ommundsen, Y., Van Hoye, A., … Duda, J. L. (2013). Intentions to drop-out of youth soccer: A test of the basic needs theory among European youth from five countries. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 11(4), 395–407. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2013.830431
   Google Scholar
• Raedeke, T. D., & Smith, A. L. (2009). The athlete burnout questionnaire manual (Vol. 4). Fitness Information Technology.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, J. J., & McDowell, Z. C. (2003). Physical activity interventions in the prevention and treatment of paediatric obesity: Systematic review and critical appraisal. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 62(3), 611–619. https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS2003276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinboth, M., Duda, J. L., & Ntoumanis, N. (2004). Dimensions of coaching behavior, need satisfaction, and the psychological and physical welfare of young athletes. Motivation and Emotion, 28(3), 297–313.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richer, S. F., & Vallerand, R. J. (1998). Construction et validation de l'échelle du sentiment d'appartenance sociale (ÉSAS). European Review of Applied Psychology, 48(2), 129–138.
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, G. C., Treasure, D. C., & Balagué, G. (1998). Achievement goals in sport: The development and validation of the Perception of Success Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Sciences, 16(4), 337–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson, T. T., & Carron, A. V. (1982). Personal and situational factors associated with dropping out versus maintaining participation in competitive sport. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(4), 364–378.
   Google Scholar
• Román, PÁL, Pinillos, F. G., & Robles, J. L. (2018). Early sport dropout: High performance in early years in young athletes is not related with later success. Retos: Nuevas Tendencias en Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación(33), 210–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society of the adolescent self-image. Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rottensteiner, C., Konttinen, N., & Laakso, L. (2015). Sustained participation in youth sports related to coach-athlete relationship and coach-created motivational climate. International Sport Coaching Journal, 2(1), 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1123/iscj.2014-0060
   Google Scholar
• Rottensteiner, C., Laakso, L., Pihlaja, T., & Konttinen, N. (2013). Personal reasons for withdrawal from team sports and the influence of significant others among youth athletes. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 8(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1260/1747-9541.8.1.19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryska, T. A., Hohensee, D., Cooley, D., & Jones, C. (2002). Participation motives in predicting sport dropout among Australian youth gymnasts. North American Journal of Psychology, 4(2), 199–210.
   Google Scholar
• Sabo, D., & Veliz, P. (2016). Inequalities in athletic participation during adolescence: A nationwide study of attrition rates in organized sports in the United States. Health Behavior & Policy Review, 3(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.14485/HBPR.3.2.1
   Google Scholar
• Salguero, A., Gonzalez-Boto, R., Tuero, C., & Marquez, S. (2003). Identification of dropout reasons in young competitive swimmers. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 43(4), 530–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallis, J. F., Strikmiller, P. K., Harsha, D. W., Feldman, H. A., Ehlinger, S., Stone, E. J., & Woods, S. (1996). Validation of interviewer- and self- administered physical activity checklists for fifth grade students. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 28, 840–851. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199607000-00011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarrazin, P., Vallerand, R., Guillet, E., Pelletier, L., & Cury, F. (2002). Motivation and dropout in female handballers: A 21-month prospective study. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(3), 395–418. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.98
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scanlan, T. K., Carpenter, P. J., Simons, J. P., Schmidt, G. W., & Keeler, B. (1993). The sport commitment model: Measurement development for the youth-sport domain. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 16–38. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.15.1.16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scalon, R. M. (1998). Fatores motivacionais que influem na aderência e no abandono dos programas de iniciação desportiva pela criança. Porto Alegre: Escola de Educação Física da UFRGS.
   Google Scholar
• Search Institute. (2005). Developmental assets profile. https://www.search-institute.org/surveys/choosing-a-survey/dap/
   Google Scholar
• Seefeldt, V., Ewing, M., Hylka, T., Trevor, C, & Walk, S. (1989). Participation and attrition in youth sports, with implications for soccer. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the U.S. Youth Soccer Association, Seattle.
   Google Scholar
• Scheier, M. E., & Carver, C. S. (1987). Dispositional optimism and physical well-being: The influence of generalized outcome expectancies on health. Journal of Personality, 55(2), 169–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00434.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, D., Coffee, P., Daly, P., & Lavallee, D. (2020). ‘Here, you're all good enough to play': Lessons learned from the GAA super games centre. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 16(1), 86–93.
   Google Scholar
• Smoll, F. L., Smith, R. E., Barnett, N. P., & Everett, J. J. (1993). Enhancement of children’s self-esteem through social support training for youth sport coaches. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 602–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares, A. L. A., Kós, L. D., Paes, R. R., Nascimento, J. V., Collins, D., Gonçalves, C. E., & Carvalho, H. M. (2020). Determinants of drop-out in youth basketball: An interdisciplinary approach. Research in Sports Medicine, 28(1), 84–98. https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2019.1586708
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souto, R. Q., Khanassov, V., Hong, Q. N., Bush, P. L., Vedel, I., & Pluye, P. (2015). Systematic mixed studies reviews: Updating results on the reliability and efficiency of the Mixed Methods Appraisal tool. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 52(1), 500–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2014.08.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thibaut, J. W., & Kelley, H. (1959). The social psychology of groups. Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Tobias, W., Cazella, R. D., & Ribeiro, D. A. (2016). Factors related to the withdrawal of the futsal practice in children and adolescents/ Fatores relacionados a desistencia da pratica do futsal em criancas e adolescentes. Revista Brasileira de Futsal e Futebol, 8(29), 181–189.
   Google Scholar
• Tudge, J. R., Mokrova, I., Hatfield, B. E., & Karnik, R. B. (2009). Uses and misuses of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory of human development. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 1(4), 198–210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-2589.2009.00026.x
   Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R. J. (1997). Toward a hierarchical model of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 271–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60019-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallerand, R. J., & Miquelon, P. (2007). Passion in sport: Theory, research and applications. In D. Lavallée & S. Jowett (Eds.), Social psychology in sport (pp. 249–263). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.
   Google Scholar
• Van-Yperen N. W. (1995). Interpersonal stress, performance-level, and parental support: a longitudinal-study among highly skilled young soccer players. Sport Psychologist, 9, 225–241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van-Yperen, N. W., & Duda, J. L. (1999). Goal orientations, beliefs about success, and performance improvement among young elite Dutch soccer players. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 9(6), 358–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vella, S. A., Cliff, D. P., & Okely, A. D. (2014). Socio-ecological predictors of participation and dropout in organized sports during childhood. The International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 11(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5868-11-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Venkatesh, V., Brown, S., & Bala, H. (2013). Bridging the qualitative–quantitative divide: Guidelines for conducting mixed methods research in information systems. MIS Quarterly, 37(1), 21–54. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2013/37.1.02
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Michailidou, S. (2006). Development and initial validation of a measure of autonomy, competence, and relatedness in exercise: The basic psychological needs in exercise scale. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 10(3), 179–201. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327841mpee1003_4
   Google Scholar
• Walling, M. D., Duda, J. L., & Chi, L. (1993). The perceived motivational climate in sport questionnaire: Construct and predictive validity. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15, 172–183.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters, S. R., Beattie, R., Oldham, A. R. H., & Millar, S. K. (2017). Attrition in school rowing in New Zealand: A qualitative descriptive study. Qualitative Report, 22(10), 2785–2804.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattie, N., Tietjens, M., Cobley, S., Schorer, J., Baker, J., & Kurz, D. (2014). Relative age-related participation and dropout trends in German youth sports clubs. European Journal of Sport Science, 14(sup1), S213–S220. https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2012.681806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M. R., & Smith, A. L. (1999). Quality of youth sport friendships: Measurement development and validation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 21(2), 145–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss, M. R., Kimmel, L. A., & Smith, A. L. (2001). Determinants of sport commitment among junior tennis players: Enjoyment as a mediating variable. Pediatric Exercise Science, 13(2), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.13.2.131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar