References
- Ades, A. E., Lu, G., & Higgins, J. P. T. (2005). The interpretation of random-effects meta-analysis in decision models. Medical Decision Making, 25(6), 646–654. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X05282643
- Akesdotter, C., Kenttä, G., Eloranta, S., & Franck, J. (2020). The prevalence of mental health problems in elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 2020(4), 329–335. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2019.10.022
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). APA.
- Armstrong, S., & Oomen-Early, J. (2009). Social connectedness, self-esteem, and depression symptomology among collegiate athletes versus nonathletes. Journal of American College Health, 57(5), 521–526. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.5.521-526
- Aston, P., Filippou-Frye, M., Blasey, C., van Roessel, P. J., & Rodriguez, C. I. (2020). Self-reported depressive symptoms in active and retired professional hockey players. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science, 52(2), 97–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/cbs0000169
- Bar, K., & Markser, V. Z. (2013). Sport specificity of mental disorders: The issue of sport psychiatry. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 263(2), 205–211. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-013-0458-4
- Baron, D. A., Baron, S. H., Tompkins, J., & Polat, A. (2013). Assessing and treating depression in athletes. In D. A. Baron, C. L. Reardon, & S. H. Baron (Eds.), Clinical sports psychiatry: An international perspective (pp. 65–78). John Wiley& Sons.
- Beable, S., Fulcher, M., Lee, A. C., & Hamilton, B. (2017). SHARPSports mental health awareness research project: Prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms and life stress in elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 20(12), 1047–1052. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2017.04.018
- Bejar, M. P., Raabe, J., Zakrajsek, R. A., Fisher, L. A., & Clement, D. (2019). Athletic trainers’ influence on national collegiate athletic association division I athletes’ basic psychological needs during sport injury rehabilitation. Journal of Athletic Training, 54(3), 245–254. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-112-18
- Biggin, I. J., Burns, J. H., & Uphill, M. (2017). An investigation of athletes’ and coaches’ perceptions of mental ill-health in elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 11(2), 126–147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2016-0017
- Bissett, J. E., & Tamminen, K. A. (2020). Student-athlete disclosures of psychological distress: Exploring the experiences of university coaches and athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1753263
- Brewer, B. W., & Petrie, T. A. (1995). A comparison between injured and uninjured football players on selected psychosocial variables. Academic Athletic Journal, 10, 11–18.
- Bunney, P. E., Zink, A. N., Holm, A. A., Billington, C. J., & Kotz, C. M. (2017). Orexin activation counteracts decreases in nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) caused by high-fat diet. Physiology & Behavior, 176, 139–148. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.040
- Cao, C., Hu, L., Xu, T., Liu, Q., Koyanagi, A., Yang, L., Carvalho, A. F., Cavazos-Rehg, P. A., & Smith, L. (2020). Prevalence, correlates, and misperception of depression symptoms in the United States, NHANES 2015-2018. Journal of Affective Disorders, 269, 51–57. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.03.031
- Corrigan, P. W. (2004). How stigma interferes with mental health care. The American Psychologist, 59(7), 614–625. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.7.614
- Covassin, T., Bretzin, A. C., Japinga, A., Teachnor-Hauk, D., & Nogle, S. (2019). Exploring the relationship between depression and seasonal affective disorder in incoming first year collegiate student-athletes. Athletic Training and Sport Health Care, 11(3), 124–130. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3928/19425864-20180710-01
- Covassin, T., Elbin, R., Larson, E., & Kontos, A. (2012). Sex and age differences in depression and baseline sport-related concussion neurocognitive performance and symptoms. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 22(2), 98–104. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31823403d2
- Cox, C. E., Ross-Stewart, L., & Foltz, B. D. (2017). Investigating the prevalence and risk factors of depression symptoms among NCAA division I collegiate athletes. Journal of Sports Science, 5(1), 14–28. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.17265/2332-7839/2017.01.002
- Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1960). A new scale of social desirability independent of psychopathology. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 24(4), 349–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047358
- DiPasquale, L. D., & Petrie, T. A. (2013). Prevalence of disordered eating: A comparison of male and female collegiate athletes and nonathletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7(3), 186–197. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.7.3.186
- Drew, B., & Matthews, J. (2019). The prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms in student-athletes and the relationship with resilience and help-seeking behavior. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(3), 421–439. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0043
- Drew, M., Vlahovich, N., Hughes, D., Appaneal, R., Burke, L. M., Lundy, B., Rogers, M., Toomey, M., Watts, D., Lovell, G., Praet, S., Halson, S. L., Colbey, C., Manzanero, S., Welvaert, M., West, N. P., Pyne, D. B., Waddington, G., (2018). Prevalence of illness, poor mental health and sleep quality and low energy availability prior to the 2016 summer Olympic games. British Journal of Sport Medicine, 52(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098208
- Duffield, T. C., Lim, M., Novak, M., Lin, A., Luther, M., Williams, C., & Piantino, J. (2021). The relationship between depressive symptoms, somatic complaints, and concussion history with poor sleep in collegiate athletes. Sleep Health, 7(1), 43–48. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2020.06.009
- DuPreez, E., Graham, K., Gan, T., Moses, B., Ball, C., & Kuah, D. E. (2017). Depression, anxiety, and alcohol use in elite rugby league players over a competitive season. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 27(6), 530–535. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000411
- Durant, L. E., Carey, M. P., & Schroder, K. E. (2002). Effects of anonymity, gender, and erotophilia on the quality of data obtained from self-reports of socially sensitive behaviors. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 25(5), 439–467. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1020419023766
- Eisenberg, D., Downs, M. F., Golberstein, E., & Zivin, K. (2009). Stigma and help seeking for mental health among college students. Medical Care Research and Review, 66(5), 522–541. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558709335173
- Fox, A. B., Earnshaw, V. A., Taverna, E. C., & Vogt, D. (2018). Conceptualizing and measuring mental illness stigma: The mental illness stigma framework and critical review of measures. Stigma and Health, 3(4), 348–376. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/sah0000104
- Golding, L., Gillingham, R. G., & Perera, N. K. (2020). The prevalence of depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes: A systematic review. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 48(3), 247–258. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2020.1713708
- Gorczynski, P. F., Coyle, M., & Gibson, K. (2017). Depressive symptoms in high-performance athletes and non-athletes: A comparative meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(18), 1348–1354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.16285/j.rsm.2007.10.006
- Gouttebarge, V., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Gorczynski, P., Hainline, B., Hitchcock, M. E., Kerkhoffs, G. M., Rice, S. M., & Reardon, C. L. (2019). Occurrence of mental health symptoms and disorders in current and former elite athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(11), 700–706. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100671.
- Gross, M. B., Wolanin, A. T., Pess, R. A., & Hong, E. S. (2017). Socially desirable responding by student-athletes in the context of depressive symptom evaluation. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 11(2), 148–157. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0020
- Gucciardi, D. F., Lines, R. L. J., & Ntoumanis, N. (2022). Handling effect size dependency in metal-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 152–178. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1946835
- Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2012). Barriers and facilitators to mental health help-seeking for young elite athletes: A qualitative study. BMC Psychiatry, 12(1). https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-12-157.
- Gulliver, A., Griffiths, K. M., Mackinnon, A., Batterham, P. J., & Stanimirovic, R. (2015). The mental health of Australian elite athletes. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(3), 255–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.04.006
- Gunnell, K. E., Belcourt, V. J., Tomasone, J. R., & Weeks, L. C. (2022). Systematic review methods. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 5–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1966823
- Hagger, M. (2022). Meta-analysis. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 15(1), 120–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1966824
- Hammond, T., Gialloreto, C., Kubas, H., & Davis, H. (2013). The prevalence of failure-based depression among elite athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 23(4), 273–277. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e318287b870
- Harris, S. A., Chivers, P. T., McIntyre, F. L., Piggott, B., Bulsara, M., & Farringdon, F. (2020). Exploring the association between recent concussion, subconcussive impacts and depressive symptoms in male Australian football players. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 6(1), e000655. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2019-000655
- Higgins, J. P. T., Thomas, J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M. J., & Welch, V. A. (2019). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley and Sons.
- Higgins, J. P. T., & Thompson, S. G.. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539–1558. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(ISSN)1097-0258.
- Hunt, A., Auriemma, J., & Cashaw, A. C. (2003). Self-report bias and underreporting of depression on the BDI-II. Journal of Personality Assessment, 80(1), 26–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA8001_10
- Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., Adams, C. E., & Glazebrook, C. (2013). A systematic review of studies of depression prevalence in university students. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 47(3), 391–400. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.11.015
- James, S., Abate, D., Abate, K. H., Abay, S. M., Abbafati, C., Abbasi, N., Abbastabar, H., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abebe, Z., Abera, S. F., Abil, O. Z., Abraha, H. N., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abu-Rmeileh, N., Accrombessi, M., Acharya, D., & Murray, C. J. L.. ( 2018). Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. The Lancet, 392(10159), 1789–1858. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7.
- Junge, A., & Feddermann-Demont, N. (2016). Prevalence of depression and anxiety in top-level male and female football players. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 2(1), e000087. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000087
- Junge, A., & Prinz, B. (2019). Depression and anxiety symptoms in 17 teams of female football players including 10 German first league teams. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 53(8), 471–477. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098033
- Kessler, R., Berglund, P., Demler, O., Jin, R., Koretz, D., Merikangas, K., Rush, J., Walters, E. E., & Wang, P. (2003). The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Journal of American Medical Association, 289(23), 3095–3105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.23.3095
- Lebrun, F., MacNamara, A., Rodgers, S., & Collins, D. (2018). Learning from elite athletes’ experience of depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02062
- Leddy, M., Lambert, M., & Ogles, B. (1994). Psychological consequences of athletic injury among high-level competitors. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 65(4), 347–354. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.1994.10607639
- Lei, X. Y., Xiao, L. M., Liu, Y. N., & Li, Y. M. (2016). Prevalence of depression among Chinese university students: A meta-analysis. PloS One, 11(4), e0153454. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153454.
- Li, H., Moreland, J. J., Peek-Asa, C., & Yang, J. (2017). Preseason anxiety and depressive symptoms and prospective injury risk in collegiate athletes. American Journal of Sport Medicine, 45(9), 2148–2155. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517702847
- LoGalbo, A., DaCosta, A., & Webbe, F. (2020). Comparison of the PHQ9 and ImPACT symptom cluster scores in measuring depression among college athletes. Applied Neuropsychology, 2020, 1–7. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2020.1805611
- Lopez, R. L., & Levy, J. J. (2013). Student athletes’ perceived barriers to and preferences for seeking counseling. Journal of College Counseling, 16(1), 19–31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1882.2013.00024.x
- Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: Comparison of the depression anxiety stress scale (DASS) with the Beck depression and anxiety inventories. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-U
- Ma, S., Kang, L., Guo, X., Liu, H., Yao, L., Bai, H., Chen, C., Hu, M., Du, L., Du, H., Ai, C., Wang, F., Wang, G., Li, R., & Liu, Z. (2021). Discrepancies between self-rated depression and observed depression severity: The effects of personality and dysfunctional attitudes. General Hospital Psychiatry, 5(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2020.11.016
- Mathisen, T. F., Heia, J., Raustøl, M., Sandeggen, M., Fjellestad, I., & Sundgot-Borgen, J. (2020). Physical health and symptoms of relative energy deficiency in female fitness athletes. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 30(1), 135–147. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13568
- McGuire, L. C., Ingram, Y. M., Sachs, M. L., & Tierney, R. T. (2017). Temporal changes in depression symptoms in male and female collegiate student-athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 11(4), 337–351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/JCSP.2016-0035
- Meier, T. B., Brummel, B. J., Singh, R., Nerio, C. J., Polanski, D. W., & Bellgowan, P. S. (2015). The underreporting of self-reported symptoms following sports-related concussion. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 18(5), 507–511. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2014.07.008
- Miller, B. E., Miller, M. N., Verhegge, R., Linville, H. H., & Pumariega, A. J. (2002). Alcohol misuse among collegiate athletes: Self-medication for psychiatric symptoms? Journal of Drug Education, 32(1), 41–52. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2190/JDFM-AVAK-G9FV-0MYY
- Nabhan, D., Lewis, M., Taylor, D., & Bahr, R. (2021). Expanding the screening toolbox to promote athlete health: How the US Olympic & Paralympic Committee screened for health problems in 940 elite athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 55(4), 226–230. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2020-102756
- National Institutes of Health. (2020). Study quality assessment tools. https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/study-quality-assessment-tools
- Nixdorf, I., Frank, R., Hautzinger, M., & Beckmann, J. (2013). Prevalence of depressive symptoms and correlating variables among German elite athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7(4), 313–326. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.7.4.313
- Ong, A. D., & Weiss, D. J. (2000). The impact of anonymity on responses to sensitive questions. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30(8), 1691–1708. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2000.tb02462.x
- Orsolini, L., Latini, R., Pompili, M., Serafini, G., Volpe, U., Vellante, F., Fornaro, M., Valchera, A., Tomasetti, C., Fraticelli, S., Alessandrini, M., La Rovere, R., Trotta, S., Martinotti, G., Di Giannantonio, M., & De Berardis, D. (2020). Understanding the complex of suicide in depression: From research to clinics. Psychiatry Investigation, 17(3), 207–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.30773/pi.2019.0171
- Page, M., Moher, D., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., Chou, R., Glanville, J., Grimshaw, J. M., Hróbjartsson, A., Lalu, M. M., Li, T., Loder, E. W., Mayo-Wilson, E., McDonald, S., ... & McKenzie, J. E. (2021). PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: Updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, n160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n160
- Paulhus, D. L. (1984). Two-component models of socially desirable responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46(3), 598–609. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.46.3.598
- Porter, L. S., Phillips, C., Dickens, S., & Kiyak, H. A. (2000). Social desirability in patients seeking surgical treatment for dentofacial disharmony: Associations with psychological distress and motivation for treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 7(2), 99–106. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009539430402
- Proctor, S. L., & Boan-Lenzo, C. (2010). Prevalence of depression symptoms in male intercollegiate student-athletes and non-athletes. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 4(1), 204–220. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.4.3.204
- Ramanathan, D., Rabinowitz, A., Barwick, F., & Arnett, P. A. (2012). Validity of affect measurement in evaluating symptom reporting in athletes. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 18(1), 101–107. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711001457
- Reynolds, W. M. (1982). Development of valid and reliable short forms of the Marlowe-Crown social desirability scale. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 38(1), 119–125. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.71.3f.1155
- Rice, S. M., Purcell, R., De Silva, S., Mawren, D., McGorry, P. D., & Parker, A. G. (2016). The mental health of elite athletes: A narrative systematic review. Sports Medicine, 46(9), 1333–1353. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0492-2
- Riegler, K. E., Guty, E. T., & Arnett, P. A. (2018). Validity of the ImPACT post-concussion symptom scale (PCSS) affective symptom cluster as a screener for depression in collegiate athletes. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 34(4), 563–574. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acy081
- Riegler, K. E., Guty, E. T., & Arnett, P. A. (2020). Neuropsychological test performance in depressed and non-depressed collegiate athletes following concussion. Neuropsychology, 34(1), 63–76. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000582
- Roiger, T., Weidauer, L., & Kern, B. (2015). A longitudinal pilot study of depressive symptoms in concussed and injured/nonconcussed National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(3), 256–261. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-49.3.83
- Rowe, R., & Calnan, M. (2006). Trust relations in health care – the new agenda. European Journal of Public Health, 16(1), 4–6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckl004
- Sarac, N., Sarac, B., Pedroza, A., & Borchers, J. (2018). Epidemiology of mental health conditions in incoming division I collegiate athletes. The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 26(2), 242–248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00913847.2018.1427412
- Schomerus, G., Stolzenburg, S., Freitag, S., Speerforck, S., Janowitz, D., Evans-Lacko, S., Muehlan, H., & Schmidt, S. (2019). Stigma as a barrier to recognizing personal mental illness and seeking help: A prospective study among untreated persons with mental illness. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(4), 469–479. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0896-0
- Senteio, C. R., & Yoon, D. B. (2020). How physicians elicit sensitive health information from patients: Describing access to psychosocial information. Qualitative Health Research, 30(9), 1338–1348. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732320911630
- Sheldon, E., Simmonds-Buckley, M., Bone, C., Mascarenhas, T., Chan, N., Wincott, M., Gleeson, H., Sow, K., Hind, D., & Barkham, M. (2021). Prevalence and risk factors for mental health problems in university undergraduate students: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 287, 282–292. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.03.054
- Smith, R. A., & Applegate, A. (2018). Mental health stigma and communication and their intersections in education. Communication Education, 67(3), 382–408. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2018.1465988
- Smith, R. E., Schutz, R. W., Smoll, F. L., & Ptacek, J. T. (1995). Development and validation of a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: The athletic coping skills inventory-28. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 17(4), 379–398. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jsep.17.4.379
- Strohle, A. (2019). Sports psychiatry: Mental health and mental disorders in athletes and exercise treatment of mental disorders. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 269(5), 485–498. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-018-0891-5
- Tahtinen, R., & Kristjansdottir, H. (2018). The influence of anxiety and depressive symptoms on help-seeking intentions in individual sport athletes and non-athletes: The role of gender and athlete status. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 13(1), 134–151. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/jcsp.2017-0028
- Tran, A. G. T. T. (2020). Using the GAD-7 and GAD-2 generalized anxiety disorder screeners with student-athletes: Empirical and clinical perspectives. The Sport Psychologist, 34(4), 300–309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2020-0028
- Wahto, R. S., Swift, J. K., & Whipple, J. L. (2016). The role of stigma and referral source in predicting college student-athletes’ attitudes toward psychological help-seeking. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 10(2), 85–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1123/JCSP.2015-0025
- Walton, C. C., Baranoff, J., Gilbert, P., & Kirby, J. (2020). Self-compassion, social rank, and psychological distress in athletes of varying competitive levels. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 50, 101733. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101733
- Wolanin, A., Gross, M., & Hong, E. (2016). Depression in athletes: Prevalence and risk factors. Current Sports Medicine Reports, 14(1), 56–60. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0000000000000123
- Yang, J., Cheng, G., Zhang, Y., Covassin, T., Heiden, E. O., & Peek-Asa, C. (2014). Influence of symptoms of depression and anxiety on injury hazard among collegiate American football players. Research in Sports Medicine, 22(2), 147–160. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15438627.2014.881818
- Yang, J., Peek-Asa, C., Corlette, J., Cheng, G., Foster, D. T., & Albright, J. (2007). Prevalence of and risk factors associated with symptoms of depression in competitive collegiate student athletes. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 17(6), 481–487. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JSM.0b013e31815aed6b