References
- Abbatine, T., D.M. Laby, and D.G. Kirschen. 2019. Scope and rope: A visual profile of major league hitters. Baseball America, August 8. https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/scope-and-rope-a-visual-profile-of-major-league-hitters/.
- Black, T. 1996. Does the ban on drugs in sport improve societal welfare? International Review for the Sociology of Sport 31 (4): 367–81. doi:10.1177/101269029603100402.
- Brown, W.M. 1980. Ethics, drugs, and sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 7 (1): 15–23. doi:10.1080/00948705.1980.9714363.
- Brown, W.M. 1985a. Comments on Simon and Fraleigh. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 11 (1): 33–35. doi:10.1080/00948705.1984.9714412.
- Brown, W.M. 1985b. Paternalism, drugs, and the nature of sports. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 11 (1): 14–22. doi:10.1080/00948705.1984.9714409.
- Fraleigh, W.P. 1985. Performance-enhancing drugs in sport: The ethical issue. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 11 (1): 23–29. doi:10.1080/00948705.1984.9714410.
- Gardner, R. 1989. On performance-enhancing substances and the unfair advantage argument. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 16 (1): 59–73. doi:10.1080/00948705.1989.9714469.
- Holowchak, M.A. 2000. ‘Aretism’ and pharmacological ergogenic aids in sports: Taking a shot at the use of steroids. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 27 (1): 35–50. doi:10.1080/00948705.2000.9714588.
- Jones, A.M., B.S. Kirby, I.E. Clark, H.M. Rice, E. Fulkerson, L.J. Wylie, D.P. Wilkerson, A. Vanhatalo, and B.W. Wilkins. 2021. Physiological demands of running at 2-hour marathon race pace. Journal of Applied Physiology 130 (2): 369–79. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00647.2020.
- Kayser, B., and B. Broers. 2015. Doping and performance enhancement: Harms and harm reduction. In Routledge handbook of drugs and sport, edited by V. Møller, I. Waddington, and J.M. Hoberman. London: Routledge: 363–76.
- Kayser, B., A. Mauron, and A. Miah. 2005. Viewpoint: Legalisation of performance-enhancing drugs. Lancet 366 (suppl. 1): S21. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67831-2.
- Lehman, E.J., M.J. Hein, S.L. Baron, and C.M. Gersic. 2012. Neurodegenerative causes of death among retired National Football League players. Neurology 79 (19): 1970–74. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31826daf50.
- Lenk, C. 2007. Is enhancement in sport really unfair? Arguments on the concept of competition and equality of opportunities. Sport, Ethics & Philosophy 1 (2): 218–28. doi:10.1080/17511320701425157.
- Loland, S. 2002. Fair play in sport: A moral norm system. London: Routledge.
- Loland, S. 2009. Fairness in sport: An ideal and its consequences. In Performance-enhancing technologies in sports: Ethical, conceptual, and scientific issues, edited by T.H. Murray, K.J. Maschke, and A. Wasunna. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press: 160–74.
- Loland, S. 2018. Performance-enhancing drugs, sport, and the ideal of natural athletic performance. The American Journal of Bioethics 18 (6): 8–15. doi:10.1080/15265161.2018.1459934.
- May, J. 2023. How long is the average career of an NFL player? Diario AS, April 28. https://en.as.com/nfl/how-long-is-the-average-career-of-an-nfl-player-n/.
- McKeever, S. 2017. A moral basis for prohibiting performance enhancing drug use in competitive sport. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 44 (2): 243–57. doi:10.1080/00948705.2017.1317601.
- Miah, A. 2004. Genetically modified athletes: Biomedical ethics, gene doping and sport. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.
- Moore, E. and J. Morrison. 2022. In defense of medically supervised doping. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 49 (2): 159–76. doi:10.1080/00948705.2022.2066538.
- Morrison, J. 2023, 1. Lack of evidence that doping is harmful to the health of elite athletes. Performance Enhancement & Health 11 (1): 100245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peh.2023.100245.
- Murray, T.H. 1983. The coercive power of drugs in sports. The Hastings Center Report 13 (4): 24–30. doi:10.2307/3561718.
- Murray, T.H. 2010. Making sense of fairness in sports. The Hastings Center Report 40 (2): 13–15. doi:10.1353/hcr.0.0241.
- Murray, T.H. 2018. Good sport: Why our games matter – and how doping undermines them. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- NCAA. 2014. NCAA doping, drug education and drug testing task force. https://www.ncaa.org/sports/2014/1/9/ncaa-doping-drug-education-and-drug-testing-task-force.aspx.
- Pope, H.G., Jr., R.I. Wood, A. Rogol, F. Nyberg, L. Bowers, and S. Bhasin. 2014. Adverse health consequences of performance-enhancing drugs: An endocrine society scientific statement. Endocrine Reviews 35 (3): 341–75. doi:10.1210/er.2013-1058.
- Russell, J.S. and A. Browne. 2018. Performance-enhancing drugs as a collective action problem. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 45 (2): 109–27. doi:10.1080/00948705.2018.1440355.
- Savulescu, J. 2015. Healthy doping: Why we should legalise performance-enhancing drugs in sport. In Routledge handbook of drugs and sport, edited by V. Møller, I. Waddington, and J.M. Hoberman. London: Routledge: 350–62.
- Savulescu, J., B. Foddy, and M. Clayton. 2004. Why we should allow performance enhancing drugs in sport. British Journal of Sports Medicine 38 (6): 666–70. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2003.005249.
- Schwenk, T.L., D.W. Gorenflo, R.R. Dopp, and E. Hippel. 2007. Depression and pain in retired professional football players. Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise 39 (4): 599–605. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31802fa679.
- Simon, R.L. 1985. Good competition and drug-enhanced performance. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 11 (1): 6–13. doi:10.1080/00948705.1984.9714408.
- Simon, R.L., C.R. Torres, and P.F. Hager. 2015. Fair play: The ethics of sport. New York: Routledge.
- Smith, A.C., and B. Stewart. 2008. Drug policy in sport: Hidden assumptions and inherent contradictions. Drug & Alcohol Review 27 (2): 123–29. doi:10.1080/09595230701829355.
- Suits, B. 2014. The grasshopper: Games, life, and utopia. Peterborough, Canada: Broadview.
- Tamburrini, C.M. 2000. What’s wrong with doping? In Values in sport: Elitism, nationalism, gender equality and the scientific manufacture of winners, edited by T. Tännsjö and C. Tamburrini. London: Spon: 206–18.
- Ulrich, R., H.G. Pope, L. Cléret, A. petróczi, T. Nepusz, J. Schaffer, G. Kanayama, R.D. Comstock, and P. Simon. 2018. Doping in two elite athletics competitions assessed by randomized-response surveys. Sports Medicine 48 (1): 211–19. doi:10.1007/s40279-017-0765-4.
- Veber, M. 2014. The coercion argument against performance-enhancing drugs. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport 41 (2): 267–77. doi:10.1080/00948705.2013.832264.
- WADA Ethics Panel. 2017. Guiding values in sport and anti-doping. June 2016; revised October 2017. https://www.wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/resources/files/wada_ethicspanel_setofnorms_oct2017_en.pdf.
- Weiss, P. 1969. Sport: A philosophic inquiry. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.