Magnetic resonance imaging and transient elastography in the management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

References

• Angulo P , Kleiner DE , Dam-Larsen S , et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(2):389–397e310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM , Koenig AB , Abdelatif D , et al. Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes. Hepatology. 2016;64(1):73–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setiawan VW , Stram DO , Porcel J , et al. Prevalence of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis by underlying cause in understudied ethnic groups: the multiethnic cohort. Hepatology. 2016;64(6):1969–1977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyson J , Jaques B , Chattopadyhay D , et al. Hepatocellular cancer: the impact of obesity, type 2 diabetes and a multidisciplinary team. J Hepatol. 2014;60(1):110–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agopian VG , Kaldas FM , Hong JC , et al. Liver transplantation for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: the new epidemic. Ann Surg. 2012;256(4):624–633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams CD , Stengel J , Asike MI , et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2011;140(1):124–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratziu V , Bellentani S , Cortez-Pinto H , et al. A position statement on NAFLD/NASH based on the EASL 2009 special conference. J Hepatol. 2010;53(2):372–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WR , Brown RS Jr. , Terrault NA , et al. Burden of liver disease in the United States: summary of a workshop. Hepatology. 2002;36(1):227–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekstedt M , Hagstrom H , Nasr P , et al. Fibrosis stage is the strongest predictor for disease-specific mortality in NAFLD after up to 33 years of follow-up. Hepatology. 2015;61(5):1547–1554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison SA , Torgerson S , Hayashi PH. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a clinical histopathological study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(9):2042–2047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams LA , Lymp JF , St Sauver J , et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(1):113–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonardo A , Bellentani S , et al., Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Study Group . Epidemiological modifiers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: focus on high-risk groups. Dig Liver Dis. 2015;47(12):997–1006.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dong MH , Bettencourt R , Barrett-Connor E , et al. Alanine aminotransferase decreases with age: the rancho bernardo study. Plos One. 2010;5(12):e14254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalasani N , Younossi Z , Lavine JE , et al. The diagnosis and management of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology. 2012;55(6):2005–2023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noureddin M , Yates KP , Vaughn IA , et al. Clinical and histological determinants of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in elderly patients. Hepatology. 2013;58(5):1644–1654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuschwander-Tetri BA , Clark JM , Bass NM , et al. Clinical, laboratory and histological associations in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;52(3):913–924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratziu V , Charlotte F , Heurtier A , et al. Sampling variability of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2005;128(7):1898–1906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra P , Younossi ZM. Abdominal ultrasound for diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Am J Gastroenterol. 2007;102(12):2716–2717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernaez R , Lazo M , Bonekamp S , et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;54(3):1082–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwenzer NF , Springer F , Schraml C , et al. Non-invasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance. J Hepatol. 2009;51(3):433–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandrin L , Fourquet B , Hasquenoph JM , et al. Transient elastography: a new noninvasive method for assessment of hepatic fibrosis. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2003;29(12):1705–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee VS , Miller FH , Omary RA , et al. Magnetic resonance elastography and biomarkers to assess fibrosis from recurrent hepatitis C in liver transplant recipients. Transplantation. 2011;92(5):581–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedrich-Rust M , Ong MF , Martens S , et al. Performance of transient elastography for the staging of liver fibrosis: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(4):960–974.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganne-Carrie N , Ziol M , De Ledinghen V , et al. Accuracy of liver stiffness measurement for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with chronic liver diseases. Hepatology. 2006;44(6):1511–1517.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupsor-Platon M , Badea R . Noninvasive assessment of alcoholic liver disease using unidimensional transient elastography (Fibroscan((R))). World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(42):11914–11923.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springer F , Machann J , Claussen CD , et al. Liver fat content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(13):1560–1566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noureddin M , Lam J , Peterson MR , et al. Longitudinal comparison between MRI, MRS and histology-determined steatosis in NAFLD patients at two-time points in a randomized trial. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):1930–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang A , Tan J , Sun M , et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: MR imaging of liver proton density fat fraction to assess hepatic steatosis. Radiology. 2013;267(2):422–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeder SB , Hu HH , Sirlin CB . Proton density fat-fraction: a standardized MR-based biomarker of tissue fat concentration. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;36(5):1011–1014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D , Kim WR , Talwalkar JA , et al. Advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: noninvasive assessment with MR elastography. Radiology. 2013;268(2):411–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castera L , Forns X , Alberti A . Non-invasive evaluation of liver fibrosis using transient elastography. J Hepatol. 2008;48(5):835–847.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandrin L , Tanter M , Gennisson JL , et al. Shear elasticity probe for soft tissues with 1-D transient elastography. IEEE Trans Ultrason Ferroelectr Freq Control. 2002;49(4):436–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gennisson JL , Deffieux T , Fink M , et al. Ultrasound elastography: principles and techniques. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2013;94(5):487–495.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juarez-Hernandez E , Uribe-Ramos MH , Ramos-Ostos MH , et al. Factors associated with the quality of transient elastography. Dig Dis Sci. 2015;60(7):2177–2182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petta S , Wai-Sun Wong V , Camma C , et al. Improved noninvasive prediction of liver fibrosis by liver stiffness measurement in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease accounting for controlled attenuation parameter values. Hepatology. 2016 Sep 17. doi:10.1002/hep.28843. [Epub ahead of print]
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ledinghen V , Wong GL , Vergniol J , et al. Controlled attenuation parameter for the diagnosis of steatosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;31(4):848–855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasso M , Beaugrand M , De Ledinghen V , et al. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP): a novel VCTE guided ultrasonic attenuation measurement for the evaluation of hepatic steatosis: preliminary study and validation in a cohort of patients with chronic liver disease from various causes. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2010;36(11):1825–1835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shen F , Zheng RD , Mi YQ , et al. Controlled attenuation parameter for non-invasive assessment of hepatic steatosis in Chinese patients. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(16):4702–4711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar M , Rastogi A , Singh T , et al. Controlled attenuation parameter for non-invasive assessment of hepatic steatosis: does etiology affect performance? J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;28(7):1194–1201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Ledinghen V , Vergniol J , Capdepont M , et al. Controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) for the diagnosis of steatosis: a prospective study of 5323 examinations. J Hepatol. 2014;60(5):1026–1031.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassinotto C , Boursier J , De Ledinghen V , et al. Liver stiffness in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a comparison of supersonic shear imaging, FibroScan, and ARFI with liver biopsy. Hepatology. 2016;63(6):1817–1827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imajo K , Kessoku T , Honda Y , et al. Magnetic resonance imaging more accurately classifies steatosis and fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease than transient elastography. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(3):626–637e627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R , Rastogi A , Sharma MK , et al. Liver stiffness measurements in patients with different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: diagnostic performance and clinicopathological correlation. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(1):265–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HW , Park SY , Kim SU , et al. Discrimination of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis using transient elastography in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Plos One. 2016;11(6):e0157358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lupsor M , Badea R , Stefanescu H , et al. Performance of unidimensional transient elastography in staging non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis. 2010;19(1):53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pathik P , Ravindra S , Ajay C , et al. Fibroscan versus simple noninvasive screening tools in predicting fibrosis in high-risk nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients from Western India. Ann Gastroenterol. 2015;28(2):281–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong VW , Vergniol J , Wong GL , et al. Diagnosis of fibrosis and cirrhosis using liver stiffness measurement in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2010;51(2):454–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneda M , Yoneda M , Fujita K , et al. Transient elastography in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Gut. 2007;56(9):1330–1331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoneda M , Yoneda M , Mawatari H , et al. Noninvasive assessment of liver fibrosis by measurement of stiffness in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dig Liver Dis. 2008;40(5):371–378.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park CC , Nguyen P , Hernandez C , et al. Magnetic resonance elastography vs transient elastography in detection of fibrosis and noninvasive measurement of steatosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2016;152(3):598–607.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok R , Tse YK , Wong GL , et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis: non-invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease–the role of transient elastography and plasma cytokeratin-18 fragments. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(3):254–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tapper EB , Challies T , Nasser I , et al. The performance of vibration controlled transient elastography in a US cohort of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(5):677–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong VW , Vergniol J , Wong GL , et al. Liver stiffness measurement using XL probe in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107(12):1862–1871.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrero JI , Inarrairaegui M , D’Avola D , et al. [Comparison of the M and XL FibroScan((R)) probes to estimate liver stiffness by transient elastography]. Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;37(4):233–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conti F , Vukotic R , Foschi FG , et al. Transient elastography in healthy subjects and factors influencing liver stiffness in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an Italian community-based population study. Dig Liver Dis. 2016;48(11):1357–1363.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gaia S , Carenzi S , Barilli AL , et al. Reliability of transient elastography for the detection of fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis. J Hepatol. 2011;54(1):64–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perazzo H , Fernandes FF , Gomes A , et al. Interobserver variability in transient elastography analysis of patients with chronic hepatitis C. Liver Int. 2015;35(5):1533–1539.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki K , Yoneda M , Imajo K , et al. Transient elastography for monitoring the fibrosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease for 4 years. Hepatol Res. 2013;43(9):979–983.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan WK , Nik Mustapha NR , Mahadeva S . Controlled attenuation parameter for the detection and quantification of hepatic steatosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(7):1470–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlas T , Petroff D , Sasso M , et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) technology for assessing steatosis. J Hepatol. 2016 Dec 28. pii: S0168-8278(16)30755-3. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2016.12.022. [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Recio E , Cifuentes C , Macias J , et al. Interobserver concordance in controlled attenuation parameter measurement, a novel tool for the assessment of hepatic steatosis on the basis of transient elastography. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(8):905–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesh SK , Yin M , Ehman RL . Magnetic resonance elastography of liver: technique, analysis, and clinical applications. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2013;37(3):544–555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yin M , Talwalkar JA , Glaser KJ , et al. Assessment of hepatic fibrosis with magnetic resonance elastography. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;5(10):1207–1213 e1202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim BH , Lee JM , Lee YJ , et al. MR elastography for noninvasive assessment of hepatic fibrosis: experience from a tertiary center in Asia. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;34(5):1110–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa S , Motosugi U , Ichikawa T , et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for staging liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. Magn Reson Med Sci. 2012;11(4):291–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rustogi R , Horowitz J , Harmath C , et al. Accuracy of MR elastography and anatomic MR imaging features in the diagnosis of severe hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012;35(6):1356–1364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespo S , Bridges M , Nakhleh R , et al. Non-invasive assessment of liver fibrosis using magnetic resonance elastography in liver transplant recipients with hepatitis C. Clin Transplant. 2013;27(5):652–658.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huwart L , Sempoux C , Vicaut E , et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive staging of liver fibrosis. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(1):32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichikawa S , Motosugi U , Morisaka H , et al. Comparison of the diagnostic accuracies of magnetic resonance elastography and transient elastography for hepatic fibrosis. Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;33(1):26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui J , Ang B , Haufe W , et al. Comparative diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance elastography vs. eight clinical prediction rules for non-invasive diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in biopsy-proven non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41(12):1271–1280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui J , Heba E , Hernandez C , et al. Magnetic resonance elastography is superior to acoustic radiation force impulse for the Diagnosis of fibrosis in patients with biopsy-proven nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A prospective study. Hepatology. 2016;63(2):453–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim D , Kim WR , Talwalkar JA , et al. Advanced fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: noninvasive assessment with MR elastography. Radiology. 2013;268(2):411–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomba R , Cui J , Wolfson T , et al. Novel 3D magnetic resonance elastography for the noninvasive diagnosis of advanced fibrosis in NAFLD: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2016;111(7):986–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomba R , Wolfson T , Ang B , et al. Magnetic resonance elastography predicts advanced fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective study. Hepatology. 2014;60(6):1920–1928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S , Venkatesh SK , Loomba R , et al. Magnetic resonance elastography for staging liver fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a diagnostic accuracy systematic review and individual participant data pooled analysis. Eur Radiol. 2016;26(5):1431–1440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J , Talwalkar JA , Yin M , et al. Early detection of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by using MR elastography. Radiology. 2011;259(3):749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Runge JH , Bohte AE , Verheij J , et al. Comparison of interobserver agreement of magnetic resonance elastography with histopathological staging of liver fibrosis. Abdom Imaging. 2014;39(2):283–290.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reeder SB . Emerging quantitative MRI biomarkers of hepatic steatosis. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):1877–1880.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeder SB , Cruite I , Hamilton G , et al. Quantitative assessment of liver fat with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;34(4):729–749.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu H , Shimakawa A , Hines CD , et al. Combination of complex-based and magnitude-based multiecho water-fat separation for accurate quantification of fat-fraction. Magn Reson Med. 2011;66(1):199–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hines CD , Yu H , Shimakawa A , et al. T1 independent, T2* corrected MRI with accurate spectral modeling for quantification of fat: validation in a fat-water-SPIO phantom. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;30(5):1215–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noureddin M , Lam J , Peterson MR , et al. Utility of magnetic resonance imaging versus histology for quantifying changes in liver fat in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease trials. Hepatology. 2013;58(6):1930–1940.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salameh N , Larrat B , Abarca-Quinones J , et al. Early detection of steatohepatitis in fatty rat liver by using MR elastography. Radiology. 2009;253(1):90–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Permutt Z , Le TA , Peterson MR , et al. Correlation between liver histology and novel magnetic resonance imaging in adult patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease - MRI accurately quantifies hepatic steatosis in NAFLD. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36(1):22–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bannas P , Kramer H , Hernando D , et al. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of hepatic steatosis: validation in ex vivo human livers. Hepatology. 2015;62(5):1444–1455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Idilman IS , Aniktar H , Idilman R , et al. Hepatic steatosis: quantification by proton density fat fraction with MR imaging versus liver biopsy. Radiology. 2013;267(3):767–775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heba ER , Desai A , Zand KA , et al. Accuracy and the effect of possible subject-based confounders of magnitude-based MRI for estimating hepatic proton density fat fraction in adults, using MR spectroscopy as reference. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2016;43(2):398–406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bydder M , Shiehmorteza M , Yokoo T , et al. Assessment of liver fat quantification in the presence of iron. Magn Reson Imaging. 2010;28(6):767–776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paparo F , Cenderello G , Revelli M , et al. Diagnostic value of MRI proton density fat fraction for assessing liver steatosis in chronic viral C hepatitis. Biomed Res Int. 2015;2015:758164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Negrete LM , Middleton MS , Clark L , et al. Inter-examination precision of magnitude-based MRI for estimation of segmental hepatic proton density fat fraction in obese subjects. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014;39(5):1265–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyagi A , Yeganeh O , Levin Y , et al. Intra- and inter-examination repeatability of magnetic resonance spectroscopy, magnitude-based MRI, and complex-based MRI for estimation of hepatic proton density fat fraction in overweight and obese children and adults. Abdom Imaging. 2015;40(8):3070–3077.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matteoni CA , Younossi ZM , Gramlich T , et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology. 1999;116(6):1413–1419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo P , Keach JC , Batts KP , et al. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999;30(6):1356–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratziu V , Giral P , Charlotte F , et al. Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. Gastroenterology. 2000;118(6):1117–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwok R , Choi KC , Wong GL , et al. Screening diabetic patients for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with controlled attenuation parameter and liver stiffness measurements: a prospective cohort study. Gut. 2016;65(8):1359–1368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castera L . Noninvasive methods to assess liver disease in patients with hepatitis B or C. Gastroenterology. 2012;142(6):1293–1302 e1294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castera L , Foucher J , Bernard PH , et al. Pitfalls of liver stiffness measurement: a 5-year prospective study of 13,369 examinations. Hepatology. 2010;51(3):828–835.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Association for Study of L, Asociacion Latinoamericana para el Estudio del H . EASL-ALEH clinical practice guidelines: non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J Hepatol. 2015;63(1):237–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le TA , Chen J , Changchien C , et al. Effect of colesevelam on liver fat quantified by magnetic resonance in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2012;56(3):922–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dulai PS , Sirlin CB , Loomba R . MRI and MRE for non-invasive quantitative assessment of hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in NAFLD and NASH: clinical trials to clinical practice. J Hepatol. 2016;65(5):1006–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loomba R , Sirlin CB , Ang B , et al. Ezetimibe for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: assessment by novel magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance elastography in a randomized trial (MOZART trial). Hepatology. 2015;61(4):1239–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doycheva I , Cui J , Nguyen P , et al. Non-invasive screening of diabetics in primary care for NAFLD and advanced fibrosis by MRI and MRE. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(1):83–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee R , Pavlides M , Tunnicliffe EM , et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance for the non-invasive diagnosis of liver disease. J Hepatol. 2014;60(1):69–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlides M , Banerjee R , Sellwood J , et al. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging predicts clinical outcomes in patients with chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;64(2):308–315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar