Dosing strategies to optimize currently available anti-MRSA treatment options (Part 1: IV options)

References

• Dantes R, Mu Y, Belflower R, et al. National burden of invasive methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections, United States, 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(21):1970–1978. ​​​
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General information about MRSA in healthcare settings. 2014; http://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/index.html. Accessed May 4, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. Jama. 2007;298(15):1763–1771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastagia M, Kleinman LC. Lacerda de la Cruz EG, Jenkins SG. Predicting risk for death from MRSA bacteremia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18(7):1072–1080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher HW, Talbot GH, Bradley JS, et al. Bad bugs, no drugs: no ESKAPE! an update from the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;48(1):1–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):e18–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective endocarditis in adults: diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, and management of complications: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;132(15):1435–1486.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faris J, Mynatt RP, Hall Snyder AD, et al. Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pneumonia with ceftaroline fosamil in a patient with inhalational thermal injury. Infect Dis Ther. 2015;4(4):519–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justo JA, Mayer SM, Pai MP, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline in normal body weight and obese (classes I, II, and III) healthy adult subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(7):3956–3965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poon H, Chang MH, Fung HB. Ceftaroline fosamil: a cephalosporin with activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Ther. 2012;34(4):743–765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrill HJ, Caffrey AR, Noh E, et al. Vancomycin dosing considerations in a real-world cohort of obese and extremely obese patients. Pharmacotherapy. 2015;35(9):869–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagiya H, Kimura M, Miyamoto T, et al. Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis caused by daptomycin in a critically ill burn victim. Intern Med. 2014;53(5):511–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dvorchik BH, Damphousse D. The pharmacokinetics of daptomycin in moderately obese, morbidly obese, and matched nonobese subjects. J Clin Pharmacol. 2005;45(1):48–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds DC, Waite LH, Alexander DP, et al. Performance of a vancomycin dosage regimen developed for obese patients. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2012;69(11):944–950.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samara E, Shaw JP, Barriere SL, et al. Population pharmacokinetics of telavancin in healthy subjects and patients with infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(4):2067–2073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elligsen M, Walker SA, Walker SE, et al. Optimizing initial vancomycin dosing in burn patients. Burns. 2011;37(3):406–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravolatz LD, Stein GE. Oritavancin: a long-half-life lipoglycopeptide. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(4):627–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolau DP, Freeman CD, Belliveau PP, et al. Experience with a once-daily aminoglycoside program administered to 2,184 adult patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39(3):650–655.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traynor AM, Nafziger AN, Bertino JS Jr. Aminoglycoside dosing weight correction factors for patients of various body sizes. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39(2):545–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borra LC, Bosch TM, van Baar ME, et al. Adequacy of a hospital-wide standard dose of 7mg/kg bodyweight gentamicin sufficient to achieve an adequate prophylactic maximum serum concentration (Cmax) in burn patients undergoing surgical burn wound treatment. Burns. 2016;42(8):1819–1824. ​​​
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai MP. Serum and urine pharmacokinetics of tigecycline in obese class III and normal weight adults. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2014;69(1):190–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearden DT, Rodvold KA. Dosage adjustments for antibacterials in obese patients: applying clinical pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2000;38(5):415–426.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Timurkaynak F, Arslan H, Azap OK, et al. In vitro activity of tigecycline against resistant micro-organisms isolated from burn patients. Burns. 2008;34(7):1033–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riccobene T, Jakate A, Rank D. A series of pharmacokinetic studies of ceftaroline fosamil in select populations: normal subjects, healthy elderly subjects, and subjects with renal impairment or end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. J Clin Pharmacol. 2014;54(7):742–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vilay AM, Grio M, Depestel DD, et al. Daptomycin pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients receiving continuous venovenous hemodialysis. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(1):19–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintz BH, Matzke GR, Dager WE. Antimicrobial dosing concepts and recommendations for critically ill adult patients receiving continuous renal replacement therapy or intermittent hemodialysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(5):562–577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moellering RC Jr., Krogstad DJ, Greenblatt DJ. Vancomycin therapy in patients with impaired renal function: a nomogram for dosage. Ann Intern Med. 1981;94(3):343–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw JP, Cheong J, Goldberg MR, et al. Mass balance and pharmacokinetics of [14C]telavancin following intravenous administration to healthy male volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(8):3365–3371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw JP, Seroogy J, Kaniga K, et al. Pharmacokinetics, serum inhibitory and bactericidal activity, and safety of telavancin in healthy subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(1):195–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haselden M, Leach M, Bohm N. Daptomycin dosing strategies in patients receiving thrice-weekly intermittent hemodialysis. Ann Pharmacother. 2013;47(10):1342–1347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JD, Udeani G, Cole P, et al. Ceftaroline fosamil for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections in obese patients. Postgrad Med. 2014;126(5):128–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sader HS, Farrell DJ, Flamm RK, et al. Antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline tested against staphylococcus aureus from surgical skin and skin structure infections in US Medical Centers. Surg Infect (Larchmt). 2016;17(4):443–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrey DO, Francois P, Manzano C, et al. Antimicrobial activity of ceftaroline against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates collected in 2013-2014 at the Geneva University Hospitals. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;36(2):343–350. ​​​
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlowsky JA, Biedenbach DJ, Bouchillon SK, et al. In vitro activity of Ceftaroline against bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with skin and soft tissue and respiratory tract infections in African and Middle Eastern countries: AWARE global surveillance program 2012-2014. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2016;86(2):194–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Long SW, Olsen RJ, Mehta SC, et al. PBP2a mutations causing high-level Ceftaroline resistance in clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(11):6668–6674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canton R, Livermore DM, Morosini MI, et al. Etest(R) versus broth microdilution for ceftaroline MIC determination with staphylococcus aureus: results from PREMIUM, a European Multicentre Study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2017;72(2):431–436. ​​​
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidaillac C, Leonard SN, Rybak MJ. In vitro activity of ceftaroline against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus in a hollow fiber model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(11):4712–4717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andes D, Craig WA. Pharmacodynamics of a new cephalosporin, PPI-0903 (TAK-599), active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in murine thigh and lung infection models: identification of an in vivo pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(4):1376–1383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biek D, Critchley IA, Riccobene TA, et al. Ceftaroline fosamil: a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin with expanded anti-Gram-positive activity. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65 Suppl 4(Suppl 4):iv9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matzneller P, Lackner E, Lagler H, et al. Single and repeated dose pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline in plasma and soft tissues of healthy volunteers for two different dosing regimens of ceftaroline fosamil. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60(6):3617–3625. ​​​
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low DE, File TM Jr., Eckburg PB, et al. FOCUS 2: a randomized, double-blinded, multicentre, phase III trial of the efficacy and safety of ceftaroline fosamil versus ceftriaxone in community-acquired pneumonia. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2011;66(Suppl 3): iii33–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbot GH, Thye D, Das A, et al. 2 study of ceftaroline versus standard therapy in treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(10):3612–3616.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casapao AM, Davis SL, Barr VO, et al. Large retrospective evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of ceftaroline fosamil therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(5):2541–2546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawson W, Nathwani D, Eckmann C, et al. Weight-based antibiotic dosing in a real-world European study of complicated skin and soft-tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2015;21 Suppl 2:S40–S46.
   Google Scholar
• Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011;52(3):e18–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsieh YC, Lin YC, Huang YC. Vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, and linezolid MIC creep in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is associated with clonality. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(41):e5060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neetu TJ, Murugan S. Genotyping of methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus from Tertiary Care Hospitals in Coimbatore, South India. J Glob Infect Dis. 2016;8(2):68–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falcone M, Russo A, Venditti M, et al. Considerations for higher doses of daptomycin in critically ill patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;57(11):1568–1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Figueroa DA, Mangini E, Amodio-Groton M, et al. Safety of high-dose intravenous daptomycin treatment: three-year cumulative experience in a clinical program. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(2):177–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullar R, Davis SL, Levine DP, et al. High-dose daptomycin for treatment of complicated gram-positive infections: a large, multicenter, retrospective study. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(6):527–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavnani SM, Rubino CM, Ambrose PG, et al. Daptomycin exposure and the probability of elevations in the creatine phosphokinase level: data from a randomized trial of patients with bacteremia and endocarditis. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(12):1568–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton RA, Menichetti F, Dalekos G, et al. Evaluation of effectiveness and safety of high-dose daptomycin: results from patients included in the European Cubicin((R)) outcomes registry and experience. Adv Ther. 2015;32(12):1192–1205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weigelt J, Itani K, Stevens D, et al. Linezolid versus vancomycin in treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49(6):2260–2266.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arbeit RD, Maki D, Tally FP, et al. The safety and efficacy of daptomycin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin-structure infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38(12):1673–1681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pai MP, Neely M, Rodvold KA, et al. Innovative approaches to optimizing the delivery of vancomycin in individual patients. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2014;77:50–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rybak MJ, Lomaestro BM, Rotschafer JC, et al. Therapeutic monitoring of vancomycin in adults summary of consensus recommendations from the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29(11):1275–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prakash V, Lewis JS 2nd, Jorgensen JH. Vancomycin MICs for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates differ based upon the susceptibility test method used. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008;52(12):4528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sader HS, Rhomberg PR, Jones RN. Nine-hospital study comparing broth microdilution and test method results for vancomycin and daptomycin against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(7):3162–3165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu DI, Hidayat LK, Quist R, et al. Comparison of method-specific vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration values and their predictability for treatment outcome of meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2008;32(5):378–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deresinski S. Counterpoint: vancomycin and staphylococcus aureus–an antibiotic enters obsolescence. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;44(12):1543–1548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips CJ, Wells NA, Martinello M, et al. Optimizing the detection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus with elevated vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations within the susceptible range. Infect Drug Resist. 2016;9:87–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacob JT, DiazGranados CA. High vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration and clinical outcomes in adults with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections: a meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(2):e93–e100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hal SJ, Lodise TP, Paterson DL. The clinical significance of vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration in staphylococcus aureus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(6):755–771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguado JM, San-Juan R, Lalueza A, et al. High vancomycin MIC and complicated methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011;17(6):1099–1102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes NE, Turnidge JD, Munckhof WJ, et al. Antibiotic choice may not explain poorer outcomes in patients with staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and high vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(3):340–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalil AC, Van Schooneveld TC, Fey PD, et al. Association between vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration and mortality among patients with Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama. 2014);312(15):1552–1564.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moise-Broder PA, Forrest A, Birmingham MC, et al. Pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and other antimicrobials in patients with Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infections. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004;43(13):925–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung Y, Song KH, Cho J, et al. Area under the concentration-time curve to minimum inhibitory concentration ratio as a predictor of vancomycin treatment outcome in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;43(2):179–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohammedi I, Descloux E, Argaud L, et al. Loading dose of vancomycin in critically ill patients: 15 mg/kg is a better choice than 500 mg. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2006;27(3):259–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliano C, Haase KK, Hall R. Use of vancomycin pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic properties in the treatment of MRSA infections. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010;8(1):95–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kullar R, Leonard SN, Davis SL, et al. Validation of the effectiveness of a vancomycin nomogram in achieving target trough concentrations of 15-20 mg/L suggested by the vancomycin consensus guidelines. Pharmacotherapy. 2011;31(5):441–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thalakada R, Legal M, Lau TT, et al. Development and validation of a novel vancomycin dosing nomogram for achieving high-target trough levels at 2 Canadian teaching hospitals. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2012;65(3):180–187.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alvarez CA, Giuliano CA, Haase KK, et al. Empiric weight-based vancomycin in intensive care unit patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Am J Med Sci. 2014;348(5):371–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hazlewood KA, Brouse SD, Pitcher WD, et al. Vancomycin-associated nephrotoxicity: grave concern or death by character assassination? Am J Med. 2010;123(2):182 e181–187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hidayat LK, Hsu DI, Quist R, et al. High-dose vancomycin therapy for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections: efficacy and toxicity. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166(19):2138–2144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hammond DA, Smith MN, Painter JT, et al. Comparative incidence of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients receiving vancomycin with concomitant piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime: a Retrospective Cohort Study. Pharmacotherapy. 2016;36(5):463–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess LD, Drew RH. Comparison of the incidence of vancomycin-induced nephrotoxicity in hospitalized patients with and without concomitant piperacillin-tazobactam. Pharmacotherapy. 2014;34(7):670–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes DM, Smotherman C, Birch A, et al. Comparison of acute kidney injury during treatment with vancomycin in combination with piperacillin-tazobactam or cefepime. Pharmacotherapy. 2014;34(7):662–669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel N, VanDeWall H, Tristani L, et al. A comparative evaluation of adverse platelet outcomes among veterans’ affairs patients receiving linezolid or vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2012;67(3):727–735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlowsky JA, Nichol K, Zhanel GG. Telavancin: mechanisms of action, in vitro activity, and mechanisms of resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 2):S58–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes RE, Farrell DJ, Sader HS, et al. Update of the telavancin activity in vitro tested against a worldwide collection of gram-positive clinical isolates (2013), when applying the revised susceptibility testing method. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2015;81(4):275–279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes RE, Sader HS, Flamm RK, et al. Telavancin in vitro activity against a collection of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates, including resistant subsets, from the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(3):1811–1814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart JI, Corey GR, Stryjewski ME, et al. Assessment of minimum inhibitory concentrations of telavancin by revised broth microdilution method in phase 3 hospital-acquired pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia clinical isolates. Infect Dis Ther. 2016;5:535–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzler E, Rodvold KA. Telavancin: the long and winding road from discovery to food and drug administration approvals and future directions. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(Suppl 2):S38–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lodise TP, Butterfield JM, Hegde SS, et al. Telavancin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections and various degrees of renal function. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012;56(4):2062–2066.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegde SS, Reyes N, Wiens T, et al. Pharmacodynamics of telavancin (TD-6424), a novel bactericidal agent, against gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(8):3043–3050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey GR, Kollef MH, Shorr AF, et al. Telavancin for hospital-acquired pneumonia: clinical response and 28-day survival. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2014;58(4):2030–2037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seltzer E, Dorr MB, Goldstein BP, et al. Once-weekly dalbavancin versus standard-of-care antimicrobial regimens for treatment of skin and soft-tissue infections. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37(10):1298–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RN, Flamm RK, Sader HS. Surveillance of dalbavancin potency and spectrum in the United States (2012). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;76(1):122–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones RN, Sader HS, Flamm RK. Update of dalbavancin spectrum and potency in the USA: report from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2011). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;75(3):304–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith JR, Roberts KD, Rybak MJ. Dalbavancin: a novel lipoglycopeptide antibiotic with extended activity against gram-positive infections. Infect Dis Ther. 2015;4(3):245–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCurdy SP, Jones RN, Mendes RE, et al. In vitro activity of dalbavancin against drug-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates from a global surveillance program. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(8):5007–5009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang V, Cheung CM, Kaatz GW, et al. Evaluation of dalbavancin, tigecycline, minocycline, tetracycline, teicoplanin and vancomycin against community-associated and multidrug-resistant hospital-associated meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2010;35(1):25–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinker KP, Borgert SJ. Beyond vancomycin: the tail of the lipoglycopeptides. Clin Ther. 2015;37(12):2619–2636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andes D, Craig WA. In vivo pharmacodynamic activity of the glycopeptide dalbavancin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2007;51(5):1633–1642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leighton A, Gottlieb AB, Dorr MB, et al. Tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and serum bactericidal activity of intravenous dalbavancin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48(3):940–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne MW, Puttagunta S, Giordano P, et al. A randomized clinical trial of single-dose versus weekly dalbavancin for treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;62(5):545–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne MW, Zhou M, Darpo B. A thorough QT study with dalbavancin: a novel lipoglycopeptide antibiotic for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin-structure infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;45(4):393–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne MW, Puttagunta S, Sprenger CR, et al. Extended-duration dosing and distribution of dalbavancin into bone and articular tissue. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2015;59(4):1849–1855.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vidaillac C, Parra-Ruiz J, Rybak MJ. In vitro time-kill analysis of oritavancin against clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus with reduced susceptibility to daptomycin. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2011;71(4):470–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendes RE, Farrell DJ, Sader HS, et al. Activity of oritavancin against gram-positive clinical isolates responsible for documented skin and soft-tissue infections in European and US hospitals (2010-13). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(2):498–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boylan CJ, Campanale K, Iversen PW, et al. Pharmacodynamics of oritavancin (LY333328) in a neutropenic-mouse thigh model of Staphylococcus aureus infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47(5):1700–1706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar LM, Milata J, McClure T, et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of oritavancin front-loaded dosing regimens to daily dosing: an analysis of the SIMPLIFI trial. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;55(7):3476–3484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavnani SM, Owen JS, Loutit JS, et al. Pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of ascending single intravenous doses of oritavancin administered to healthy human subjects. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2004;50(2):95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubino CM, Van Wart SA, Bhavnani SM, et al. Oritavancin population pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects and patients with complicated skin and skin structure infections or bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(10):4422–4428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhavnani SM, Passarell JA, Owen JS, et al. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships describing the efficacy of oritavancin in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2006;50(3):994–1000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey GR, Good S, Jiang H, et al. Single-dose oritavancin versus 7-10 days of vancomycin in the treatment of gram-positive acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections: the SOLO II noninferiority study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(2):254–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey GR, Kabler H, Mehra P, et al. Single-dose oritavancin in the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(23):2180–2190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahdiyoun SM, Kazemian H, Ahanjan M, et al. Frequency of aminoglycoside-resistance genes in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Isolates from hospitalized patients. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2016;9(8):e35052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decousser JW, Desroches M, Bourgeois-Nicolaos N, et al. Susceptibility trends including emergence of linezolid resistance among coagulase-negative staphylococci and meticillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus from invasive infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2015;46(6):622–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallon O, Lamy B, Laurent F, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of staphylococcus aureus isolated in 2007 from French patients with bloodstream infections: goodbye hVISA, welcome geraldine? J Antimicrob Chemother. 2010;65(6):1297–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decousser JW, Pina P, Picot F, et al. Frequency of isolation and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infections: a French prospective national survey. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2003;51(5):1213–1222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Auckenthaler R, Courvalin P, Feger C, et al. In vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin in comparison with five antibiotics against worldwide clinical isolates of staphylococci. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2000;6(11):608–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonard SN, Supple ME, Gandhi RG, et al. Comparative activities of telavancin combined with nafcillin, imipenem, and gentamicin against Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(6):2678–2683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConeghy KW, LaPlante KL. In vitro activity of tigecycline in combination with gentamicin against biofilm-forming staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2010;68(1):1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemonovich TL, Haynes K, Lautenbach E, et al. Combination therapy with an aminoglycoside for staphylococcus aureus endocarditis and/or persistent bacteremia is associated with a decreased rate of recurrent bacteremia: a cohort study. Infection. 2011;39(6):549–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norazah A, Lim VK, Rohani MY, et al. In-vitro activity of quinupristin/dalfopristin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin against fusidic acid and rifampicin-resistant strains of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from Malaysian hospitals. Med J Malaysia. 2005;60(4):411–415.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abb J. In vitro activity of linezolid, quinupristin-dalfopristin, vancomycin, teicoplanin, moxifloxacin and mupirocin against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: comparative evaluation by the E test and a broth microdilution method. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;43(4):319–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen GP, Cha R, Rybak MJ. In vitro activities of quinupristin-dalfopristin and cefepime, alone and in combination with various antimicrobials, against multidrug-resistant staphylococci and enterococci in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46(8):2606–2612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chevalier P, Rey J, Pasquier O, et al. Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety of two regimens of quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid) in healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2001;41(4):404–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols RL, Graham DR, Barriere SL, et al. Treatment of hospitalized patients with complicated gram-positive skin and skin structure infections: two randomized, multicentre studies of quinupristin/dalfopristin versus cefazolin, oxacillin or vancomycin. Synercid skin and skin structure infection group. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1999;44(2):263–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew RH, Perfect JR, Srinath L, et al. Treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus infections with quinupristin-dalfopristin in patients intolerant of or failing prior therapy. For the synercid emergency-use study group. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2000;46(5):775–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagon J, Patrick H, Haas DW, et al. Treatment of gram-positive nosocomial pneumonia. Prospective randomized comparison of quinupristin/dalfopristin versus vancomycin. Nosocomial pneumonia group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161(3 Pt 1):753–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segarra-Newnham M, Church TJ. Pharmacotherapy for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nosocomial pneumonia. Ann Pharmacother. 2012;46(12):1678–1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2005;171(4):388–416. ​​​
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renteria MI, Biedenbach DJ, Bouchillon SK, et al. In vitro activity of tigecycline against isolates collected from complicated skin and skin structure infections and intra-abdominal infections in Africa and Middle East countries: TEST 2007-2012. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;79(1):54–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sader HS, Flamm RK, Jones RN. Tigecycline activity tested against antimicrobial resistant surveillance subsets of clinical bacteria collected worldwide (2011). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2013;76(2):217–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agwuh KN, MacGowan A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the tetracyclines including glycylcyclines. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2006;58(2):256–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGowan AP. Tigecycline pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic update. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(Suppl 1):i11–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad P, Sun J, Danner RL, et al. Excess deaths associated with tigecycline after approval based on noninferiority trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;54(12):1699–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein GE, Craig WA. Tigecycline: a critical analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43(4):518–524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar