Dietary implications for patients receiving long-term oral anticoagulation therapy for treatment and prevention of thromboembolic disease

References

• GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators. Global, regional, and national age–sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2015;385:117–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singer D. Anticoagulation to prevent stroke in atrial fibrillation and its implications for managed care. Am J Cardiol. 1998 Mar 12;81(5A):35C–40C.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf P, Abbott R, Kannel W. Atrial fibrillation as an independent risk factor for stroke: the Framingham Study. Stroke. 1991;22:983–988.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kannel W, Benjamin E. Final draft status of the epidemiology of atrial fibrillation. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92(1):17–ix.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mozaffarian D, Benjamin E, Go A, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics–2015 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131(4):e29–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heit J, Spencer F, White R. The epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2016;41:3–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Walraven C, Hart R, Singer D, et al. Oral anticoagulants vs aspirin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. An individual patient meta-analysis. Jama. 2002;288:2441–2448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart R, Pearce L, Aguilar M. Meta-analysis: antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Jun 19;146(12):857–867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You J, Singer D, Howard P, et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141(2Suppl):e531S–e575S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tie J, Stafford D. Structural and functional insights into enzymes of the vitamin K cycle. J Thromb Haemost. 2016 Feb;14(2):236–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubetsky A, Dekel-Stern E, Chetrit A, et al. Vitamin K intake and sensitivity to warfarin in patients consuming regular diets. Thromb Haemost. 1999 Mar;81(3):396–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco V, Polanczyk C, Clausell N, et al. Role of dietary vitamin K intake in chronic oral anticoagulation: prospective evidence from observational and randomized protocols. Am J Med. 2004 May 15;116(10):651–656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S. Dietary vitamin K guidance: an effective strategy for stable control of oral anticoagulation? Nutr Rev. 2010 Mar;68(3):178–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S, Suttie J. Dietary intake and adequacy of vitamin K. J Nutr. 1998;128:785–788.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokoll L, Booth S, O’Brien M, et al. Changes in serum osteocalcin, plasma phylloquinone, and urinary gamma-carboxyglutamic acid in response to altered intakes of dietary phylloquinone in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Mar;65(3):779–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, editor; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Thane C, Paul A, Bates CJ, et al. Intake and sources of phylloquinone (vitamin K1): variation with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors in a national sample of British elderly people. Br J Nutr. 2002;87(6):605–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S, Sokoll L, O’Brien M, et al. Assessment of dietary phylloquinone intake and vitamin K status in postmenopausal women. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1995 Nov;49(11):832–841.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow W, Chow T, Tse T, et al. Anticoagulation instability with life-threatening complication after dietary modification. Postgrad Med J. 1990;66:855–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker F. Myocardial infarction after diet-induced warfarin resistance. Arch Intern Med. 1984 Oct;144(10):2089–2090.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedersen F, Hamberg O, Hess K, et al. The effect of dietary vitamin K on warfarin-induced anticoagulation. J Intern Med. 1991 Jun;229(6):517–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan T, Wynne H, Wood P, et al. Dietary vitamin K influences intra-individual variability in anticoagulant response to warfarin. Br J Haematol. 2004 Feb;124(3):348–354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Couris R, Tataronis G, Booth S, et al. Development of a self-assessment instrument to determine daily intake and variability of dietary vitamin K. J Am Coll Nutr. 2000 Nov-Dec;19(6):801–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickerson R. Warfarin resistance and enteral tube feeding: a vitamin K-independent interaction. Nutrition. 2008 Oct;24(10):1048–1052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penrod L, Allen J, Cabacungan L. Warfarin resistance and enteral feedings: 2 case reports and a supporting in vitro study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 Sep;82(9):1270–1273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearer M. Vitamin K in parenteral nutrition. Gastroenterology. 2009 Nov;137(5 Suppl):S105–S118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klang M, Graham D, McLymont V. Warfarin bioavailability with feeding tubes and enteral formula. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2010 May-Jun;34(3):300–304.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonduel M. Oral anticoagulation therapy in children. Thromb Res. 2006;118:85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke P, Mitchell S, Shearer M. Total and differential phylloquinone (vitamin K1) intakes of preterm infants from all sources during the neonatal period. Nutrients. 2015 Oct;7(10):8308–8320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurnik D, Lubetsky A, Loebstein R, et al. Multivitamin supplements may affect warfarin anticoagulation in susceptible patients. Ann Pharmacother. 2003 Nov;37(11):1603–1606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S, Golly I, Sacheck J, et al. Effect of vitamin E supplementation on vitamin K status in adults with normal coagulation status. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jul;80(1):143–148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heck A, DeWitt B, Lukes A. Potential interactions between alternative therapies and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2000 Jul 1;57(13):1221–1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontag T, Parker R. Cytochrome P450 omega-hydroxylase pathway of tocopherol catabolism. Novel mechanism of regulation of vitamin E status. J Biol Chem. 2002 Jul 12;277(28):25290–25296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, White R. Effect of vitamin E on the anticoagulant response to warfarin. Am J Cardiol. 1996 Mar 1;77(7):545–546.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenton S, Bungard T, Ackman M. Interactions between warfarin and herbal products, minerals, and vitamins: a pharmacist’s guide. Can J Hosp Pharm. 2001;54(3):186–192.
   Google Scholar
• Harris J. Interaction of dietary factors with oral anticoagulants: review and applications. J Am Diet Assoc. 1995 May;95(5):580–584.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deckert F. Ascorbic acid and warfarin. Jama. 1973;223:440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khoshvaghti A, Nazifi S, Akbarpour B, et al. The effects of vitamin C on vitamin K-related clotting factors. Comp Clin Path. 2011;20(5):513–517.
   Google Scholar
• Weintraub M, Griner P. Warfarin and ascorbic acid: lack of evidence for a drug interaction. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1974;28:53–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wynne H, Khan T, Avery P, et al. Dietary related plasma vitamin C concentration has no effect on anticoagulation response to warfarin. Thromb Res. 2006;118(4):501–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pepping J. Coenzyme Q10. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999 Mar 15;56(6):519–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spigset O. Reduced effect of warfarin caused by ubidecarenone. Lancet. 1994 Nov 12;344(8933):1372–1373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton R. Ubiquinones, plastoquinones and vitamins K. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 1971 Feb;46(1):47–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Combs A, Porter T, Folkers K. Anticoagulant activity of naphthoquinone analog of vitamin K and an inhibitor of coenzyme Q10- enzyme systems. Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol. 1976;13:109–114.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landbo C, Almdal T. Interaction between warfarin and coenzyme Q10. Ugeskr Laeger. 1998;160:3226–3227.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engelsen J, Nielsen J, Hansen K. Effect of coenzyme Q10 and Ginkgo biloba on warfarin dosage in patients on long-term warfarin treatment. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over trial (in Danish). Ugeskr Laeger. 2003;165:1868–1871.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Buckley M, Goff A, Knapp W. Fish oil interaction with warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Jan;38(1):50–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bender N, Kraynak M, Chiquette E, et al. Effects of marine fish oils on the anticoagulation status of patients receiving chronic warfarin therapy. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 1998 Jul;5(3):257–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cambria-Kiely J. Effect of soy milk on warfarin efficacy. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Dec;36(12):1893–1896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez E, Domingo P, Roca-Cusachs A. Potentiation of acenocoumarol action by L-carnitine. J Intern Med. 1993 Jan;233(1):94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann H, Hoffmann A. Interaction of food supplement L-carnitine with oral anticoagulant acenocoumarol. Swiss Med Wkly. 2004 Jun 26;134(25–26):385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzo A, Ernst E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review. Drugs. 2009;69(13):1777–1798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Z, Yang X, Ho P, et al. Herb-drug interactions: a literature review. Drugs. 2005;65(9):1239–1282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge B, Zhang Z, Zuo Z. Updates on the clinical evidenced herb-warfarin interactions: eCAM. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2014;2014:957362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henderson L, Yue Q, Bergquist C, et al. St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum): drug interactions and clinical outcomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2002 Oct;54(4):349–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haller C. Clinical approach to adverse events and interactions related to herbal and dietary supplements. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2006;44(5):605–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izzat M, Yim A, El-Zufari M. A taste of Chinese medicine. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;66:941–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamann G, Campbell J, George C. Warfarin-cranberry juice interaction. Ann Pharmacother. 2011;45(3):e17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Paeng C, Sprague M, Jackevicius C. Interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. Clin Ther. 2007 Aug;29(8):1730–1735.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mergenhagen K, Sherman O. Elevated international normalized ratio after concurrent ingestion of cranberry sauce and warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2008 Nov;65(22):2113–2116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suvarna R, Pirmohamed M, Henderson L. Possible interaction between warfarin and cranberry juice. BMJ. 2003;327:1454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckmann-Knopp S, Rietbrock S, Weyhenmeyer R, et al. Inhibitory effects of silibinin on cytochrome P-450 enzymes in human liver microsomes. Pharmacol Toxicol. 2000 Jun;86(6):250–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bartle W. Grapefruit juice might still be factor in warfarin response. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1999;56(7):676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan D, Ford M, Boyden T. Grapefruit juice and the response to warfarin. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1998 Aug 1;55(15):1581–1583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veronese M, Gillen L, Burke J, et al. Exposure-dependent inhibition of intestinal and hepatic CYP3A4 in vivo by grapefruit juice. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43(8):831–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo L, Yamazoe Y. Inhibition of cytochrome P450 by furanocoumarins in grapefruit juice and herbal medicines. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica. 2004;25(2):129–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth S, Sadowski J, Weihrauch J, et al. Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) content of foods: a provisional table. J Food Composition Anal. 1993;6(2):109–120.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor J, Wilt V. Probable antagonism of warfarin by green tea. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(4):426–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathermon R, Crabb D. Alcohol and medication interactions. Alcohol Res Health. 1999;23(1):40–54.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ha C, Petersen C, Park D, et al. Investigations of the effects of ethanol on warfarin binding to human serum albumin. J Biomed Sci. 2000 Mar-Apr;7(2):114–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells P, Holbrook A, Crowther N, et al. Interactions of warfarin with drugs and food. Ann Intern Med. 1994 Nov 1;121(9):676–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penning-van Beest F, Geleijnse J, van Meegen E, et al. Lifestyle and diet as risk factors for overanticoagulation. J Clin Epidemiol. 2002 Apr;55(4):411–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havrda D, Mai T, Chonlahan J. Enhanced antithrombotic effect of warfarin associated with low-dose alcohol consumption. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(2):303–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation Investigators. Adjusted dose warfarin versus low intensity, fixed dose warfarin plus aspirin for high risk patients with atrial fibrillation: Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation III Randomised Clinical Trial. Lancet. 1996;348:633–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford S, Misita C, Shilliday B, et al. Prospective study of supplemental vitamin K therapy in patients on oral anticoagulants with unstable international normalized ratios. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2007 Aug;24(1):23–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sconce E, Avery P, Wynne H, et al. Vitamin K supplementation can improve stability of anticoagulation for patients with unexplained variability in response to warfarin. Blood. 2007 Mar 15; 109(6):2419–2423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rombouts E, Rosendaal F, van der Meer F. Daily vitamin K supplementation improves anticoagulant stability. J Thromb Haemostasis. 2007;5:2043–2048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reese A, Farnett L, Lyons R, et al. Low-dose vitamin K to augment anticoagulation control. Pharmacotherapy. 2005;25(12):1746–1751.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sconce E, Khan T, Mason J, et al. Patients with unstable control have a poorer dietary intake of vitamin K compared to patients with stable control of anticoagulation. Thromb Haemost. 2005 May;93(5):872–875.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K, Choi W, Lee J, et al. Relationship between dietary vitamin K intake and the stability of anticoagulation effect in patients taking long-term warfarin. Thromb Haemost. 2010 Oct;104(4):755–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Assis M, Rabelo E, Avila C, et al. improved oral anticoagulation after a dietary vitamin K-guided strategy. Circulation. 2009;120:1115–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schurgers L, Shearer M, Hamulyak K, et al. Effect of vitamin K intake on the stability of oral anticoagulant treatment: dose-response relationships in healthy subjects. Blood. 2004;104:2682–2689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurnik D, Loebstein R, Rabinovitz H, et al. Over-the-counter vitamin K1-containing multivitamin supplements disrupt warfarin anticoagulation in vitamin K1-depleted patients. A prospective, controlled trial. Thromb Haemost. 2004 Nov;92(5):1018–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldenburg J. Vitamin K intake and stability of oral anticoagulant treatment. Thromb Haemost. 2005;93:799–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam J, Schulman S, Witt D, et al. Anticoagulation control with daily low-dose vitamin k to reduce clinically adverse outcomes and international normalized ratio variability: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy. 2013 Nov;33(11):1184–1190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell J, Hirsh J, Hylek E, et al. Pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th Edition). Chest. 2008 Jun;133(6 Suppl):160S–98S.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, et al. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. New England J Med. 2009;361(12):1139–1151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, et al. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. New England J Med. 2011;365(10):883–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. New England J Med. 2011;365(11):981–992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giugliano RP, Ruff CT, Braunwald E, et al. Edoxaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(22):2093–2104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamali F, Wood P, Ward A. Vitamin K deficiency amplifies anticoagulation response to ximelagatran: possible implications for direct thrombin inhibitors and their clinical safety. Ann Hematol. 2009 Feb;88(2):141–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar