Pharmacological management of dermatomyositis

References

• Bohan A, Peter JB. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis (first of two parts). N Engl J Med. 1975;292(7):344–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oddis CV, Conte CG, Steen VD, et al. Incidence of polymyositis-dermatomyositis: a 20-year study of hospital diagnosed cases in Allegheny County, PA 1963-1982. J Rheumatol. 1990;17(10):1329–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vargas-Leguás H, Selva-O’Callaghan A, Campins-Martí M, et al. Polymyositis-dermatomyositis: incidence in Spain (1997– 2004). Med Clin (Barc). 2007;129(19):721–724.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo CF, See LC, Yu KH, et al. Incidence, cancer risk and mortality of dermatomyositis and polymyositis in Taiwan: a nationwide population study. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(6):1273–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy-Vincze M, Bodoki L, Griger Z, et al. Epidemiology of idiopathic inflammatory myopathy in Hungary. Orv Hetil. 2014 Oct 12;155(41):1643–1646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okada S, Weatherhead E, Targoff IN, et al. Global surface ultraviolet radiation intensity may modulate the clinical and immunologic expression of autoimmune muscle disease. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48:2285–2293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Love LA, Weinberg CR, McConnaughey DR, et al. Ultraviolet radiation intensity predicts the relative distribution of dermatomyositis and anti-Mi-2 autoantibodies in women. Arthritis Rheum. 2009 Aug;60(8):2499–2504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman BM, Rider LG, Reed AM, et al. Juvenile dermatomyositis and other idiopathic inflammatory myopathies of childhood. Lancet. 2008;371(9631):2201–2212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedderburn LR, Rider LG. Juvenile dermatomyositis: new developments in pathogenesis, assessment and treatment. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2009;23(5):665–678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunawardena H, Betteridge ZE, McHugh NJ. Myositis specific autoantibodies: their clinical and pathogenic significance in disease expression. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009 Jun;48(6):607–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansley S, Gunawardena H. The evolving spectrum of polymyositis and dermatomyositis–moving towards clinicoserological syndromes: a critical review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2014 Dec;47(3):264–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg IE, Forbess CJ. Mortality in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26 suppl 51(5):S109–S114.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider LG, Lachenbruch PA, Monroe JB, et al. IMACS Group. Damage extent and predictors in adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and polymyositis as determined with the myositis damage index. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(11):3425–3435.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Myosisitis Assessment & Clinical Studies Group (IMACS): global approaches to improved treatments and understanding of myositis. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences; [ cited 2015]. Available from: http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/resources/imacs/index.cfm
   Google Scholar
• Rider LG, Weth VP, Huber AM, et al. Measures of adult and juvenile dermatomyositis, polymyositis, and inclusion body myositis: Physician and Patient/Parent Global Activity, Manual Muscle Testing (MMT), Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ)/Childhood Health Assessment Questionnaire (C-HAQ), Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS), Myositis Disease Activity Assessment Tool (MDAAT), Disease Activity Score (DAS), Short Form 36 (SF-36), Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ), physician global damage, Myositis Damage Index (MDI), Quantitative Muscle Testing (QMT), Myositis Functional Index-2 (FI-2), Myositis Activities Profile (MAP), Inclusion Body Myositis Functional Rating Scale (IBMFRS), Cutaneous Dermatomyositis Disease Area And Severity Index (CDASI), Cutaneous Assessment Tool (CAT), Dermatomyositis Skin Severity Index (DSSI), Skindex, and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63(Suppl. 11):S118–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Rider LG, Ruperto N, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European league against rheumatism criteria for minimal, moderate, and major clinical response in adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: an International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation Collaborative Initiative. Ann Rheum Dis. 2017 May;76(5):792–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Rider LG, Ruperto N, et al. 2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against rheumatism criteria for minimal, moderate, and major clinical response in adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: an International Myositis Assessment and Clinical Studies Group/Paediatric Rheumatology International Trials Organisation Collaborative Initiative. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017 May;69(5):898–910.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe MM, Love LA, Leff RL, et al. Drug therapy of the idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: predictors of response to prednisone, azathioprine, and methotrexate and a comparison of their efficacy. Am J Med. 1993;94(4):379–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolosiu HD, Man L, Rednic S. The effect of methylprednisolone pulse therapy in polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Adv Exp Med Biol. 1999;455:349–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasija R, Pistorio A, Ravelli A, et al. Therapeutic approaches in the treatment of juvenile dermatomyositis in patients with recent-onset disease and in those experiencing disease flare: an international multicenter PRINTO study. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:3142–3152.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornung T, Ko A, Tuting T, et al. Efficacy of low-dose methotrexate in the treatment of dermatomyositis skin lesions. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2012 Mar;37(2):139–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vencovsky J. Combined treatment of Methotrexate + Glucocorticoids versus Glucocorticoids alone in patients with PM and DM (Prometheus). 2016. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00651040. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00651040
   Google Scholar
• Schiopu E, Phillips K, MacDonald PM, et al. Predictors of survival in a cohort of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis: effect of corticosteroids, methotrexate and azathioprine. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012 Jan 27;14(1):R22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu KH, Wu YJ, Kuo CF, et al. Survival analysis of patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis: analysis of 192 Chinese cases. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30:1595–1601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wan J, Imadojemu S, Werth VP. Management of rheumatic and autoimmune blistering disease in pregnancy and postpartum. Clin Dermatol. 2016 May–Jun;34(3):344–352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalba L, Hicks JE, Adams EM, et al. Treatment of refractory myositis: a randomized crossover study of two new cytotoxic regimens. Arthritis Rheum. 1998;41:392–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge Y, Zhou H, Shi J, et al. The efficacy of tacrolimus in patients with refractory dermatomyositis/polymyositis: a systematic review. Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Dec;34(12):2097–2103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueno KI, Shimojima Y, Kishida D, et al. Advantage of administering tacrolimus for improving prognosis of patients with polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Int J Rheum Dis. 2016 Dec;19(12):1322–1330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vencovsky J, Jarosova K, Machacek S, et al. Cyclosporine A versus methotrexate in the treatment of polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Scand J Rheumatol. 2000;29:95–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotani T, Makino S, Takeuchi T, et al. Early intervention with corticosteroids and cyclosporin A and 2-h postdose blood concentration monitoring improves the prognosis of acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia in dermatomyositis. J Rheumatol. 2008;35:254–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotani T, Takeuchi T, Makino S, et al. Combination with corticosteroids and cyclosporin-A improves pulmonary function test results and chest HRCT findings in dermatomyositis patients with acute/subacute interstitial pneumonia. Clin Rheumatol. 2011;30:1021–1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimojima Y, Ishii W, Matsuda M, et al. Effective use of calcineurin inhibitor in combination therapy for interstitial lung disease in patients with dermatomyositis and polymyositis. J Clin Rheumatol. 2017 Mar;23(2):87–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki Y1, Yamada H, Yamasaki M, et al. Intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy for progressive interstitial pneumonia in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2007 Jan;46(1):124–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley P, Maillard SM, Wedderburn LR, et al. Intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy in juvenile dermatomyositis. A review of efficacy and safety. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2004;43(4):491–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dastmalchi M, Notarnicola A, Dani L, et al. Intravenous cyclophosphamide according to the euro-lupus nephritis protocol for progressive interstitial lung disease in patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. 2nd Global Conference on Myositis; 2017 May 5–8; Potomac, MD. Abstract no: 337.
   Google Scholar
• Rowin J, Amato AA, Deisher N, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil in dermatomyositis: is it safe? Neurology. 2006;66:1245–1247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morganroth PA, Kreider ME, Werth VP. Mycophenolate mofetil for interstitial lung disease in dermatomyositis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010;62:1496–1501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelber AC, Nousari HC, Wigley FM. Mycophenolate mofetil in the treatment of severe skin manifestations of dermatomyositis: a series of 4 cases. J Rheumatol. 2000;27:1542–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalakas MC, Illa I, Dambrosia JM, et al. A controlled trial of high-dose intravenous immune globulin infusions as treatment for dermatomyositis. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):1993–2000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Femia AN, Eastham AB, Lam C, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin for refractory cutaneous dermatomyositis: a retrospective analysis from an academic medical center. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69:654–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito E, Koike T, Hashimoto H, et al. Efficacy of high-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in Japanese patients with steroid-resistant polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Mod Rheumatol. 2008;18:34–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danieli MG, Calcabrini L, Calabrese V, et al. Intravenous immunoglobulin as add on treatment with mycophenolate mofetil in severe myositis. Autoimmun Rev. 2009;9:124–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam CG, Manlhiot C, Pullenayegum EM, et al. Efficacy of intravenous Ig therapy in juvenile dermatomyositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011;70:2089–2094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danieli MG, Pettinari L, Moretti R, et al. Subcutaneous immunoglobulin in polymyositis and dermatomyositis: a novel application. Autoimmun Rev. 2011 Jan;10(3):144–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danieli MG, Moretti R, Gambini S, et al. Open-label study on treatment with 20% subcutaneous IgG administration in polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol. 2014 Apr;33(4):531–536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu YE, Co DO. Juvenile dermatomyositis: immunopathogenesis, role of myositis-specific autoantibodies, and review of rituximab use [published erratum appears in Pediatr Dermatol 2011; 28:627]. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011;28:357–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rios Fernandez R, Callejas Rubio JL, Sanchez Cano D, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomyositis and other inflammatory myopathies. A report of 4 cases and review of the literature. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2009;27:1009–1016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine TD. Rituximab in the treatment of dermatomyositis: an open-label pilot study. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Feb;52(2):601–607.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oddis CV, Reed AM, Aggarwal R, et al. RIM Study Group. Rituximab in the treatment of refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis: a randomized, placebo-phase trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2013 Feb;65(2):314–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Bandos A, Reed AM, et al. Predictors of clinical improvement in rituximab-treated refractory adult and juvenile dermatomyositis and adult polymyositis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2014;66(3):740–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Oddis CV, Goudeau D, et al. Autoantibody levels in myositis patients correlate with clinical response during B cell depletion with rituximab. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Jun;55(6):991–999.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arabshahi B, Silverman RA, Jones OY, et al. Abatacept and sodium thiosulfate for treatment of recalcitrant juvenile dermatomyositis complicated by ulceration and calcinosis. J Pediatr. 2012;160:520–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundberg IE, Tjärnlund A, Tang Q, et al. Abatacept in the treatment of adult dermatomyositis and polymyositis: a randomized, treatment delayed-start trial [abstract]. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67(suppl 10). Available from: http://acrabstracts.org/abstract/abatacept-in-the-treatment-of-adult-dermatomyositis-and-polymyositis-a-randomized-treatment-delayed-start-trial/
   Google Scholar
• DeBleeker JL, Meire VI, Declercq W, et al. Immunolocalization of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and its receptors in inflammatory myopathies. Neuromusc Dis. 1999;9:239–246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muscle Study Group. A randomized, pilot trial of etanercept in dermatomyositis. Ann Neurol. 2011;70:427–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouster-Stevens KA, Ferguson L, Morgan G, et al. Pilot study of etanercept in patients with refractory juvenile dermatomyositis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2014 May;66(5):783–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein R, Rosenbach M, Kim EJ, et al. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitor-associated dermatomyositis. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Jul;146(7):780–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dicaro D, Bowen C, Dalton SR. Dermatomyositis associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy in a patient with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014 Mar;70(3):e64–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quain RD, Werth VP. Management of cutaneous dermatomyositis: current therapeutic options. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2006;7(6):341–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontheimer RD. The management of dermatomyositis: current treatment options. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2004 May;5(5):1083–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueda M, Makinodan R, Matsumum M, et al. Successful treatment of amyopathic dermatomyositis with topical tacrolimus. Br J Dermatol. 2003;148:595–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollar CB, Jorizzo JL. Topical tacrolimus 0.1% ointment for refractory skin disease in dermatomyositis: a pilot study. J Dermatol Treat. 2004;15:35–39.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kim JE, Jeong MG, Lee HE, et al. Successful treatment of cutaneous lesions of dermatomyositis with topical pimecrolimus. Ann Dermatol. 2011 Aug;23(3):348–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betteridge Z, McHugh N. Myositis-specific autoantibodies: an important tool to support diagnosis of myositis. J Intern Med. 2016 Jul;280(1):8–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lega JC, Fabien N, Reynaud Q, et al. The clinical phenotype associated with myositis-specific and associated autoantibodies: a meta-analysis revisiting the so-called antisynthetase syndrome. Autoimmun Rev. 2014 Sep;13(9):883–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rojas-Serrano J, Herrera-Bringas D, Mejía M, et al. Prognostic factors in a cohort of antisynthetase syndrome (ASS): serologic profile is associated with mortality in patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). Clin Rheumatol. 2015;34:1563–1569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal R, Cassidy E, Fertig N, et al. Patients with non-Jo-1 anti-tRNA-synthetase autoantibodies have worse survival than Jo-1 positive patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:227–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson C, Pinal-Fernandez I, Parikh R, et al. Assessment of mortality in autoimmune myositis with and without associated interstitial lung disease. Lung. 2016 Oct;194(5):733–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Váncsa A, Csípo I, Németh J, et al. Characteristics of interstitial lung disease in SS-A positive/Jo-1 positive inflammatory myopathy patients. Rheumatol Int. 2009 Jul;29(9):989–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharp C, McCabe M, Dodds N, et al. Rituximab in autoimmune connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016 Jul;55(7):1318–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauhammer J, Blank N, Max R, et al. Rituximab in the treatment of Jo1 antibody-associated antisynthetase syndrome: anti-Ro52 positivity as a marker for severity and treatment response. J Rheumatol. 2016 Aug;43(8):1566–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansley SL, Betteridge ZE, McHugh NJ. The diagnostic utility of autoantibodies in adult and juvenile myositis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2013;25:772–777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targoff IN, Reichlin M. The association between Mi-2 antibodies and dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 1985;28:796–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghirardello A, Zampieri S, Iaccarino L, et al. Anti-Mi-2 antibodies. Autoimmunity. 2005;38:79–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghirardello A, Borella E, Beggio M, et al. Myositis autoantibodies and clinical phenotypes. Auto Immun Highlights. 2014;5(3):69–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Targoff IN, Mamyrova G, Trieu EP, et al. A novel autoantibody to a 155-kd protein is associated with dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2006 Nov;54(11):3682–3689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trallero-Araguas E, Rodrigo-Pendas JA, Selva-O’Callaghan A, et al. Usefulness of anti-p155 autoantibody for diagnosing cancer-associated dermatomyositis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64(2):523–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valenzuela A, Chung L, Casciola-Rosen L, et al. Identification of clinical features and autoantibodies associated with calcinosis in dermatomyositis. JAMA Dermatol. 2014 Jul;150(7):724–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato S, Hirakata M, Kuwana M, et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd polypeptide, CADM-140, in Japanese patients with clinically amyopathic dermatomyositis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:1571–1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Z, Hu W, Wang Y, et al. Distinct profiles of myositis-specific autoantibodies in Chinese and Japanese patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis. Clin Rheumatol. 2015 Sep;34(9):1627–1631.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall JC, Casciola-Rosen L, Samedy LA, et al. Anti-melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5-associated dermatomyositis: expanding the clinical spectrum. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2013 Aug;65(8):1307–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasumi H, Gono T, Kawaguchi Y, et al. Recent treatment of interstitial lung disease with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies. Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med. 2015;9(Suppl1):9–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamasaki Y, Yamada H, Ohkubo M, et al. Long-term survival and associated risk factors in patients with adult-onset idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and amyopathic dermatomyositis: experience in a single institute in Japan. J Rheumatol. 2011;38(8):1636–1643.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betteridge ZE, Gunawardena H, Chinoy H, et al. Clinical and human leucocyte antigen class II haplotype associations of autoantibodies to small ubiquitin-like modifier enzyme, a dermatomyositis-specific autoantigen target, in UK Caucasian adult-onset myositis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68:1621–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodoki L, Nagy-Vincze M, Griger Z, et al. Four dermatomyositis-specific autoantibodiesanti-TIF1gamma, anti-NXP2, anti-SAE and anti-MDA5-in adult and juvenile patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies in a Hungarian cohort. Autoimmun Rev. 2014;13:1211–1219.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarricone E, Ghirardello A, Rampudda M, et al. Anti-SAE antibodies in autoimmune myositis identification by unlabelled protein immunoprecipitation in an Italian patient cohort. J Immunol Methods. 2012;384(1):128–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunawardena H, Wedderburn LR, Chinoy H, et al. Autoantibodies to a 140-kd protein in juvenile dermatomyositis are associated with calcinosis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60:1807–1814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ichimura Y, Matsushita T, Hamaguchi Y, et al. Anti-NXP2 autoantibodies in adult patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: possible association with malignancy. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71:710–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiorentino DF, Chung LS, Christopher-Stine L, et al. Most patients with cancer-associated dermatomyositis have antibodies to nuclear matrix protein NXP-2 or transcription intermediary factor 1gamma. Arthritis Rheum. 2013;65:2954–2962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredi M, Bartoli F, Cavazzana I, et al. Calcinosis in poly-dermatomyositis: clinical and laboratory predictors and treatment options. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2017 Mar–Apr;35(2):303–308.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mammen AL, Chung T, Christopher-Stine L, et al. Autoantibodies against 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase in patients with statin-associated autoimmune myopathy. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:713–721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishi T, Rider LG, Pak K, et al. Anti-3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-Coenzyme a reductase autoantibodies are associated with DRB1*07:01 and severe myositis in pediatric myositis patients. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017 Jul;69(7):1088–1094.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tansley SL, Betteridge ZE, Simou S, et al. Anti-HMGCR autoantibodies in juvenile idiopathic inflammatory myopathies identify a rare but clinically important subset of patients. J Rheumatol. 2017 Apr;44(4):488–492.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rider LG, Dankó K, Miller FW. Myositis registries and biorepositories: powerful tools to advance clinical, epidemiologic and pathogenic research. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2014 Nov;26(6):724–741.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Euromyositis: international collaboration research and treatment database for myositis specialists. 2016. Available from: https://euromyositis.eu/
   Google Scholar