Anticholinergics and falls in older adults

References

• Sahril N, Shahein NA, Yoep N, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with falls among older persons in Malaysia. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020;20(S2):33–37.
   Google Scholar
• Alex D, Khor HM, Chin AV, et al. Cross-sectional analysis of ethnic differences in fall prevalence in urban dwellers aged 55 years and over in the Malaysian elders longitudinal research study. BMJ Open. Jul 17 2018;8(7):e019579. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019579
   Google Scholar
• Wu H, Ouyang P. Fall prevalence, time trend and its related risk factors among elderly people in China. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2017/November/01;73:294–299. 10.1016/j.archger.2017.08.009.
   Google Scholar
• Jia H, Lubetkin EI, DeMichele K, et al. Prevalence, risk factors, and burden of disease for falls and balance or walking problems among older adults in the U.S. Prev Med. 2019/September/01;126:105737. 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.05.025.
   Google Scholar
• Lee J, Negm A, Peters R, et al. Deprescribing fall-risk increasing drugs (FRIDs) for the prevention of falls and fall-related complications: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. Feb 10 2021;11(2):e035978. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035978.
   Google Scholar
• Williams JS, Kowal P, Hestekin H, et al. Prevalence, risk factors and disability associated with fall-related injury in older adults in low- and middle-income countries: results from the WHO study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). BMC Med. Jun 23 2015;13(1):147. doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0390-8.
   Google Scholar
• Davis JC, Robertson MC, Ashe MC, et al. International comparison of cost of falls in older adults living in the community: a systematic review. Osteoporos Int. 2010/August/01;21(8):1295–1306. DOI:10.1007/s00198-009-1162-0.
   Google Scholar
• Sherrington C, Fairhall N, Kirkham C, et al. Exercise to reduce mobility disability and prevent falls after fall-related leg or pelvic fracture: RESTORE randomized controlled trial. J Gen Intern Med. 2020/October/01;35(10):2907–2916. doi:10.1007/s11606-020-05666-9
   Google Scholar
• de Wit K, Merali Z, Kagoma YK, et al. Incidence of intracranial bleeding in seniors presenting to the emergency department after a fall: a systematic review. Injury. 2020/February/01;51(2):157–163. DOI:10.1016/j.injury.2019.12.036.
   Google Scholar
• Hartholt KA, Va Beeck EF, Suzanne P, et al. Societal consequences of falls in the older population: injuries, healthcare costs, and long-term reduced quality of life. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2011;71(3):748–753. [Online]. Available. https://journals.lww.com/jtrauma/Fulltext/2011/09000/Societal_Consequences_of_Falls_in_the_Older.36.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Ambrose AF, Paul G, Hausdorff JM. Risk factors for falls among older adults: a review of the literature. Maturitas. 2013;75(1):51–61.
   Google Scholar
• Xu T, Clemson L, O’Loughlin K, et al. Risk factors for falls in community stroke survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018/March/01;99(3):563–573.e5. DOI:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.06.032.
   Google Scholar
• Jehu DA, Davis JC, Falck RS, et al. Risk factors for recurrent falls in older adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Maturitas. 2021/February/01;144:23–28. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.10.021.
   Google Scholar
• Zhou H, Peng K, Tiedemann A, et al. Risk factors for falls among older community dwellers in Shenzhen, China. Inj Prev. 2019;25(1):31–35.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald SP, Bean NG. An analysis of the interactions between individual comorbidities and their treatments—implications for guidelines and polypharmacy. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2010/September/01;11(7):475–484. DOI:10.1016/j.jamda.2010.05.008.
   Google Scholar
• Ie K, Chou E, Boyce RD, et al. Fall risk-increasing drugs, polypharmacy, and falls among low-income community-dwelling older adults. Innovation Aging. 2021;5(1). DOI:10.1093/geroni/igab001
   Google Scholar
• Zia A, Kamaruzzaman SB, Tan MP. The consumption of two or more fall risk-increasing drugs rather than polypharmacy is associated with falls. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017 Mar;17(3):463–470. DOI:10.1111/ggi.12741.
   Google Scholar
• Seppala LJ, van der Velde N, Masud T, et al. EuGMS task and finish group on Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs (FRIDs): position on knowledge dissemination, management, and future research. Eur Geriatric Med. 2019;10(2):275–283.
   Google Scholar
• Zia A, Kamaruzzaman S, Myint PK, et al. Anticholinergic burden is associated with recurrent and injurious falls in older individuals. Maturitas. 2016 Feb;84:32–37. DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.10.009.
   Google Scholar
• Ziere G, Dieleman JP, Hofman A, et al. Polypharmacy and falls in the middle age and elderly population. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Feb;61(2):218–223. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02543.x.
   Google Scholar
• Masnoon N, Shakib S, Kalisch-Ellett L, et al. What is polypharmacy? A systematic review of definitions. BMC Geriatr. 2017/October/10;17(1):230. DOI:10.1186/s12877-017-0621-2.
   Google Scholar
• Lee EA, Brettler JW, Kanter MH, et al. Refining the definition of polypharmacy and its link to disability in older adults: conceptualizing necessary polypharmacy, unnecessary polypharmacy, and polypharmacy of unclear benefit. Perm J. 2020;24. DOI:10.7812/TPP/18.212.
   Google Scholar
• Morin L, Johnell K, Laroche M-L, et al. The epidemiology of polypharmacy in older adults: register-based prospective cohort study. Clin Epidemiol. 2018;10:289.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper JA, Cadogan CA, Pattersno SM, et al. Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy in older people: a Cochrane systematic review. BMJ open. 2015;5(12):e009235. [Online]. Available. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4679890/pdf/bmjopen-2015-009235.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hughes C. Appropriate and inappropriate polypharmacy—Choosing the right strategy. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;87(1):84–86.
   Google Scholar
• Zia A, Kamaruzzaman SB, Myint PK, et al. The association of antihypertensives with postural blood pressure and falls among seniors residing in the community: a case-control study. Eur J Clin Invest. 2015;45(10):1069–1076.
   Google Scholar
• Kahlaee HR, Latt MD, Schneider CR. Association between chronic or acute use of antihypertensive class of medications and falls in older adults. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens. 2018;31(4):467–479.
   Google Scholar
• Zia A, Kamaruzzaman SB, Tan MP. Polypharmacy and falls in older people: balancing evidence-based medicine against falls risk. Postgrad Med. 2015;127(3):330–337.
   Google Scholar
• Makhani A, Thake M, Gibson W. Mirabegron in the treatment of overactive bladder: safety and efficacy in the very elderly patient, (in eng). Clin Interv Aging. 2020;15:575–581.
   Google Scholar
• Yoshikawa A, Ramirez G, Smith ML, et al. Opioid use and the risk of falls, fall injuries and fractures among older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gerontol A. 2020;75(10):1989–1995.
   Google Scholar
• Bo M, Gibello M, Brunetti E, et al. Prevalence and predictors of inappropriate prescribing according to the screening tool of older people’s prescriptions and screening tool to alert to right treatment version 2 criteria in older patients discharged from geriatric and internal medicine wards: a prospective observational multicenter study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2019/January/01;19(1):5–11. doi:10.1111/ggi.13542.
   Google Scholar
• Haasum Y, Johnell K. Use of antiepileptic drugs and risk of falls in old age: a systematic review. Epilepsy Res. 2017;138:98–104. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920121117301559?via%3Dihub
   Google Scholar
• Hukins D, Macleod U, Boland JW. Identifying potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people with dementia: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;75(4):467–481. DOI:10.1007/s00228-018-02612-x.
   Google Scholar
• Seppala LJ, Petrovic M, Ryg J, et al. STOPPFall (Screening tool of older persons prescriptions in older adults with high fall risk): a Delphi study by the EuGMS task and finish group on fall-risk-increasing drugs. Age Ageing. 2021;50(4):1189–1199. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afaa249.
   Google Scholar
• Boyé NDA, van der Velde N, de Vries OJ, et al. Effectiveness of medication withdrawal in older fallers: results from the Improving Medication Prescribing to reduce Risk Of FALLs (IMPROveFALL) trial. Age Ageing. 2017;46(1):142–146.
   Google Scholar
• Beers WH, Reich E. Structure and activity of acetylcholine.Nature. 1970;228(5275):917–922. 10.1038/228917a0.
   Google Scholar
• Changeux J-P, Devillers-Thiery A, Chemouilli P. Acetylcholine receptor: an allosteric protein. Science. 1984;225(4668):1335–1345.
   Google Scholar
• Felder CC. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: signal transduction through multiple effectors. FASEB J. 1995;9(8):619–625.
   Google Scholar
• Kruse AC, Kobilka BK, Gautam D, et al. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: novel opportunities for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2014;13(7):549–560. DOI:10.1038/nrd4295.
   Google Scholar
• Hogg RC, Raggenbass M, Bertrand D . Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors: from structure to brain function In Pederson SHF, editor. Reviews of Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology. 2003. p. 1–46.
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand D, Terry JAV. The wonderland of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Biochem Pharmacol. 2018;151:214–225. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295217307207?via%3Dihub
   Google Scholar
• Collamati A, Martone AM, Poscia A, et al. Anticholinergic drugs and negative outcomes in the older population: from biological plausibility to clinical evidence. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28(1):25–35.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson K, Fox C, Maidment I, et al. Anticholinergic drugs and risk of dementia: case-control study. BMJ. Apr 25 2018;361:k1315. DOI:10.1136/bmj.k1315.
   Google Scholar
• Kumpula E-K, Bell JS, Soini H, et al. Anticholinergic drug use and mortality among residents of long-term care facilities: a prospective cohort study. J Clin Pharmacol. 2011/February/01;51(2):256–263. DOI:10.1177/0091270010368410.
   Google Scholar
• Berryman SN, Jennings J, Ragsdale S, et al. Beers criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Medsurg Nursing. 2012;21(3).
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher P, Ryan C, Byrne S, et al. STOPP (screening tool of older person’s prescriptions) and START (screening tool to alert doctors to right treatment). Consensus validation. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2008;46(2):72. DOI:10.5414/CPP46072.
   Google Scholar
• Kouladjian L, Gnjidic D, Chen TF, et al. Drug Burden Index in older adults: theoretical and practical issues. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:1503–1515.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn-Thiel AM, Weiß C, Wehling M, F. a. e. p. m. The, consensus validation of the FORTA (Fit fOR The Aged) list: a clinical tool for increasing the appropriateness of pharmacotherapy in the elderly. Drugs Aging. 2014/February/01;31(2):131–140. doi:10.1007/s40266-013-0146-0.
   Google Scholar
• Gallagher PF, Barry PJ, Ryan C, et al. Inappropriate prescribing in an acutely ill population of elderly patients as determined by Beers’ Criteria. Age Ageing. 2008;37(1):96–101. Online. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afm116.
   Google Scholar
• O’Mahony D, Gallagher P, Ryan C, et al. STOPP & START criteria: a new approach to detecting potentially inappropriate prescribing in old age. Eur Geriatric Med. 2010;1(1): 45–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2010.01.007.
   Google Scholar
• Yayla ME, Bilge U, Binen E, et al. The use of START/STOPP criteria for elderly patients in primary care. ScientificWorldJournal. 2013;2013:165873.
   Google Scholar
• Van Der Velde N, Stricker BHC, Pols HA, et al. Risk of falls after withdrawal of fall‐risk‐increasing drugs: a prospective cohort study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2007;63(2):232–237.
   Google Scholar
• Wehland M, Grosse J, Simonsen U, et al. The effects of newer beta-adrenoceptor antagonists on vascular function in cardiovascular disease. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2012;10(3):378–390. DOI:10.2174/157016112799959323.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser LA, Adachi JD, Leslie WD, et al. Effect of anticholinergic medications on falls, fracture risk, and bone mineral density over a 10-year period. Ann Pharmacother. 2014 Aug;48(8):954–961. DOI:10.1177/1060028014535363.
   Google Scholar
• Marcum ZA, Perera S, Thorpe JM, et al. Anticholinergic use and recurrent falls in community-dwelling older adults: findings from the health ABC study. Ann Pharmacother. 2015 Nov;49(11):1214–1221. DOI:10.1177/1060028015596998.
   Google Scholar
• Squires P, Pahor M, Manini TM, et al. Impact of anticholinergic medication burden on mobility and falls in the Lifestyle Interventions for Elders (LIFE) Study. J Clin Med. Sep 16 2020;9(9):2989. DOI:10.3390/jcm9092989.
   Google Scholar
• Szabo SM, Gooch K, Schermer C, et al. Association between cumulative anticholinergic burden and falls and fractures in patients with overactive bladder: US-based retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open. May 5 2019;9(5):e026391. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-026391
   Google Scholar
• Tan MP, Tan GJ, Mat S, et al. Use of medications with anticholinergic properties and the long-term risk of hospitalization for falls and fractures in the EPIC-norfolk longitudinal cohort study. Drugs Aging. 2020 Feb;37(2):105–114. DOI:10.1007/s40266-019-00731-3.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson K, Bennett K, Maidment ID, et al. Use of medications with anticholinergic activity and self-reported injurious falls in older community-dwelling adults, (in eng). ” J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015 Aug;63(8):1561–1569. DOI:10.1111/jgs.13543.
   Google Scholar
• Xu XJ, Myint PK, Kioh SH, et al. A five-year prospective evaluation of anticholinergic cognitive burden and falls in the Malaysian elders longitudinal research (MELoR) study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2022;98:104535.
   Google Scholar
• Salahudeen MS, Duffull SB, Nishtala PS. Anticholinergic burden quantified by anticholinergic risk scales and adverse outcomes in older people: a systematic review. BMC Geriatr. Mar 25 2015;15(1):31. DOI:10.1186/s12877-015-0029-9.
   Google Scholar
• Durán CE, Azermai M, Vander Stichele RH. Systematic review of anticholinergic risk scales in older adults. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;69(7):1485–1496.
   Google Scholar
• Naples JG, Marcum ZA, Perera S, et al. Concordance between anticholinergic burden scales. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2015;63(10):2120–2124. DOI:10.1111/jgs.13647.
   Google Scholar
• Lozano-Ortega G, Johnston KM, Cheung A, et al. A review of published anticholinergic scales and measures and their applicability in database analyses. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020 Mar - Apr;87:103885. DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2019.05.010.
   Google Scholar
• Boustani M, Campbell N, Munger S, et al. Impact of anticholinergics on the aging brain: a review and practical application. Aging Health. 2008;4(3):311–320.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell N, Maidment I, Fox C, et al. The 2012 update to the anticholinergic cognitive burden scale. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61(S1):S142–S143.
   Google Scholar
• Chatterjee S, Walker D, Kimura T, et al. The costs and healthcare resource utilization associated with anticholinergic burden in long-stay nursing home residents with overactive bladder in the US. Pharmacoecon Open. 2021/July/13;5(4):727–736. DOI:10.1007/s41669-021-00281-8.
   Google Scholar
• Reinold J, Braitmaier M, Riedel O, et al. Anticholinergic burden: first comprehensive analysis using claims data shows large variation by age and sex. PloS one. 2021;16(6):e0253336.
   Google Scholar
• Pasina L, Djade CD, Lucca U, et al. Association of anticholinergic burden with cognitive and functional status in a cohort of hospitalized elderly: comparison of the anticholinergic cognitive burden scale and anticholinergic risk scale. Drugs Aging. 2013;30(2):103–112. DOI:10.1007/s40266-012-0044-x.
   Google Scholar
• Pfistermeister B, Tümena T, Gaßmann K-G, et al. Anticholinergic burden and cognitive function in a large German cohort of hospitalized geriatric patients. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):e0171353.
   Google Scholar
• Carnahan RM, Lund BC, Perry PJ, et al. The anticholinergic drug scale as a measure of drug-related anticholinergic burden: associations with serum anticholinergic activity. J Clin Pharmacol. 2006 Dec;46(12):1481–1486. DOI:10.1177/0091270006292126.
   Google Scholar
• Mangoni AA, van Munster BC, Woodman RJ, et al. Measures of anticholinergic drug exposure, serum anticholinergic activity, and all-cause postdischarge mortality in older hospitalized patients with hip fractures. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry. 2013;21(8):785–793.
   Google Scholar
• Krüger C, Schäfer I, van den Bussche H, et al. Anticholinergic drug burden according to the anticholinergic drug scale and the German anticholinergic burden and their impact on cognitive function in multimorbid elderly German people: a multicentre observational study. BMJ open. 2021;11(3):e044230. DOI:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044230.
   Google Scholar
• Rudolph JL, Salow MJ, Angelini MC, et al. The anticholinergic risk scale and anticholinergic adverse effects in older persons. Arch Internal Med. 2008;168(5):508–513.
   Google Scholar
• Kose E, Hirai T, Seki T. Assessment of aspiration pneumonia using the Anticholinergic Risk Scale. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018;18(8):1230–1235.
   Google Scholar
• Lowry E, Woodman RJ, Soiza RL, et al. Associations between the anticholinergic risk scale score and physical function: potential implications for adverse outcomes in older hospitalized patients. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12(8):565–572.
   Google Scholar
• Andre L, Gallini A, Montastruc F et al . Association between anticholinergic (atropinic) drug exposure and cognitive function in longitudinal studies among individuals over 50 years old: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. Dec 2019;75(12):1631–1644. DOI:10.1007/s00228-019-02744-8.
   Google Scholar
• Pieper NT, Grossi CM, Chan WY, et al. Anticholinergic drugs and incident dementia, mild cognitive impairment and cognitive decline: a meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2020;49(6):939–947. DOI:10.1093/ageing/afaa090.
   Google Scholar
• Coupland CAC, Hill T, Dening T, et al. Anticholinergic drug exposure and the risk of dementia: a nested case-control study. JAMA Intern Med. Aug 1 2019;179(8):1084–1093. DOI:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.0677.
   Google Scholar
• Fox C, Richardson K, Maidment ID, et al. Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: the medical research council cognitive function and ageing study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Aug;59(8):1477–1483. DOI:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03491.x.
   Google Scholar
• Fox C, Livingston G, Maidment ID, et al. The impact of anticholinergic burden in Alzheimer’s Dementia-the Laser-AD study. Age Ageing. 2011;40(6):730–735.
   Google Scholar
• Andre L, Gallini A, Montastruc F, et al. Anticholinergic exposure and cognitive decline in older adults: effect of anticholinergic exposure definitions in a 3-year analysis of the multidomain Alzheimer preventive trial (MAPT) study. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 ;85(1):71–99. doi:10.1111/bcp.13734
   Google Scholar
• Allan LM, Ballard CG, Rowan EN, et al. Incidence and prediction of falls in dementia: a prospective study in older people.PloS one. 2009;4(5):e5521. 10.1371/journal.pone.0005521.
   Google Scholar
• Myint PK, Fox C, Kwok CS, et al. Total anticholinergic burden and risk of mortality and cardiovascular disease over 10 years in 21,636 middle-aged and older men and women of EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Age Ageing. 2015;44(2):219–225.
   Google Scholar
• Singh S, Loke YK, Enright P, et al. Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications. Thorax. 2013;68(1):114–116.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen S, Bhangu J, de Rooij S, et al. The association of cardiovascular disorders and falls: a systematic review. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(3):193–199.
   Google Scholar
• Jansen S, Kenny RA, de Rooij SE, et al. Self-reported cardiovascular conditions are associated with falls and syncope in community-dwelling older adults. Age Ageing. 2015;44(3):525–529.
   Google Scholar
• Panula J, Puustinen J, Jaatinen P, et al. Effects of potent anticholinergics, sedatives and antipsychotics on postoperative mortality in elderly patients with hip fracture. Drugs Aging. 2009;26(11):963–971.
   Google Scholar
• Shmuel S, Pate V, Pepin MJ, et al. Effects of anticholinergic and sedative medication use on fractures: a self-controlled design study. J Am Geriatr Soc. Jul 22 2021;69(11):3212–3224. doi:10.1111/jgs.17377.
   Google Scholar
• Naharci MI, Tasci I. Frailty status and increased risk for falls: the role of anticholinergic burden. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2020 Sep - Oct;90:104136. DOI:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104136.
   Google Scholar
• Juola AL, Bjorkman MP, Pylkkanen S, et al. Nurse education to reduce harmful medication use in assisted living facilities: effects of a randomized controlled trial on falls and cognition. Drugs Aging. 2015/November/01;32(11):947–955. doi:10.1007/s40266-015-0311-8
   Google Scholar
• Marcum ZA, Wirtz HS, Pettinger M, et al. Anticholinergic medication use and falls in postmenopausal women: findings from the women’s health initiative cohort study. BMC Geriatr. 2016;16(1):1–9. DOI:10.1186/s12877-016-0251-0.
   Google Scholar
• Aizenberg D, Sigler M, Weizman A, et al. Anticholinergic burden and the risk of falls among elderly psychiatric inpatients: a 4-year case-control study. Int Psychogeriatr. 2002;14(3):307–310.
   Google Scholar
• Landi F, Russo A, Liperoti R, et al. Anticholinergic drugs and physical function among frail elderly population. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2007;81(2):235–241. DOI:10.1038/sj.clpt.6100035.
   Google Scholar
• Hilmer S, Gnjidic D. The effects of polypharmacy in older adults. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;85(1):86–88.
   Google Scholar
• Rankin A, Cadogan CA, Patterson SM, et al. Interventions to improve the appropriate use of polypharmacy for older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;(9): Art. No: CD008165.
   Google Scholar