Genetic markers of drug hypersensitivity in pediatrics: current state and promise

References

• WHO. International drug monitoring: the role of national centres. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser1972.
   Google Scholar
• Rawlins M, Thompson J. Pathogenesis of adverse drug reactions. In: Davies D, editor. Textbook of adverse drug reactions. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 1977. p. 10.
   Google Scholar
• Elzagallaai AA, Greff M, Rieder MJ. Adverse drug reactions in children: the double-edged sword of therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2017 Jun;101(6):725–735.
   Google Scholar
• Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: report of the nomenclature review committee of the world allergy organization, October 2003. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 May;113(5):832–836.
   Google Scholar
• Demoly P, Adkinson NF, Brockow K, et al. International Consensus on drug allergy. Allergy. 2014 Apr;69(4):420–437.
   Google Scholar
• Roujeau JC, Stern RS. Severe adverse cutaneous reactions to drugs. N Engl J Med. 1994 Nov 10; 331(19):1272–1285.
   Google Scholar
• Duong TA, Valeyrie-Allanore L, Wolkenstein P, et al. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions to drugs. Lancet. 2017 Oct 28 390(10106):1996–2011.
   Google Scholar
• Coombs R, Gell P. Classifications of allergi reactions responsible for clinical hypersensitivity and disease. In: Gell P, Coombs R, Lachman P, editors. Clinical aspects of immunology. London: Blackwell Scientific Publications; 1975. p. 761–781.
   Google Scholar
• Elzagallaai AA, Rieder MJ. In vitro testing for diagnosis of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions: implications for pathophysiology. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015 Oct;80(4):889–900.
   Google Scholar
• Pichler WJ, Adam J, Daubner B, et al. Drug hypersensitivity reactions: pathomechanism and clinical symptoms. Med Clin North Am. 2010 Jul;94(4):645–64, xv.
   Google Scholar
• Pichler WJ, Adam J, Daubner B, et al. Drug hypersensitivity reactions: pathomechanism and clinical symptoms [Review]. Med Clin North Am. 2010 Jul;94(4):645–64, xv.
   Google Scholar
• Pichler WJ. Pharmacological interaction of drugs with antigen-specific immune receptors: the p-i concept [research support, non-U.S. gov’treview]. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002 Aug;2(4):301–305.
   Google Scholar
• Elzagallaai AA, Koren G, Bend JR, et al. In vitro testing for hypersensitivity-mediated adverse drug reactions: challenges and future directions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2011 Sep;90(3):455–460.
   Google Scholar
• Pichler WJ. Immune pathomechanism and classification of drug hypersensitivity. Allergy. 2019 Aug;74(8):1457–1471.
   Google Scholar
• Chen CB, Abe R, Pan RY, et al. An updated review of the molecular mechanisms in drug hypersensitivity. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:6431694.
   Google Scholar
• Piccorossi A, Liccioli G, Barni S, et al. Epidemiology and drug allergy results in children investigated in allergy unit of a tertiary-care paediatric hospital setting. Ital J Pediatr. 2020 Jan 10;46(1):5.
   Google Scholar
• Trubiano JA, Cairns KA, Evans JA, et al. The prevalence and impact of antimicrobial allergies and adverse drug reactions at an Australian tertiary centre. BMC Infect Dis. 2015 Dec 16;15(1):572.
   Google Scholar
• Noguera-Morel L, Hernandez-Martin Á, Torrelo A. Cutaneous drug reactions in the pediatric population. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2014 Apr;61(2):1402–1412.
   Google Scholar
• Erkocoglu M, Kaya A, Civelek E, et al. Prevalence of confirmed immediate type drug hypersensitivity reactions among school children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013 Mar;24(2):160–167.
   Google Scholar
• Norton AE, Konvinse K, and Phillips EJ, et al. Antibiotic allergy in pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2018 May;141(5):e20172497.
   Google Scholar
• Rebelo Gomes E, Fonseca J, Araujo L, et al. Drug allergy claims in children: from self-reporting to confirmed diagnosis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2008 Jan;38(1):191–198.
   Google Scholar
• Kaminsky LW, Dalessio S, Al-Shaikhly T, et al. Penicillin allergy label increases risk of worse clinical outcomes in COVID-19. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2021 Oct;9(10):3629–3637 e2.
   Google Scholar
• Impicciatore P, Choonara I, Clarkson A, et al. Incidence of adverse drug reactions in paediatric in/out-patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2001 Jul;52(1):77–83.
   Google Scholar
• Lange L, Koningsbruggen SV, Rietschel E. Questionnaire-based survey of lifetime-prevalence and character of allergic drug reactions in German children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008 Nov;19(7):634–638.
   Google Scholar
• Orhan F, Karakas T, Cakir M, et al. Parental-reported drug allergy in 6- to 9-yr-old urban schoolchildren. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008 Feb;19(1):82–85.
   Google Scholar
• Star K, Noren GN, Nordin K, et al. Suspected adverse drug reactions reported for children worldwide: an exploratory study using VigiBase. Drug Saf. 2011 May 01;34(5):415–428.
   Google Scholar
• Tan VA, Gerez IF, Van Bever HP. Prevalence of drug allergy in Singaporean children. Singapore Med J. 2009 Dec;50(12):1158–1161.
   Google Scholar
• Mori F, Blanca‐Lopez N, Caubet J-C, et al. Delayed hypersensitivity to antiepileptic drugs in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2021 Apr;32(3):425–436.
   Google Scholar
• Antoon JW, Goldman JL, Lee B, et al. Incidence, outcomes, and resource use in children with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018 Mar;35(2):182–187.
   Google Scholar
• Oh HL, Kang DY, Kang H-R, et al. Severe cutaneous adverse reactions in Korean pediatric patients: a study from the Korea SCAR registry. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res. 2019 Mar;11(2):241–253.
   Google Scholar
• Techasatian L, Panombualert S, Uppala R, et al. Drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in children: 20 years study in a tertiary care hospital. World J Pediatr. 2017 Jun;13(3):255–260.
   Google Scholar
• Han J, Ye Y-M, Lee S. Epidemiology of drug hypersensitivity reactions using 6-year national health insurance claim data from Korea. Int J Clin Pharm. 2018 Oct;40(5):1359–1371.
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd G, Mohorn P, Yacoub K, et al. Adverse drug reaction deaths reported in United States vital statistics, 1999-2006. Ann Pharmacother. 2012 Feb;46(2):169–175.
   Google Scholar
• Carroll MC, Yueng-Yue KA, Esterly NB, et al. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome in pediatric patients. Pediatrics. 2001 Aug;108(2):485–492.
   Google Scholar
• Newell BD, Moinfar M, Mancini AJ, et al. Retrospective analysis of 32 pediatric patients with anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome (ACHSS). Pediatr Dermatol. 2009 Sep-Oct;26(5):536–546.
   Google Scholar
• Dewan AK, Quinonez RA. Allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome in an adolescent patient. Pediatr Dermatol. 2010 May-Jun;27(3):270–273.
   Google Scholar
• Knowles SR, Shapiro LE, Shear NH. Anticonvulsant hypersensitivity syndrome: incidence, prevention and management. Drug Saf. 1999 Dec;21(6):489–501.
   Google Scholar
• Kim GY, Anderson KR, Davis DMR, et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in the pediatric population: a systematic review of the literature. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020 Nov;83(5):1323–1330.
   Google Scholar
• Sasidharanpillai S, Sabitha S, Riyaz N, et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms in children: a prospective study. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016 Mar-Apr;33(2):e162–5.
   Google Scholar
• Chen Y-C, Chiu H-C, Chu C-Y. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms: a retrospective study of 60 cases. Arch Dermatol. 2010 Dec;146(12):1373–1379.
   Google Scholar
• Lee JY, Lee S-Y, Hahm JE, et al. Clinical features of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome: a study of 25 patients in Korea. Int J Dermatol. 2017 Sep;56(9):944–951.
   Google Scholar
• Park HJ, Park J-W, Kim SH, et al. The HLA-B*13:01 and the dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome in Korean and Asian populations: genotype- and meta-analyses. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020 Oct;19(10):1349–1356.
   Google Scholar
• Rieder MJ. Immune mediation of hypersensitivity adverse drug reactions: implications for therapy. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2009 May;8(3):331–343.
   Google Scholar
• Mayorga C, Montanez MI, Jurado-Escobar R, et al. An update on the immunological, metabolic and genetic mechanisms in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(36):3813–3828.
   Google Scholar
• Landsteiner K, Jacobs J. Studies on the sensitization of animals with simple chemical compounds. J Exp Med. 1935 Apr 30;61(5):643–656.
   Google Scholar
• Faulkner L, Meng X, Park BK, et al. The importance of hapten–protein complex formation in the development of drug allergy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Aug;14(4):293–300.
   Google Scholar
• Roujeau J-C. Immune mechanisms in drug allergy. Allergol Int. 2006 Mar;55(1):27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Ju C, Uetrecht JP. Mechanism of idiosyncratic drug reactions: reactive metabolites formation, protein binding and the regulation of the immune system. Curr Drug Metab. 2002 Aug;3(4):367–377.
   Google Scholar
• Knowles SR, Uetrecht J, Shear NH. Idiosyncratic drug reactions: the reactive metabolite syndromes. Lancet. 2000 Nov 4;356(9241):1587–1591.
   Google Scholar
• Elsheikh A, Lavergne SN, Castrejon JL, et al. Drug antigenicity, immunogenicity, and costimulatory signaling: evidence for formation of a functional antigen through immune cell metabolism. J Immunol. 2010 Dec 01;185(11):6448–6460.
   Google Scholar
• Elzagallaai AA, Jahedmotlagh Z, Del Pozzo-Magana BR, et al. Predictive value of the lymphocyte toxicity assay in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity syndrome [research support, non-U.S. gov’t]. Mol Diagn Ther. 2010 Oct 1;14(5):317–322.
   Google Scholar
• Cribb AE, Pohl LR, Spielberg SP, et al. Patients with delayed-onset sulfonamide hypersensitivity reactions have antibodies recognizing endoplasmic reticulum luminal proteins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1997 Aug;282(2):1064–1071.
   Google Scholar
• Leeder JS, Lu X, Timsit Y, et al. Non-monooxygenase cytochromes P450 as potential human autoantigens in anticonvulsant hypersensitivity reactions. Pharmacogenetics. 1998 Jun;8(3):211–226.
   Google Scholar
• Leeder JS, Riley RJ, Cook VA, et al. Human anti-cytochrome P450 antibodies in aromatic anticonvulsant-induced hypersensitivity reactions. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1992 Oct;263(1):360–367.
   Google Scholar
• Riley RJ, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Structural requirements for bioactivation of anticonvulsants to cytotoxic metabolites in vitro. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1989 Oct;28(4):482–487.
   Google Scholar
• Riley RJ, Leeder JS. In vitro analysis of metabolic predisposition to drug hypersensitivity reactions. Clin Exp Immunol. 2009 Jan;99(1):1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Riley RJ, Smith G, Wolf CR, et al. human antiendoplasmic reticulum autoantibodies produced in aromatic anticonvulsant hypersensitivity reactions recognize rodent CYP3a proteins and a similarly regulated human P450 enzyme(s). Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1993 Feb 26;191(1):32–40.
   Google Scholar
• Pasparakis M, Vandenabeele P. Necroptosis and its role in inflammation. Nature. 2015 Jan 15;517(7534):311–320.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Uetrecht JP. The danger hypothesis applied to idiosyncratic drug reactions. Handb Exp Pharmacol. 2010;196:493–509.
   Google Scholar
• Pirmohamed M, Naisbitt DJ, Gordon F, et al. The danger hypothesis–potential role in idiosyncratic drug reactions. Toxicology. 2002 Dec 27;181-182:55–63.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins S, Pichler W. Activating interactions of sulfanilamides with T cell receptors. Open J of Immunol. 2013;3(3):139–157.
   Google Scholar
• Pichler WJ. The important role of non-covalent drug-protein interactions in drug hypersensitivity reactions. Allergy. 2021 May 26.
   Google Scholar
• Castrejon JL, Berry N, El-Ghaiesh S, et al. Stimulation of human T cells with sulfonamides and sulfonamide metabolites. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010 Feb;125(2):411–418 e4.
   Google Scholar
• Watkins S, Pichler WJ. Sulfamethoxazole induces a switch mechanism in T cell receptors containing TCRVβ20-1, altering pHLA recognition. PLoS One. 2013;8(10):e76211.
   Google Scholar
• Keller M, Lerch M, Britschgi M, et al. Processing-dependent and -independent pathways for recognition of iodinated contrast media by specific human T cells. Clin Exp Allergy. 2010 Feb;40(2):257–268.
   Google Scholar
• Illing PT, van Hateren A, Darley R, et al. Kinetics of abacavir-induced remodelling of the major histocompatibility complex class i peptide repertoire. Front Immunol. 2021;12:672737.
   Google Scholar
• Illing PT, Vivian JP, Dudek NL, et al. Immune self-reactivity triggered by drug-modified HLA-peptide repertoire. Nature. 2012 Jun 28;486(7404):554–558.
   Google Scholar
• Ostrov DA, Grant BJ, Pompeu YA, et al. Drug hypersensitivity caused by alteration of the MHC-presented self-peptide repertoire. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2012 Jun 19;109(25):9959–9964.
   Google Scholar
• Shiohara T, Kano Y. A complex interaction between drug allergy and viral infection. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2007 Oct;33(1–2):124–133.
   Google Scholar
• Shiohara T. Viral infections, allergy and autoimmunity: a complex, but fascinating link. J Dermatol Sci. 2000 Apr;22(3):149–151.
   Google Scholar
• Shiohara T, Inaoka M, Kano Y. Drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome (DIHS): a reaction induced by a complex interplay among herpesviruses and antiviral and antidrug immune responses. Allergol Int. 2006 Mar;55(1):1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Shiohara T, Ushigome Y, Kano Y, et al. Crucial role of viral reactivation in the development of severe drug eruptions: a comprehensive review. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2015 Oct;49(2):192–202.
   Google Scholar
• Schroder K, Tschopp J. The inflammasomes. Cell. 2010 Mar 19;140(6):821–832.
   Google Scholar
• Toksoy A, Sennefelder H, Adam C, et al. Potent NLRP3 inflammasome activation by the HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitor Abacavir. J Biol Chem. 2017 Feb 17;292(7):2805–2814.
   Google Scholar
• Sernoskie SC, Jee A, Uetrecht JP. The emerging role of the innate immune response in idiosyncratic drug reactions. Pharmacol Rev. 2021 Jul;73(3):861–896.
   Google Scholar
• Sernoskie SC, Lobach AR, Kato R, et al. clozapine induces an acute proinflammatory response that is attenuated by inhibition of inflammasome signaling: implications for idiosyncratic drug-induced agranulocytosis. toxicol sci. 2022 feb 28;186(1):70–82.
   Google Scholar
• Adam J, Wuillemin N, Watkins S, et al. Abacavir induced T cell reactivity from drug naive individuals shares features of allo-immune responses. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95339.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes DA, Vilar FJ, Ward CC, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of HLA B*5701 genotyping in preventing Abacavir hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenetics. 2004 Jun;14(6):335–342.
   Google Scholar
• Simper GS, Graser LS, Celik AA, et al. The mechanistic differences in HLA-associated carbamazepine hypersensitivity. Pharmaceutics. 2019 Oct 15;11(10):536.
   Google Scholar
• Pratoomwun J, Thomson P, Jaruthamsophon K, et al. Characterization of T-Cell responses to SMX and SMX-NO in Co-trimoxazole hypersensitivity patients expressing HLA-B*13:01. Front Immunol. 2021;12:658593.
   Google Scholar
• Deshpande P, Hertzman RJ, Palubinsky AM, et al. Immunopharma-cogenomics: mechanisms of HLA-associated drug reactions. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jun 18;110(3):607–615.
   Google Scholar
• Fabiano V, Mameli C, Zuccotti GV. Adverse drug reactions in newborns, infants and toddlers: pediatric pharmacovigilance between present and future. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2012 Jan;11(1):95–105.
   Google Scholar
• Kearns GL, Abdel-Rahman SM, Alander SW, et al. Developmental pharmacology–drug disposition, action, and therapy in infants and children. N Engl J Med. 2003 Sep 18;349(12):1157–1167.
   Google Scholar
• Mulla H. Understanding developmental pharmacodynamics: importance for drug development and clinical practice. Paediatr Drugs. 2010 Aug 01;12(4):223–233.
   Google Scholar
• Routledge PA. Pharmacokinetics in children. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1994 Aug;34(suppl A):19–24.
   Google Scholar
• Pandolfini C, Bonati M. A literature review on off-label drug use in children. Eur J Pediatr. 2005 Sep;164(9):552–558.
   Google Scholar
• Rumore MM. Medication repurposing in pediatric patients: teaching old drugs new tricks. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Jan-Feb;21(1):36–53.
   Google Scholar
• Palmaro A, Bissuel R, Renaud N, et al. Off-label prescribing in pediatric outpatients. Pediatrics. 2015 Jan;135(1):49–58.
   Google Scholar
• Hardin AP, Hackell JM, Committee On P, et al. Age limit of pediatrics. Pediatrics. 2017 Sep;140(3)
   Google Scholar
• Sacks D. Age limits and adolescents. Paediatr Child Health. 2003;8(9):577.
   Google Scholar
• Wang L. Pharmacogenomics: a systems approach. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 2010 Jan-Feb;2(1):3–22.
   Google Scholar
• Jeiziner C, Wernli U, Suter K, et al. HLA-associated adverse drug reactions - scoping review. Clin Transl Sci. 2021 Jun 9;14(5):1648–1658.
   Google Scholar
• Alfirevic A, Mills T, Harrington P, et al. Serious carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions associated with the HSP70 gene cluster. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006 Apr;16(4):287–296.
   Google Scholar
• Singvijarn P, Manuyakorn W, Mahasirimongkol S, et al. Association of HLA genotypes with Beta-lactam antibiotic hypersensitivity in children. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2019 Apr 23;
   Google Scholar
• Nakkam N, Konyoung P, Kanjanawart S, et al. HLA pharmacogenetic markers of drug hypersensitivity in a Thai population. Front Genet. 2018;9:277.
   Google Scholar
• Manuyakorn W, Mahasirimongkol S, Likkasittipan P, et al. Association of HLA genotypes with phenobarbital hypersensitivity in children. Epilepsia. 2016 Oct;57(10):1610–1616.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlos R, Mallal S, Phillips E. HLA and pharmacogenetics of drug hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenomics. 2012 Aug;13(11):1285–1306.
   Google Scholar
• Chung W-H, Pan R-Y, Chu M-T, et al. Oxypurinol-specific T cells possess preferential TCR clonotypes and express granulysin in allopurinol-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions. J Invest Dermatol. 2015 Sep;135(9):2237–2248.
   Google Scholar
• Villani AP, Rozieres A, and Bensaid B, et al. Massive clonal expansion of polycytotoxic skin and blood CD8 + T cells in patients with toxic epidermal necrolysis. Sci Adv. 2021 Mar;7(12):1-17.
   Google Scholar
• Deshpande P, Li Y, Thorne M, et al. Practical implementation of genetics: new concepts in immunogenomics to predict, prevent, and diagnose drug hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 May 6;10(7):1689–1700.
   Google Scholar
• Deshpande P, Li Y, Thorne M, et al. Practical implementation of genetics: new concepts in immunogenomics to predict, prevent, and diagnose drug hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2022 May 6;10(7):1689–1700.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson J, Halliwell JA, Hayhurst JD, et al. The IPD and IMGT/HLA database: allele variant databases. Nucleic Acids Res. 2015 Jan;43:D423–31.
   Google Scholar
• Marsh SGE. Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, update January, February and March 2021. Int J Immunogenet. 2021 May 14;48(4):340–384.
   Google Scholar
• The WHO Nomenclature Committee for Factors of the HLA System. Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system 2019 [updated 2019 Sep 20; cited 2021 July 12]. Available from: http://hla.alleles.org/nomenclature/naming.html
   Google Scholar
• Jaruthamsophon K, Thomson PJ, Sukasem C, et al. HLA allele-restricted immune-mediated adverse drug reactions: framework for genetic prediction. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2021 Sep 13;62:509–529.
   Google Scholar
• Chung WH, Hung SI, Hong HS, et al. Medical genetics: a marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Nature. 2004 Apr 1 428(6982):486.
   Google Scholar
• Chang CC, Ng CC, Too CL, et al. Association of HLA-B*15:13 and HLA-B*15:02 with phenytoin-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in a Malay population. Pharmacogenomics J. 2017 Mar;17(2):170–173.
   Google Scholar
• He XJ, Jian LY, He XL, et al. Association between the HLA-B*15:02 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in Han individuals of northeastern China. Pharmacol Rep. 2013;65(5):1256–1262.
   Google Scholar
• Khor AH, Lim KS, Tan CT, et al. HLA-A*31: 01 and HLA-B*15:02 association with Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis to carbamazepine in a multiethnic Malaysian population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2017 Jul;27(7):275–278.
   Google Scholar
• Lin CW, Huang WI, Chao PH, et al. Temporal trends and patterns in carbamazepine use, related severe cutaneous adverse reactions, and HLA-B*15:02 screening: a nationwide study. Epilepsia. 2018 Dec;59(12):2325–2339.
   Google Scholar
• Ou GJ, Wang J, Ji X, et al. A study of HLA-B*15:02 in 9 different Chinese ethnics: implications for carbamazepine related SJS/TEN. HLA. 2017 Apr;89(4):225–229.
   Google Scholar
• Ferrell PB Jr., McLeod HL. Carbamazepine, HLA-B*1502 and risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: US FDA recommendations. Pharmacogenomics. 2008 Oct;9(10):1543–1546.
   Google Scholar
• Jutkowitz E, Dubreuil M, Lu N, et al. The cost-effectiveness of HLA-B*5801 screening to guide initial urate-lowering therapy for gout in the United States. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2017 Apr;46(5):594–600.
   Google Scholar
• Ke CH, Chung WH, Wen YH, et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis for genotyping before allopurinol treatment to prevent severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. J Rheumatol. 2017 Jun;44(6):835–843.
   Google Scholar
• Mallal S, Nolan D, Witt C, et al. Association between presence of HLA-B*5701, HLA-DR7, and HLA-DQ3 and hypersensitivity to HIV-1 reverse-transcriptase inhibitor Abacavir. Lancet. 2002 Mar 2 359(9308):727–732.
   Google Scholar
• Small CB, Margolis DA, Shaefer MS, et al. HLA-B*57:01 allele prevalence in HIV-infected North American subjects and the impact of allele testing on the incidence of Abacavir-associated hypersensitivity reaction in HLA-B*57:01-negative subjects. BMC Infect Dis. 2017 Apr 11 17(1):256.
   Google Scholar
• Zubiaur P, Saiz-Rodriguez M, Villapalos-Garcia G, et al. HCP5 rs2395029 is a rapid and inexpensive alternative to HLA-B*57:01 genotyping to predict Abacavir hypersensitivity reaction in Spain. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2021 Apr 1;31(3):53–59.
   Google Scholar
• White E, Proudlove N, Kallon D. Improving turnaround times for HLA-B*27 and HLA-B*57:01 gene testing: a Barts Health NHS Trust quality improvement project. BMJ Open Qual. 2021 Sep;10(3):e001538.
   Google Scholar
• Mounzer K, Hsu R, Fusco JS, et al. HLA-B*57:01 screening and hypersensitivity reaction to Abacavir between 1999 and 2016 in the OPERA((R)) observational database: a cohort study. AIDS Res Ther. 2019 Jan 16;16(1):1.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez Buitrago E, Onate JM, Garcia-Goez JF, et al. HLA-B*57:01 allele prevalence in treatment-Naive HIV-infected patients from Colombia. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Sep 9;19(1):793.
   Google Scholar
• Pratt VM, Scott SA, Pirmohamed M, et al. editors. Medical Genetics Summaries [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). 2012. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK61999/
   Google Scholar
• Elzagallaai AA, Carleton BC, Rieder MJ. Pharmacogenomics in pediatric oncology: mitigating adverse drug reactions while preserving efficacy. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2021 Jan 6;61(1):679–699.
   Google Scholar
• Puangpetch A, Koomdee N, Chamnanphol M, et al. HLA-B allele and haplotype diversity among Thai patients identified by PCR-SSOP: evidence for high risk of drug-induced hypersensitivity. Front Genet. 2014;5:478.
   Google Scholar
• Satapornpong P, Pratoomwun J, Rerknimitr P, et al. HLA-B*13:01 is a predictive marker of dapsone-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in Thai patients. Front Immunol. 2021;12:661135.
   Google Scholar
• Then SM, Rani ZZ, Raymond AA, et al. Frequency of the HLA-B*1502 allele contributing to carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions in a cohort of Malaysian epilepsy patients. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2011 Sep;29(3):290–293.
   Google Scholar
• Ma KS, Chung WH, Hsueh YJ, et al. Human leucocyte antigen association of patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis with severe ocular complications in Han Chinese. Br J Ophthalmol. 2021 Jan 13;106(5):610–615.
   Google Scholar
• Somogyi AA, Barratt DT, Phillips EJ, et al. High and variable population prevalence of HLA-B*56:02 in indigenous Australians and relation to phenytoin-associated drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2019 Sep;85(9):2163–2169.
   Google Scholar
• Kim SH, Lee KW, Song WJ, et al. Carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions and HLA genotypes in Koreans. Epilepsy Res. 2011 Nov;97(1–2):190–197.
   Google Scholar
• Chang CC, Too CL, Murad S, et al. Association of HLA-B*1502 allele with carbamazepine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome in the multi-ethnic Malaysian population. Int J Dermatol. 2011 Feb;50(2):221–224.
   Google Scholar
• Kaniwa N, Saito Y, Aihara M, et al. HLA-B locus in Japanese patients with anti-epileptics and allopurinol-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Pharmacogenomics. 2008 Nov;9(11):1617–1622.
   Google Scholar
• Locharernkul C, Loplumlert J, Limotai C, et al. Carbamazepine and phenytoin induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome is associated with HLA-B*1502 allele in Thai population. Epilepsia. 2008 Dec;49(12):2087–2091.
   Google Scholar
• Lonjou C, Thomas L, Borot N, et al. A marker for Stevens-Johnson syndrome … : ethnicity matters. Pharmacogenomics J. 2006 Jul-Aug;6(4):265–268.
   Google Scholar
• Man CB, Kwan P, Baum L, et al. Association between HLA-B*1502 allele and antiepileptic drug-induced cutaneous reactions in Han Chinese. Epilepsia. 2007 May;48(5):1015–1018.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta TY, Prajapati LM, Mittal B, et al. Association of HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome among Indians. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2009 Nov-Dec;75(6):579–582.
   Google Scholar
• Tassaneeyakul W, Tiamkao S, Jantararoungtong T, et al. Association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a Thai population. Epilepsia. 2010 May;51(5):926–930.
   Google Scholar
• Alfirevic A, Jorgensen AL, Williamson PR, et al. HLA-B locus in Caucasian patients with carbamazepine hypersensitivity. Pharmacogenomics. 2006 Sep;7(6):813–818.
   Google Scholar
• Lonjou C, Borot N, Sekula P, et al. A European study of HLA-B in Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis related to five high-risk drugs. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2008 Feb;18(2):99–107.
   Google Scholar
• Elzagallaai AA, Garcia-Bournissen F, Finkelstein Y, et al. Severe bullous hypersensitivity reactions after exposure to carbamazepine in a Han-Chinese child with a positive HLA-B*1502 and negative in vitro toxicity assays: evidence for different pathophysiological mechanisms. J Popul Ther Clin Pharmacol. 2011;18(1):e1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Amstutz U, Ross CJ, Castro-Pastrana LI, et al. HLA-A 31:01 and HLA-B 15:02 as genetic markers for carbamazepine hypersensitivity in children. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2013 Jul;94(1):142–149.
   Google Scholar
• Chong KW, Chan DW, Cheung YB, et al. Association of carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous drug reactions and HLA-B*1502 allele status, and dose and treatment duration in paediatric neurology patients in Singapore. Arch Dis Child. 2014 Jun;99(6):581–584.
   Google Scholar
• Ikeda H, Takahashi Y, Yamazaki E, et al. HLA class I markers in Japanese patients with carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse reactions. Epilepsia. 2010 Feb;51(2):297–300.
   Google Scholar
• Hung SI, Chung WH, Jee SH, et al. Genetic susceptibility to carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2006 Apr;16(4):297–306.
   Google Scholar
• Kulkantrakorn K, Tassaneeyakul W, Tiamkao S, et al. HLA-B*1502 strongly predicts carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in Thai patients with neuropathic pain. Pain Pract. 2012 Mar;12(3):202–208.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Zhou JQ, Zhou LM, et al. Association between HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions in Han people of southern China mainland. Seizure. 2011 Jul;20(6):446–448.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhao LM, et al. Strong association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in mainland Han Chinese patients. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011 Sep;67(9):885–887.
   Google Scholar
• Sukasem C, Pratoomwun J, Satapornpong P, et al. Genetic association of co-trimoxazole-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions is phenotype-specific: HLA class I genotypes and haplotypes. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020 Nov;108(5):1078–1089.
   Google Scholar
• Wang CW, Tassaneeyakul W, Chen CB, et al. Whole genome sequencing identifies genetic variants associated with co-trimoxazole hypersensitivity in Asians. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021 Apr;147(4):1402–1412.
   Google Scholar
• Tempark T, Satapornpong P, Rerknimitr P, et al. Dapsone-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions are strongly linked with HLA-B*13: 01 allele in the Thai population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2017 Dec;27(12):429–437.
   Google Scholar
• Wang H, Yan L, Zhang G, et al. Association between HLA-B*1301 and dapsone-induced hypersensitivity reactions among leprosy patients in China. J Invest Dermatol. 2013 Nov;133(11):2642–2644.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang FR, Liu H, Irwanto A, et al. HLA-B*13:01 and the dapsone hypersensitivity syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2013 Oct 24;369(17):1620–1628.
   Google Scholar
• Phillips EJ, Sukasem C, Whirl-Carrillo M, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium guideline for hla genotype and use of carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine: 2017 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2018 Apr;103(4):574–581.
   Google Scholar
• Chen CB, Hsiao YH, Wu T, et al. Risk and association of HLA with oxcarbazepine-induced cutaneous adverse reactions in Asians. Neurology. 2017 Jan 3;88(1):78–86.
   Google Scholar
• Koomdee N, Pratoomwun J, Jantararoungtong T, et al. Association of HLA-A and HLA-B alleles with lamotrigine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions in the Thai population. Front Pharmacol. 2017;8:879.
   Google Scholar
• Minhas JS, Wickner PG, Long AA, et al. Immune-mediated reactions to vancomycin: a systematic case review and analysis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2016 Jun;116(6):544–553.
   Google Scholar
• Pirmohamed M. HLA- and immune-mediated adverse drug reactions: another hit with vancomycin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Jul;144(1):44–45.
   Google Scholar
• Konvinse KC, Trubiano JA, Pavlos R, et al. HLA-A*32:01 is strongly associated with vancomycin-induced drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2019 Jul;144(1):183–192.
   Google Scholar
• Karnes JH, Rettie AE, Somogyi AA, et al. Clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium (CPIC) guideline for CYP2c9 and Hla-B genotypes and phenytoin dosing: 2020 update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Feb;109(2):302–309.
   Google Scholar
• Lee CR, Goldstein JA, Pieper JA. Cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms: a comprehensive review of the in-vitro and human data. Pharmacogenetics. 2002 Apr;12(3):251–263.
   Google Scholar
• Suvichapanich S, Jittikoon J, Wichukchinda N, et al. Association analysis of CYP2C9*3 and phenytoin-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs) in Thai epilepsy children. J Hum Genet. 2015 Aug;60(8):413–417.
   Google Scholar
• Chung WH, Chang WC, Lee YS, et al. Genetic variants associated with phenytoin-related severe cutaneous adverse reactions. Jama. 2014 Aug 6 312(5):525–534.
   Google Scholar
• Tassaneeyakul W, Prabmeechai N, Sukasem C, et al. Associations between HLA class I and cytochrome P450 2C9 genetic polymorphisms and phenytoin-related severe cutaneous adverse reactions in a Thai population. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2016 May;26(5):225–234.
   Google Scholar
• Yampayon K, Sukasem C, Limwongse C, et al. Influence of genetic and non-genetic factors on phenytoin-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 Jul;73(7):855–865.
   Google Scholar
• Manuyakorn W, Siripool K, Kamchaisatian W, et al. Phenobarbital-induced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions are associated with CYP2C19*2 in Thai children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2013 May;24(3):299–303.
   Google Scholar
• Mallal S, Phillips E, Carosi G, et al. HLA-B*5701 screening for hypersensitivity to Abacavir. N Engl J Med. 2008 Feb 7;358(6):568–579.
   Google Scholar
• Caudle KE, Dunnenberger HM, Freimuth RR, et al. Standardizing terms for clinical pharmacogenetic test results: consensus terms from the clinical pharmacogenetics implementation consortium (CPIC). Genet Med. 2017 Feb;19(2):215–223.
   Google Scholar
• Bartlett MJ, Green DW, Shephard EA. Pharmacogenetic testing in the UK clinical setting. Lancet. 2013 Jun 1;381(9881):1903.
   Google Scholar
• American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. Clinical use of pharmacogenetic tests in prescribing psychotropic medications for children and adolescents. Washington DC: American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry; 2020 [cited 2021 July 12]. Available from: https://www.aacap.org/AACAP/Policy_Statements/2020/Clinical-Use-Pharmacogenetic-Tests-Prescribing-Psychotropic-Medications-for-Children-Adolescents.aspx
   Google Scholar
• Gore R, Chugh PK, Tripathi CD, et al. Pediatric off-label and unlicensed drug use and its implications. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2017;12(1):18–25.
   Google Scholar
• Chang CJ, Chen CB, Hung SI, et al. Pharmacogenetic testing for prevention of severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:969.
   Google Scholar
• Elzagallaai AA, Rieder MJ. Model based evaluation of hypersensitivity adverse drug reactions to antimicrobial agents in children. Front Pharmacol. 2021;12:638881.
   Google Scholar
• Park JS, Suh DI. Drug allergy in children: what should we know? Clin Exp Pediatr. 2020 Jun;63(6): 203–210.
   Google Scholar
• Cravidi C, Caimmi S, De Filippo M, et al. Drug Allergy in children: focus on beta-lactams and NSAIDs. Acta Biomed. 2020 Sep 15;91(11–S):e2020008.
   Google Scholar
• Mori F, Caffarelli C, Caimmi S, et al. Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) in children. Acta Biomed. 2019 Jan 29;90(3–S):66–79.
   Google Scholar
• Kulhas Celik I, Dibek Misirlioglu E, Kocabas CN. Recent developments in drug hypersensitivity in children. Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2019 Jul;15(7):723–733.
   Google Scholar
• Thong BY-H, Blanca M. Drug allergy/hypersensitivity in adults and children. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017 Aug;17(4):239–240.
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann M, Caubet JC. Specific aspects of drug hypersensitivity in children. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(45):6832–6851.
   Google Scholar
• Rieder M. Pharmacogenomics in children. Methods Mol Biol. 2014;1175:687–707.
   Google Scholar
• Fernandez TD, Mayorga C, Ariza A, et al. Allergic reactions to antibiotics in children. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014 Aug;14(4):142–149.
   Google Scholar
• Kabesch M. Pharmacogenetics of β2-agonists in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Dec;124(6):297–6.
   Google Scholar
• Huang S-W. Drug allergy in children. Pediatr Ann. 2000 Dec;29(12):1–22.
   Google Scholar
• Jantararoungtong T, Tempark T, Koomdee N, et al. Genotyping HLA alleles to predict the development of Severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs): state-of-the-art. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2021 Sep;17(9):1049–1064.
   Google Scholar
• Sukasem C, Chantratita W. A success story in pharmacogenomics: genetic ID card for SJS/TEN. Pharmacogenomics. 2016 Apr;17(5):455–458.
   Google Scholar
• Sukasem C, Jantararoungtong T, Koomdee N. Pharmacogenomics research and its clinical implementation in Thailand: lessons learned from the resource-limited settings. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 2021 Aug;39:100399.
   Google Scholar
• Mayorga C, Celik G, Rouzaire P, et al. In vitro tests for drug hypersensitivity reactions: an ENDA/EAACI drug allergy interest group position paper. Allergy. 2016 Aug;71(8):1103–1134.
   Google Scholar
• Romano A, Atanaskovic‐Markovic M, Barbaud A, et al. Towards a more precise diagnosis of hypersensitivity to beta-lactams — an EAACI position paper. Allergy. 2020 Jun;75(6):1300–1315.
   Google Scholar
• Torres MJ, Romano A, Celik G, et al. Approach to the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions: similarities and differences between Europe and North America. Clin Transl Allergy. 2017;7(1):7.
   Google Scholar
• Cargnin S, Jommi C, Canonico PL, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of HLA-B*57:01 screening for the prediction of Abacavir hypersensitivity and clinical utility of the test: a meta-analytic review. Pharmacogenomics. 2014 May;15(7):963–976.
   Google Scholar
• Wallner JJ, Beck IA, Panpradist N, et al. Rapid near point-of-care assay for HLA-B*57:01 genotype associated with severe hypersensitivity reaction to Abacavir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2021 Dec;37(12):930–935.
   Google Scholar
• Li Y, Deshpande P, Hertzman RJ, et al. Genomic risk factors driving immune-mediated delayed drug hypersensitivity reactions. Front Genet. 2021;12:641905.
   Google Scholar
• Chen P, Lin -J-J, Lu C-S, et al. Carbamazepine-induced toxic effects and HLA-B*1502 screening in Taiwan. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 24;364(12):1126–1133.
   Google Scholar
• Wu XT, Hu FY, An DM, et al. Association between carbamazepine-induced cutaneous adverse drug reactions and the HLA-B*1502 allele among patients in central China. Epilepsy Behav. 2010 Nov;19(3):405–408.
   Google Scholar
• Shi Y-W, Min F-L, Qin B, et al. Association between HLA and Stevens-Johnson syndrome induced by carbamazepine in Southern Han Chinese: genetic markers besides B*1502? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012 Jul;111(1):58–64.
   Google Scholar
• McCormack M, Alfirevic A, Bourgeois S, et al. HLA-A*3101 and carbamazepine-induced hypersensitivity reactions in Europeans. N Engl J Med. 2011 Mar 24;364(12):1134–1143.
   Google Scholar
• Ksouda K, Affes H, Mahfoudh N, et al. HLA-A*31:01 and carbamazepine-induced DRESS syndrome in a sample of North African population. Seizure. 2017 Dec;53:42–46.
   Google Scholar
• Saag M, Balu R, Phillips E, et al. High sensitivity of human leukocyte Antigen–B*5701 as a marker for immunologically confirmed abacavir hypersensitivity in white and black patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Apr 1;46(7):1111–1118.
   Google Scholar
• Martin AM, Nolan D, Gaudieri S, et al. Predisposition to Abacavir hypersensitivity conferred by HLA-B * 5701 and a haplotypic Hsp70-Hom variant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004 Mar 23;101(12):4180–4185.
   Google Scholar
• Stekler J, Maenza J, Stevens C, et al. Abacavir hypersensitivity reaction in primary HIV infection. AIDS. 2006 Jun 12;20(9):1269–1274.
   Google Scholar