Vestibular function in children with generalized epilepsy and treated with valproate

References

• Camfield P, Camfield C. Incidence, prevalence and aetiology of seizures and epilepsy in children. Epileptic Disord. 2015;17(2):117–123.
   Google Scholar
• Nevitt SJ, Sudell M, Weston J, et al. Antiepileptic drug monotherapy for epilepsy: a network meta-analysis of individual participant data. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;12(12):CD011412.
   Google Scholar
• Aldenkamp A, Vigevano F, Arzimanoglou A, et al. Role of valproate across the ages. Treatment of epilepsy in children. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 2006;184:1–13.
   Google Scholar
• Bourin M. Mechanism of action of valproic acid and its derivatives. SOJ Pharm Sci. 2020;7(1):1–4.
   Google Scholar
• Romoli M, Mazzocchetti P, D’Alonzo R, et al. Valproic acid and epilepsy: from molecular mechanisms to clinical evidences. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019;17(10):926–946.
   Google Scholar
• Hamed SA. The auditory and vestibular toxicities induced by antiepileptic drugs. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2017;16(11):1281–1294.
   Google Scholar
• Hewett R, Guye M, Gavaret M, et al. Benign temporo-parieto-occipital junction epilepsy with vestibular disturbance: an underrecognized form of epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav. 2011;21(4):412–416.
   Google Scholar
• Kluge M, Beyenburg S, Fernández G, et al. Epileptic vertigo: evidence for vestibular representation in human frontal cortex. Neurology. 2000;55(12):1906–1908.
   Google Scholar
• Blagoveshchenskaia NS, Karlov VA, Urumova LT. Study of vestibular disorders in epileptics by means of electronystagmography and functional visual and vestibular loads. Zh Nevropatol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 1985;85:846–851.
   Google Scholar
• Pawlak-Osińska K, Kaźmierczak H, Kuczyńska R, et al. [Vestibular findings in children’s epilepsy]. Otolaryngologia polska =. The Polish Otolaryngology. 1999;53(4):479–483.
   Google Scholar
• Hamed SA, Tohamy AM, Oseilly AM. Vestibular function in adults with epilepsy of unknown Etiology. Otol Neurotol. 2017;38(8):1217–1224.
   Google Scholar
• Crowe TK, Horak FB. Motor proficiency associated with vestibular deficits in children with hearing impairments. Phys Ther. 1988;68(10):1493–1499.
   Google Scholar
• Rine RM, Braswell J, Fisher D, et al. Improvement of motor development and postural control following intervention in children with sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular impairment. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2004;68(9):1141–1148.
   Google Scholar
• Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, et al. Hearing & equilibrium, In: Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, et al., editors. Ganong’s review of medical physiology, 24th ed; New York-NY. 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Ganança MM, Caovilla HH, Ganança FF. Electronystagmography versus videonystagmography. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;76(3):399–403.
   Google Scholar
• Rosengren SM, Colebatch JG. The contributions of vestibular evoked myogenic potentials and acoustic vestibular stimulation to our understanding of the vestibular system. Front Neurol. 2018;9:481.
   Google Scholar
• Scheffer IE, Berkovic S, Capovilla G, et al. ILAE classification of the epilepsies: position paper of the ILAE commission for classification and terminology. Epilepsia. 2017;58(4):512–521.
   Google Scholar
• Strupp M, Magnusson M. Acute unilateral vestibulopathy. Neurol Clin. 2015;33(3):669–685.
   Google Scholar
• Dieterich M, Bucher SF, Seelos KC, et al. Horizontal and vertical optokinetic stimulation activates visual motion-sensitive, ocular motor and vestibular cortex areas with right hemispheric dominance. Brain. 1998;121(Pt 8):1479–1495.
   Google Scholar
• Krauzlis RJ. The control of voluntary eye movements: new perspectives. Neuroscientist. 2005;11(2):124–137.
   Google Scholar
• Thurtell MJ, Tomsak RL, Leigh RJ. Disorders of saccades. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 2007;7(5):407–416.
   Google Scholar
• Colebatch JG, Halmagyi GM. Vestibular evoked potentials in human neck muscles before and after unilateral vestibular deafferentation. Neurology. 1992;42(8):1635–1636.
   Google Scholar
• Murofushi T, Shimizu K, Takegoshi H, et al. Diagnostic value of prolonged latencies in the vestibular evoked myogenic potential. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2001;127(9):1069–1072.
   Google Scholar
• Spencer RF, Wang SF, Baker R. The pathways and functions of GABA in the oculomotor system. Progress in Brain Res. 1992;90:307–331.
   Google Scholar
• Limón A, Pérez C, Vega R, et al. Ca2+-activated K+-current density is correlated with soma size in rat vestibular-afferent neurons in culture. J Neurophysiol. 2005;94(6):3751–3761.
   Google Scholar
• Liu X, Wooltorton JRA, Gaboyard-Niay S, et al. Sodium channel diversity in the vestibular Ganglion: naV1.5, NaV1.8, and tetrodotoxin-sensitive currents. J Neurophysiol. 2016;115(5):2536–2555.
   Google Scholar
• Gean PW, Huang CC, Hung CR, et al. Valproic acid suppresses the synaptic response mediated by the NMDA receptors in rat amygdalar slices. Brain Res Bull. 1994;33(3):333–336.
   Google Scholar
• De Diego JI, Prim MP, Marcos S, et al. Vestibular and hearing manifestations of phenytoin toxicity: a retrospective series. Ear Nose Throat J. 2001;80(6):407–409.
   Google Scholar
• Umeda Y, Sakata E. Equilibrium disorder in carbamazepine toxicity. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 1977;86(3 Pt 1):318–322.
   Google Scholar
• Rösel T, Schneider J, Fischer JT, et al. Carbamazepine poisoning caused by confusing the drugs. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 2000;125(12):352–356.
   Google Scholar
• Fife TD, Blum D, Fisher RS. Measuring the effects of antiepileptic medications on balance in older people. Epilepsy Res. 2006;70(2–3):103–109.
   Google Scholar
• Armon C, Brown E, Carwile S, et al. Sensorineural hearing loss: a reversible effect of valproic acid. Neurology. 1990;40(12):1896–1898.
   Google Scholar
• Hori A, Kataoka S, Sakai K, et al. Valproic acid-induced hearing loss and tinnitus. Intern Med. 2003;42(11):1153–1154.
   Google Scholar
• Yeap LL, Lim KS, Lo YL, et al. Valproate-induced reversible sensorineural hearing loss: a case report with serial audiometry and pharmacokinetic modeling during a valproate rechallenge. Epileptic Disord. 2014;16(3):375–379.
   Google Scholar
• McPherson DR, Cells SH. An Introduction to Structure and Physiology. Integr Comp Biol. 2018;58(2):282–300.
   Google Scholar
• Papadeas E, Polychronopoulos P, Papathanasopoulos P, et al. Sensorineural hearing loss: a reversible effect of vigabatrin. Neurology. 2003;61(7):1020–1021.
   Google Scholar
• Pierce DA, Holt SR, Reeves-Daniel A. A probable case of gabapentin-related reversible hearing loss in a patient with acute renal failure. Clin Ther. 2008;30(9):1681–1684.
   Google Scholar
• Hamed SA, Darwish ES, Youssef AH, et al. The effect of antiepileptic drugs on the evoked potentials of children with idiopathic epilepsy. J Pediatric Epilepsy. 2012;2:103–112.
   Google Scholar
• McNally KA, Blumenfeld H. Focal network involvement in generalized seizures: new insights from electroconvulsive therapy. Epilepsy Behav. 2004;5(1):3–12.
   Google Scholar
• Hamed SA, Hamed EA, Hamdy R, et al. Vascular risk factors and oxidative stress as independent predictors of asymptomatic atherosclerosis in Adult patients with epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 2007;74(2–3):183–192.
   Google Scholar