Impact of red yeast rice supplementation on lipid profile: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials

References

• OP NR. Hyperlipidemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Prim Care - Clin Off Pract. 2013;40(1):195–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niroumand S, Khajedaluee M, Khadem-Rezaiyan M, et al. Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP): a marker of cardiovascular disease. Med J Islam Repub Iran. 2015;29:240.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases: risk factors. Global Health Observatory; 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Stoian AP, et al. Nutraceuticals in the management of dyslipidemia: which, when, and for whom? Could nutraceuticals help low-risk individuals with non-optimal lipid levels? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2021;23(10):57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ference BA, Yoo W, Alesh I, et al. Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on the risk of coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(25):2631–2639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Stender S, et al. Nordestgaard BGJJotNCI. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and the risk of cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2011;103(6):508–519.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linsel-Nitschke P, Götz A, Erdmann J, et al. Lifelong reduction of LDL-cholesterol related to a common variant in the LDL-receptor gene decreases the risk of coronary artery disease—a Mendelian randomisation study. PloS One. 2008;3(8):e2986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs D, Blackburn H, Higgins M, et al. Report of the conference on low blood cholesterol: mortality associations. Circulation. 1992;86(3):1046–1060.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent CJL, Keech A, Kearney PM. Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’(CTT) collaborators: efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet (London, England). 2005;366(9493):1267–1278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith S Jr, Benjamin E, Bonow R, et al; World Heart Federation and the Preventive Cardiovascular Nurses Association. AHA/ACCF secondary prevention and risk reduction therapy for patients with coronary and other atherosclerotic vascular disease: 2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Association and American College of Cardiology Foundation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;124(22):2458–2473
   Google Scholar
• Chakraborty A, Stanley W, Mmjb P. An unusual case of familial hyperlipidemia with statin induced rhabdomyolysis. Biomedicine. 2022;42(1):190–194.
   Google Scholar
• Grunwald SA, Haafke S, Grieben U, et al. Statins aggravate the risk of insulin resistance in human muscle. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(4):2398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golomb BA, Evans MA, Dimsdale JE, et al. Effects of statins on energy and fatigue with exertion: results from a randomized controlled trial. Arch Internal Med. 2012;172(15):1180–1182.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erdogrul O, Azirak SJKJoS, Engineering. A review on the red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus). J King Saud Univ Eng Sci. 2005;8:10–15.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Banach M. Red yeast rice for hypercholesterolemia. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2019;15(3):192–199.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Zambon A. Red yeast rice for hypercholesterolemia: JACC focus seminar. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77(5):620–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Li Y, Ye Q, et al. Constituents of red yeast rice, a traditional Chinese food and medicine. J Agric Food Chem. 2000;48(11):5220–5225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Journoud M, Jones PJH. Red yeast rice: a new hypolipidemic drug. Life Sci. 2004;74(22):2675–2683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon RY, Cooperman T, Obermeyer W, et al. Marked variability of monacolin levels in commercial red yeast rice products: buyer beware! Arch Internal Med. 2010;170(19):1722–1727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Lu Z, Chi J, et al. Multicenter clinical trial of the serum lipid-lowering effects of a Monascus purpureus (red yeast) rice preparation from traditional Chinese medicine. Curr Ther Res. 1997;58(12):964–978.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372(71):372.
   Google Scholar
• Higgins J, Wells G. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. John Wiley & Sons; 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Hozo SP, Djulbegovic B, Hozo I. Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2005;5(1):13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Higgins JP. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. Bmj. 2003;327(7414):557–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger M, Smith GD, Schneider M, et al. Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. Bmj. 1997;315(7109):629–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bogsrud MP, Ose L, Langslet G, et al. HypoCol (red yeast rice) lowers plasma cholesterol – a randomized placebo controlled study. Scan Cardiovasc J. 2010;44(4):197–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicero AFG, Fogacci F, Rosticci M, et al. Effect of a short-term dietary supplementation with phytosterols, red yeast rice or both on lipid pattern in moderately hypercholesterolemic subjects: a three-arm, double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2017;14:61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui F, Zhang Y, Wei Q, et al. A novel medical treatment for lipid control in patients with unstable angina pectoris and statin-induced liver dysfunction. Acta Cardiol Sin. 2015;31(1):66–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gheith O, Sheashaa H, Abdelsalam M, et al. Efficacy and safety of monascus purpureus went rice in subjects with secondary hyperlipidemia. Clin Exp Nephrol. 2008;12(3):189–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heber D, Yip I, Ashley JM, et al. Cholesterol-lowering effects of a proprietary Chinese red-yeast-rice dietary supplement. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(2):231–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu CL, Li YB, Tang YH, et al. Effects of withdrawal of Xuezhikang, an extract of cholestin, on lipid profile and C-reactive protein: a short-term time course study in patients with coronary artery disease. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2006;20(3):185–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin CC, Li TC, Lai MM. Efficacy and safety of Monascus purpureus went rice in subjects with hyperlipidemia. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005;153(5):679–686.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang CF, Li TC, Lin CC, et al. Efficacy of Monascus purpureus went rice on lowering lipid ratios in hypercholesterolemic patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2007;14(3):438–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li JJ, Lu ZL, Kou WR, et al. Long-term effects of Xuezhikang on blood pressure in hypertensive patients with previous myocardial infarction: data from the Chinese Coronary Secondary Prevention Study (CCSPS). Clin Exp Hypertens. 2010;32(8):491–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, Zhao S-P, Tan M-Y, et al. Combined therapy with Xuezhikang and low-dose rosuvastatin provides an effective and safe therapeutic strategy for dyslipidemic patients. Clin Lipidol. 2015;10(3):243–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gong C, Huang SL, Huang JF, et al. Effects of combined therapy of Xuezhikang capsule and valsartan on hypertensive left ventricular hypertrophy and heart rate turbulence. Chin J Integr Med. 2010;16(2):114–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jia W, Li Y, Wan J, et al. Effects of Xuezhitong in patients with hypertriglyceridemia: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, double simulation, positive drug and placebo parallel control study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2020;34(4):525–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moriarty PM, Roth EM, Karns A, et al. Effects of Xuezhikang in patients with dyslipidemia: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8(6):568–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang T-J, Lien AS-Y, Chen J-L, et al. A randomized clinical efficacy trial of red yeast rice (Monascus pilosus) against hyperlipidemia. Am J Chin Med. 2019;47(2):323–335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ye P, Wu CE, Sheng L, et al. Potential protective effect of long-term therapy with Xuezhikang on left ventricular diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. J Altern Complement Med. 2009;15(7):719–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao SP, Liu L, Cheng YC, et al. Effect of xuezhikang, a cholestin extract, on reflecting postprandial triglyceridemia after a high-fat meal in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis. 2003;168(2):375–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao SP, Lu ZL, Du BM, et al. Xuezhikang, an extract of cholestin, reduces cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes patients with coronary heart disease: subgroup analysis of patients with type 2 diabetes from China coronary secondary prevention study (CCSPS). J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2007;49(2):81–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keithley JK, Swanson B, Sha BE, et al. A pilot study of the safety and efficacy of cholestin in treating HIV-related dyslipidemia. Nutrition. 2002;18(2):201–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J-J L, Z-L L, Kou W-R, et al. Beneficial impact of Xuezhikang on cardiovascular events and mortality in elderly hypertensive patients with previous myocardial infarction from the China Coronary Secondary Prevention Study (CCSPS). J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;49(8):947–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker DJ, Gordon RY, Halbert SC, et al. Red yeast rice for dyslipidemia in statin-intolerant patients: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2009;150(12):830–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halbert SC, French B, Gordon RY, et al. Tolerability of red yeast rice (2,400 mg twice daily) versus pravastatin (20 mg twice daily) in patients with previous statin intolerance. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(2):198–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Z, Kou W, Du B, et al. Effect of Xuezhikang, an extract from red yeast Chinese rice, on coronary events in a Chinese population with previous myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol. 2008;101(12):1689–1693.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo A, Monacolin K. a new hypocholesterolemic agent produced by a Monascus species. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1979;32(8):852–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo A, Hasumi K, Nakamura T, et al. Dihydromonacolin L and monacolin X. new metabolites those inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1985;38(3):321–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo A, Hasumi K, Negishi S, et al. new inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis produced by Monascus ruber. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1985;38(3):420–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Endo A, Komagata D, Shimada H. Monacolin M, a new inhibitor of cholesterol biosynthesis. J Antibiot (Tokyo). 1986;39(12):1670–1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banach M, Bruckert E, Descamps OS, et al. The role of red yeast rice (RYR) supplementation in plasma cholesterol control: a review and expert opinion. Atheroscler Suppl. 2019;39:e1–e8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li P, Wang Q, Chen K, et al. Red yeast rice for hyperlipidemia: a meta-analysis of 15 high-quality randomized controlled trials. Front Pharmacol. 2022;12. DOI:10.3389/fphar.2021.819482.
   Google Scholar
• Cicero AFG, Colletti A, Bajraktari G, et al. Lipid lowering nutraceuticals in clinical practice: position paper from an International lipid expert panel. Arch Med Sci. 2017;13(5):965–1005.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products N, Allergies. Scientific opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to monacolin K from red yeast rice and maintenance of normal blood LDL cholesterol concentrations (ID 1648, 1700) pursuant to Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA J. 2011;9(7):2304.
   Google Scholar
• Twarużek M, Ałtyn I, Kosicki R. Dietary supplements based on red yeast rice-a source of citrinin? Toxins (Basel). 2021;13(7):497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Jiang L, Jia Z, et al. A meta-analysis of red yeast rice: an effective and relatively safe alternative approach for dyslipidemia. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(6):e98611.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung VCH, Liu S, Sit RWS. Medical synopsis: is red yeast rice capsule beneficial for treating dyslipidemia amongst statin-intolerant patients as compared to placebo? Adv Integrative Med. 2014;1(3):151–152.
   Google Scholar
• Jang AY, Lim S, Jo SH, et al. New trends in dyslipidemia treatment. Circ J. 2021;85(6):759–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fogacci F, Banach M, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Safety of red yeast rice supplementation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Pharmacol Res. 2019;143:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar