456
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Psychiatric and non-psychiatric drugs causing false-positive amphetamines urine test in psychiatric patients: a pharmacovigilance analysis using FAERS

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, , , , , , , ORCID Icon, , ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon show all
Pages 453-465 | Received 02 Dec 2022, Accepted 03 May 2023, Published online: 15 May 2023

References

  • Tests for drugs of abuse. Med Lett Drugs Ther. 2002;44(1137):71–73.
  • Armbruster DA, Schwarzhoff RH, Hubster EC, et al. Enzyme immunoassay, kinetic microparticle immunoassay, radioimmunoassay, and fluorescence polarization immunoassay compared for drugs-of-abuse screening. Clin Chem. 1993;39(10):2137–2146. DOI:10.1093/clinchem/39.10.2137
  • Morgan JP. Problems of mass urine screening for misused drugs. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1984;16(4):305–317.
  • Moeller KE, Lee KC, Kissack JC. Urine drug screening: practical guide for clinicians. Mayo Clin Proc. 2008;83(1):66–76.
  • Wilkening GL, Hale GM, Ross C. Urine drug screens: considerations for the psychiatric pharmacist. Ment Health Clin. 2016;6(1):42–47.
  • Kapur BM, Aleksa K. What the lab can and cannot do: clinical interpretation of drug testing results. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 25];57:548–585. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10408363.2020.1774493
  • Drevets WC, Gautier C, Price JC, et al. Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria. Biol Psychiatry. 2001;49(2):81–96. DOI:10.1016/S0006-3223(00)01038-6
  • Clydon C, Sweeney J, Blakey P National drug strategy household survey 2019. 2020 [cited 2022 Nov 25]; Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/illicit-use-of-drugs/national-drug-strategy-household-survey-2019/contents/table-of-contents.
  • Dadlani N, Farrar A, Jones G. Variability amongst urine toxicology amphetamine readings with concurrent administration of fenofibrate. Australas Psychiatry. 2018;26(1):24–26.
  • Brown H, Pollard KA. Drugs of Abuse: sympathomimetics. Crit Care Clin. 2021;37(3):487–499.
  • Poyatos L, Torres A, Papaseit E, et al. Abuse potential of cathinones in humans: a systematic review. JCM. [cited 2023 Mar 21]. 2022;11:1004. InternetAvailable from. 4. https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/11/4/1004
  • Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al. Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004;61(8):807–816. DOI:10.1001/archpsyc.61.8.807
  • Hunt GE, Large MM, Cleary M, et al. Prevalence of comorbid substance use in schizophrenia spectrum disorders in community and clinical settings, 1990-2017: systematic review and meta-analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;191:234–258.
  • Martinez-Raga J, Szerman N, Knecht C, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and dual disorders. Educational needs for an underdiagnosed condition. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2013;25(3):231–243. DOI:10.1515/ijamh-2013-0057
  • Hofvander B, Ståhlberg O, Nydén A, et al. Life History of Aggression scores are predicted by childhood hyperactivity, conduct disorder, adult substance abuse, and low cooperativeness in adult psychiatric patients. Psychiatry Res. 2011;185(1–2):280–285. DOI:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.05.008
  • Mauri MC, Cirnigliaro G, Piccoli E, et al. Substance abuse associated with aggressive/violent behaviors in psychiatric outpatients and related psychotropic prescription. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2022 [[cited 2023 Mar 21]; Available from]. Internet: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11469-022-00842-w
  • Mauri MC, Cirnigliaro G, Di Pace C, et al. Aggressiveness and violence in psychiatric patients: a clinical or social paradigm? CNS Spectr. [cited 2023 Mar 21]. 2019;24:564–573. InternetAvailable from. 5. https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1092852918001438/type/journal_article
  • Caricasole V, Spagnolo G, Di Bernardo I, et al. Aripiprazole causing false positive urine amphetamine drug screen in an adult patient with bipolar disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2019;94:152126. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2019.152126.
  • Sakaeda T, Tamon A, Kadoyama K, et al. Data mining of the public version of the FDA adverse event reporting system. Int J Med Sci. 2013;10:796–803. doi:10.7150/ijms.6048.
  • Carnovale C, Mazhar F, Pozzi M, et al. A characterization and disproportionality analysis of medication error related adverse events reported to the FAERS database. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2018;17:1161–1169.
  • Carnovale C, Mosini G, Gringeri M, et al. Interaction between paracetamol and lamotrigine: new insights from the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2019;75(9):1323–1325. DOI:10.1007/s00228-019-02691-4
  • Carnovale C, Tombetti E, Battini V, et al. Inflammasome Targeted Therapy in Pregnancy: new Insights from an Analysis of Real-World Data from the FAERS Database and a Systematic Review. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:612259.
  • Mazhar F, Pozzi M, Gentili M, et al. Association of hyponatraemia and antidepressant drugs: a pharmacovigilance–pharmacodynamic assessment through an analysis of the US Food and Drug Administration adverse event reporting system (FAERS) database. CNS Drugs. 2019;33(6):581–592. DOI:10.1007/s40263-019-00631-5
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Quarterly Data Extract Files [Internet]. https://fis.fda.gov/extensions/FPD-QDE-FAERS/FPD-QDE-FAERS.html. [cited 2022 Nov 25]. Available from: https://fis.fda.gov/extensions/FPD-QDE-FAERS/FPD-QDE-FAERS.html.
  • The R Foundation [Internet]. [cited 2022 Nov 25]. Available from: https://www.r-project.org/foundation/.
  • Adashek JJ, Khadilkar A, Enciso J, et al. A case of esmolol-induced false-positive amphetamine urine drug test. Cureus. 2021;13:e12429.
  • Apple FS, Googins MK, Kastner S, et al. Labetalol: false-positive indices by EMIT-d.a.u. assay and Toxi-Lab a urine screen. Clin Chem. 1985;31(7):1250–1251. DOI:10.1093/clinchem/31.7.1250
  • Curtin LB, Cawley MJ. Immunoassay cross-reactivity of phenylephrine and methamphetamine. Pharmacotherapy. 2012;32(5):e98–102.
  • Fenderson JL, Stratton AN, Domingo JS, et al. Amphetamine positive urine toxicology screen secondary to atomoxetine. Case Rep Psychiatry. 2013;2013:381261.
  • Fucci N. False positive results for amphetamine in urine of a patient with diabetes mellitus. Forensic Sci Int. 2012;223(1–3):e60.
  • Gilbert RB, Peng PI, Wong D. A labetalol metabolite with analytical characteristics resembling amphetamines. J Anal Toxicol. 1995;19(2):84–86.
  • Kaplan YC, Erol A, Karadaş B. False-positive amphetamine/ecstasy (MDMA/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) (CEDIA) and ecstasy (MDMA/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) (DRI) test results with fenofibrate. Ther Drug Monit. 2012;34(5):493–495.
  • Kaplan J, Shah P, Faley B, et al. Case reports of aripiprazole causing false-positive urine amphetamine drug screens in children. Pediatrics. 2015;136:e1625–1628.
  • Leclercq M, Soichot M, Delhotal-Landes B, et al. False positive amphetamines and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine immunoassays in the presence of metoprolol—two cases reported in clinical toxicology. J Anal Toxicol. 2020;44(2):200–205. DOI:10.1093/jat/bkz051
  • Nixon AL, Long WH, Puopolo PR, et al. Bupropion metabolites produce false-positive urine amphetamine results. Clin Chem. 1995;41(6):955–956. DOI:10.1093/clinchem/41.6.955
  • Olsen KM, Gulliksen M, Christophersen AS. Metabolites of chlorpromazine and brompheniramine may cause false-positive urine amphetamine results with monoclonal EMIT d.a.u. immunoassay. Clin Chem. 1992;38(4):611–612.
  • Quesada L, Gomila I, Fe A, et al. Fenofibric acid can cause false-positive urine methylenedioxymethamphetamine immunoassay results. J Anal Toxicol. 2015;39(9):734–740. DOI:10.1093/jat/bkv074
  • Schmolke M, Hallbach J, Guder WG. False-positive results for urine amphetamine and opiate immunoassays in a patient intoxicated with perazine. Clin Chem. 1996;42(10):1725–1726.
  • Snozek CLH, Kaleta EJ, Jannetto PJ, et al. False-positive amphetamine results on several drug screening platforms due to mexiletine. Clin Biochem. 2018;58:125–127.
  • Sohal S, Sous M, Pethe G, et al. Mexiletine and false positive urine drug screen for amphetamine: a case review. Case Rep Med. 2021;2021:7134394.
  • Vidal C, Skripuletz T. Bupropion interference with immunoassays for amphetamines and LSD. Ther Drug Monit. 2007;29(3):373–375.
  • Yee LM, Wu D. False-positive amphetamine toxicology screen results in three pregnant women using labetalol. Obstet Gynecol. 2011;117(2):503–506.
  • Baron JM, Griggs DA, Nixon AL, et al. The trazodone metabolite meta-chlorophenylpiperazine can cause false-positive urine amphetamine immunoassay results. J Anal Toxicol. 2011;35(6):364–368. DOI:10.1093/anatox/35.6.364
  • Bugier S, Garcia-Hejl C, Vest P, et al. A cross-reactivity of fenofibric acid with MDMA DRI assay. Mil Med. 2016;181(9):1013–1015. DOI:10.7205/MILMED-D-15-00442
  • Casey ER, Scott MG, Tang S, et al. Frequency of false positive amphetamine screens due to bupropion using the Syva EMIT II immunoassay. J Med Toxicol. 2011;7(2):105–108. DOI:10.1007/s13181-010-0131-5
  • Crane T, Dawson CM, Tickner TR. False-positive results from the Syva EMIT d.a.u. monoclonal amphetamine assay as a result of antipsychotic drug therapy. Clin Chem. 1993;39(3):549.
  • Hughey JJ, Colby JM. Discovering cross-reactivity in urine drug screening immunoassays through large-scale analysis of electronic health records. Clin Chem. 2019;65(12):1522–1531.
  • Liu L, Wheeler SE, Rymer JA, et al. Ranitidine interference with standard amphetamine immunoassay. Clin Chim Acta. 2015;438:307–308.
  • Lora-Tamayo C, Tena T, Rodríguez A, et al. High concentration of chloroquine in urine gives positive result with Amphetamine CEDIA reagent. J Anal Toxicol. 2002;26(1):58. DOI:10.1093/jat/26.1.58
  • Manzi S, Law T, Shannon MW. Methylphenidate produces a false-positive urine amphetamine screen. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2002;18(5):401.
  • Melanson SEF, Lee-Lewandrowski E, Griggs DA, et al. Reduced interference by phenothiazines in amphetamine drug of abuse immunoassays. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2006;130(12):1834–1838. DOI:10.5858/2006-130-1834-RIBPIA
  • Reidy L, Walls HC, Steele BW. Crossreactivity of bupropion metabolite with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays designed to detect amphetamine in urine. Ther Drug Monit. 2011;33(3):366–368.
  • Marin SJ, Doyle K, Chang A, et al. One hundred false-positive amphetamine specimens characterized by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol. 2016;40:37–42.
  • Chan K-H, Hsu M-C, Tseng C-Y, et al. Famprofazone use can be misinterpreted as methamphetamine abuse. J Anal Toxicol. 2010;34(6):347–353. DOI:10.1093/jat/34.6.347
  • Cody JT, Valtier S, Nelson SL. Amphetamine enantiomer excretion profile following administration of Adderall. J Anal Toxicol. 2003;27(7):485–492.
  • Greenhill B, Valtier S, Cody JT. Metabolic profile of amphetamine and methamphetamine following administration of the drug famprofazone. J Anal Toxicol. 2003;27(7):479–484.
  • Kraemer T, Wennig R, Maurer HH. The antispasmodic drug mebeverine leads to positive amphetamine results by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA)—studies on the toxicological analysis of urine by FPIA and GC-MS. J Anal Toxicol. 2001;25(5):333–338.
  • Wijngaard R, Parra-Robert M, Marés L, et al. Tetracaine from urethral ointment causes false positive amphetamine results by immunoassay. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2021;59(6):500–505. DOI:10.1080/15563650.2020.1834114
  • Pope JD, Drummer OH, Schneider HG. False-positive amphetamines in urine drug screens: a 6-year review. J Anal Toxicol. 2023;47(3):263–270.
  • Saitman A, Park H-D, Fitzgerald RL. False-positive interferences of common urine drug screen immunoassays: a review. J Anal Toxicol. 2014;38(7):387–396. doi:10.1093/jat/bku075.
  • Vincent EC, Zebelman A, Goodwin C, et al. Clinical inquiries. What common substances can cause false positives on urine screens for drugs of abuse? J Fam Pract. 2006;55(10):893–894, 897.
  • Ayala-Lopez N, Colby JM, Hughey JJ. Analysis of electronic health records reveals medication-related interference on point-of-care urine drug screening assays. J Anal Toxicol. 2022;46(1):99–102.
  • Vorce SP, Holler JM, Cawrse BM, et al. Dimethylamylamine: a drug causing positive immunoassay results for amphetamines. J Anal Toxicol. 2011;35(3):183–187. DOI:10.1093/anatox/35.3.183
  • Winek CL, Kuhlman JJ, Shanor SP. Detection and interference of some central nervous system stimulants in urine drug-screening procedures. Clin Toxicol. 1980;17(2):337–351.
  • Poklis A, Jortani SA, Brown CS, et al. Response of the Emit II amphetamine/methamphetamine assay to specimens collected following use of Vicks inhalers. J Anal Toxicol. 1993;17(5):284–286. DOI:10.1093/jat/17.5.284
  • Krasowski MD, Siam MG, Iyer M, et al. Chemoinformatic methods for predicting interference in drug of abuse/toxicology immunoassays. Clin Chem. 2009;55(6):1203–1213. DOI:10.1373/clinchem.2008.118638
  • Petrie M, Lynch KL, Ekins S, et al. Cross-reactivity studies and predictive modeling of “Bath Salts” and other amphetamine-type stimulants with amphetamine screening immunoassays. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51(2):83–91. DOI:10.3109/15563650.2013.768344
  • Mazhar F, Battini V, Pozzi M, et al. Hyponatremia following antipsychotic treatment: in silico pharmacodynamics analysis of spontaneous reports from the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System Database and an updated systematic review. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2021;24(6):477–489. DOI:10.1093/ijnp/pyab005
  • Pellegrino P, Carnovale C, Perrone V, et al. On the association between human papillomavirus vaccine and primary ovarian failure. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2014;71(4):293–294. DOI:10.1111/aji.12190
  • Kessler RC, Berglund P, Demler O, et al. The epidemiology of major depressive disorder: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). JAMA. 2003;289:3095–3105.
  • Klassen LJ, Bilkey TS, Katzman MA, et al. Comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder: treatment considerations. Curr Drug Abuse Rev. 2012;5(3):190–198. DOI:10.2174/1874473711205030190
  • Kale N. Urine Drug Tests: ordering and Interpreting Results. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(1):33–39.
  • Levy S, Siqueira LM, On Substance Abuse C, et al. Testing for drugs of abuse in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):e1798–1807. DOI:10.1542/peds.2014-0865
  • Smith ML, Nichols DC, Underwood P, et al. Methamphetamine and amphetamine isomer concentrations in human urine following controlled Vicks VapoInhaler administration. J Anal Toxicol. 2014;38(8):524–527. DOI:10.1093/jat/bku077
  • Romberg RW, Needleman SB, Snyder JJ, et al. Methamphetamine and amphetamine derived from the metabolism of selegiline. J Forensic Sci. 1995;40(6):1100–1102. DOI:10.1520/JFS13885J
  • Stahl SM. Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: neuroscientific basis and practical applications. UK: Cambridge university press; 2021.
  • Komossa K, Depping AM, Meyer M, et al. Second-generation antipsychotics for obsessive compulsive disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010; CD008141. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD008141.pub2.
  • Logan BK, Costantino AG, Rieders EF, et al. Trazodone, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (an hallucinogenic drug and trazodone metabolite), and the hallucinogen trifluoromethylphenylpiperazine cross-react with the EMIT®II ecstasy immunoassay in urine. J Anal Toxicol. 2010;34(9):587–589. DOI:10.1093/jat/34.9.587
  • Geffen J, Forster K. Treatment of adult ADHD: a clinical perspective. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol. 2018;8(1):25–32.
  • Perugi G, Pallucchini A, Rizzato S, et al. Current and emerging pharmacotherapy for the treatment of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2019;20(12):1457–1470. DOI:10.1080/14656566.2019.1618270
  • McCann BS, Simpson TL, Ries R, et al. Reliability and validity of screening instruments for drug and alcohol abuse in adults seeking evaluation for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am J Addict. 2000;9(1):1–9. DOI:10.1080/10550490050172173
  • Dupouy J, Mémier V, Catala H, et al. Does urine drug abuse screening help for managing patients? A systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;136:11–20.
  • Faillie J-L. Case–non-case studies: principle, methods, bias and interpretation. Therapie. 2019;74(2):225–232.
  • Christo PJ, Manchikanti L, Ruan X, et al. Urine drug testing in chronic pain. Pain Physician. 2011;14(2;3):123–143. DOI:10.36076/ppj.2011/14/123
  • Vandevenne M, Vandenbussche H, Verstraete A. Detection time of drugs of abuse in urine. Acta Clin Belg. 2000;55(6):323–333.
  • Rengarajan A, Mullins ME. How often do false-positive phencyclidine urine screens occur with use of common medications? Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2013;51(6):493–496.
  • Carnovale C, Lucenteforte E, Battini V, et al. Association between the glyco-metabolic adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs and their chemical and pharmacological profile: a network meta-analysis and regression. Psychol Med. 2021;52(15):1–13. DOI:10.1017/S0033291721000180
  • Galal A, El-Bakly WM, El-Kilany SS, et al. Fenofibrate ameliorates olanzapine’s side effects without altering its central effect: emphasis on FGF-21–adiponectin axis. Behav Pharmacol. 2021;32(8):615–629. DOI:10.1097/FBP.0000000000000656

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.