Intravitreal immunotherapy in non-infectious uveitis: an update

References

• Lowder C, Belfort R, Lightman S, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for noninfectious intermediate or posterior uveitis. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:545–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana RN, Porco TC. Efficacy and safety of dexamethasone intravitreal implant for persistent uveitic cystoid macular edema. Retina. 2015;35(8):1640–1646. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomkins-Netzer O, Taylor SRJ, Bar A, et al. Treatment with repeat dexamethasone implants results in long-term disease control in eyes with noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmol. 2014;121(8):1649–1654. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yap YC, Papathomas T, Kamal A. Results of intravitreal dexamethasone implant 0.7 mg (Ozurdex®) in non-infectious posterior uveitis. Int J Ophthalmol. 2015;8(4):835–838. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.04.34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arcinue CA, Cerón OM, Foster CS. A comparison between the fluocinolone acetonide (Retisert) and dexamethasone (ozurdex) intravitreal implants in uveitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2013;29(5):501–507. doi: 10.1089/jop.2012.0180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bansal P, Agarwal A, Gupta V, et al. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography changes following intravitreal dexamethasone implant, Ozurdex® in patients with uveitic cystoid macular edema. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2015;63(5):416–422. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.159870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adán A, Pelegrín L, Rey A, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant for treatment of uveitic persistent cystoid macular edema in vitrectomized patients. Retina. 2013;33(7):1435–1440. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31827e247b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleyer U, Klamann M, Laurent T-J, et al. Fast and Successful management of intraocular inflammation with a single intravitreal dexamethasone implant. Ophthalmologica. 2014;232(4):223–229. doi: 10.1159/000368987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsang AC, Virgili G, Abtahi M, et al. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant for the treatment of macular edema in chronic non-infectious uveitis. Ocular Immunology And Inflammation. 2017;25(5):690–697. doi: 10.3109/09273948.2016.1160130
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frère A, Caspers L, Makhoul D, et al. Single dexamethasone intravitreal implant in the treatment of noninfectious uveitis. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;33(4):290–297. doi: 10.1089/jop.2016.0139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khurana RN, Bansal AS, Chang LK, et al. Prospective evaluation of a sustained-release dexamethasone intravitreal implant for cystoid macular edema in quiescent uveitis. Retina. 2017;37(9):1692–1699. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001406
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zarranz-Ventura J, Carreño E, Johnston RL, et al. Multicenter study of intravitreal dexamethasone implant in noninfectious uveitis: indications, outcomes, and reinjection frequency. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;158(6):1136–1145.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2014.09.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao JH, Mulvahill M, Zhang L, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant in the treatment of persistent uveitic macular edema in the absence of active inflammation. Ophthalmol. 2014;121(10):1871–1876. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nobre-Cardoso J, Champion E, Darugar A, et al. Treatment of non-infectious uveitic macular edema with the intravitreal dexamethasone implant. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2017;25(4):447–454. doi: 10.3109/09273948.2015.1132738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palla S, Biswas J, Nagesha CK. Efficacy of ozurdex implant in treatment of noninfectious intermediate uveitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2015;63(10):767–770. doi: 10.4103/0301-4738.171505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fonollosa A, Valsero S, Artaraz J, et al. Dexamethasone intravitreal implants in the management of tubercular multifocal serpiginoid choroiditis. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2016;6(1):31. doi: 10.1186/s12348-016-0101-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal A, Handa S, Aggarwal K, et al. The role of dexamethasone implant in the management of tubercular uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(6):884–892. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1400074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiddee W, Trope GE, Sheng L, et al. Intraocular pressure monitoring post intravitreal steroids: a systematic review. Surv Ophthalmol. 2013;58(4):291–310. doi: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2012.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malclès A, Dot C, Voirin N, et al. Safety of intravitreal dexamethasone implant (OZURDEX): the Safodex study Incidence and risk factors of ocular hypertension. Retina. 2017;37(7):1352–1359. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Androudi S, Letko E, Meniconi M, et al. Safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for uveitic macular edema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2005;13(2–3):205–212. doi: 10.1080/09273940590933511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallam A, Comer RM, Chang JH, et al. Short-term safety and efficacy of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for uveitic macular edema in children. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(2):200–205. doi: 10.1001/archophthalmol.2007.59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hogewind BFT, Zijlstra C, Klevering BJ, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for the treatment of refractory macular edema in idiopathic intermediate or posterior uveitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2008;18(3):429–434. doi: 10.1177/112067210801800318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe GJ, McCallum RM, Branchaud B, et al. Long-term follow-up results of a pilot trial of a fluocinolone acetonide implant to treat posterior uveitis. Ophthalmology. 2005;112(7):1192–1198.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2005.03.013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai CX, Skalak C, Keenan RT, et al. Time to disease recurrence in noninfectious uveitis following long-acting injectable fluocinolone acetonide implant. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2020;258(5):1023–1030. doi: 10.1007/s00417-020-04614-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pockar S, Leal I, Chhabra R, et al. Intravitreal fluocinolone 0.19mg implant in the management of chronic non-infectious uveitis: 12-month outcomes from a single tertiary centre. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2021;1–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hikal M, Celik N, Auffarth GU, et al. Intravitreal 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide implant in non-infectious uveitis. J Clin Med. 2021;10(17):3966. doi: 10.3390/jcm10173966
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battista M, Starace V, Cicinelli MV, et al. Efficacy of 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide implant in non-infectious posterior uveitis evaluated as area under the curve. Ophthalmol Ther. 2022;11(1):215–224. doi: 10.1007/s40123-021-00426-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajamil-Rodanes S, Testi I, Luis J, et al. Evaluation of fluocinolone acetonide 0.19 mg intravitreal implant in the management of birdshot retinochoroiditis. Br J Ophthalmol. 2022;106(2):234–240. doi: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-317372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorne JE, Sugar EA, Holbrook JT, et al. Periocular triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal triamcinolone vs. Intravitreal dexamethasone implant for the treatment of uveitic macular edema: the PeriOcular vs. INTravitreal corticosteroids for uveitic macular edema (POINT) trial. Ophthalmol. 2019;126(2):283–295. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.08.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sallam A, Taylor SRJ, Habot-Wilner Z, et al. Repeat intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injections in uveitic macular oedema. Acta Ophthalmol. 2012;90(4):e323–325. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02247.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lasave AF, Zeballos DG, El-Haig WM, et al. Short-term results of a single intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) injection versus a single intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (kenacort) injection for the management of refractory noninfectious uveitic cystoid macular edema. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2009;17(6):423–430. doi: 10.3109/09273940903221610
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Testi I, Pavesio C. Preliminary evaluation of YUTIQ™ (fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant 0.18 mg) in posterior uveitis. Therapeutic Delivery. 2019;10(10):621–625. doi: 10.4155/tde-2019-0051
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe GJ, Foster CS, Pavesio CE, et al. Effect of an injectable fluocinolone acetonide insert on recurrence rates in chronic noninfectious uveitis affecting the posterior segment: twelve-month results. Ophthalmol. 2019;126(4):601–610. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.10.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial Research Group, Kempen JH, Altaweel MM, Holbrook JT, et al. Randomized comparison of systemic anti-inflammatory therapy versus fluocinolone acetonide implant for intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis: the multicenter uveitis steroid treatment trial. Ophthalmol. 2011Oct;118(10):1916–1926.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansari AS, Amir Z, Williams GS. Bilateral 0.19 mg fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant in the successful treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis-associated uveitis and secondary macular Oedema: a case report and review of intravitreal therapies. Ophthalmol Ther. 2021;10(1):193–200. doi: 10.1007/s40123-020-00328-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozak I, Shoughy SS, Stone DU. Intravitreal Antiangiogenic therapy of uveitic macular edema: a review. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. 2017;33(4):235–239. doi: 10.1089/jop.2016.0118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angunawela RI, Heatley CJ, Williamson TH, et al. Intravitreal triamcinalone acetonide for refractory uveitic cystoid macular oedema: longterm management and outcome. Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 2005;83(5):595–599. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2005.00438.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Senger DR, Connolly DT, Van de Water L, et al. Purification and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of guinea pig tumor-secreted vascular permeability factor. Cancer Res. 1990;50:1774–1778.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss K, Steinbrugger I, Weger M, et al. Intravitreal VEGF levels in uveitis patients and treatment of uveitic macular oedema with intravitreal bevacizumab. Eye (Lond). 2009;23(9):1812–1818. doi: 10.1038/eye.2008.388
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine HF, Baffi J, Reed GF, et al. Aqueous humor and plasma vascular endothelial growth factor in uveitis-associated cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;132(5):794–796. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(01)01103-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackensen F, Heinz C, Becker MD, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (avastin) as a treatment for refractory macular edema in patients with uveitis: a pilot study. Retina. 2008;28(1):41–45. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318156db75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lott MN, Schiffman JC, Davis JL. Bevacizumab in inflammatory eye disease. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(5):711–717.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordero Coma M, Sobrin L, Onal S, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for treatment of uveitic macular edema. Ophthalmol. 2007;114(8):1574–1579.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2006.11.028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah KK, Majumder PD, Biswas J. Intravitreal therapeutic agents in noninfectious uveitic macular edema. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66(8):1060–1073. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_35_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae JH, Lee CS, Lee SC. Efficacy and safety of intravitreal bevacizumab compared with intravitreal and posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone acetonide for treatment of uveitic cystoid macular edema. Retina. 2011;31(1):111–118. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181e378af
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahimi M, Shahrzad SS, Banifatemi M. Comparison of intravitreal injection of bevacizumab and triamcinolone acetonide in the treatment of uveitic macular edema. Iran J Immunol. 2012;9(2):136–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawali AA, Mohan A, Mehta R, et al. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor in the treatment of macular edema in epidemic retinitis. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2020;68(9):1912–1915. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_439_20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawla R, Sundar DM, Gupta P, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab for postviral fever retinitis: a novel approach for early resolution of macular oedema. BMJ Case Rep bcr2017222410, bcr-2017–222410. 2018;2018:bcr-2017–222410. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2017-222410
   Google Scholar
• Mansour AM, Mackensen F, Arevalo JF, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab in inflammatory ocular neovascularization. American Journal Of Ophthalmology. 2008;146(3):410–416.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.05.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour AM, Arevalo JF, Ziemssen F, et al. Long-term visual outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab in inflammatory ocular neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009;148(2):310–316.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.03.023
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mansour AM, Arevalo JF, Fardeau C, et al. Three-year visual and anatomic results of administrating intravitreal bevacizumab in inflammatory ocular neovascularization. Can J Ophthalmol. 2012;47(3):269–274. doi: 10.1016/j.jcjo.2012.03.042
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julián K, Terrada C, Fardeau C, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab as first local treatment for uveitis-related choroidal neovascularization: long-term results. Acta Ophthalmol. 2011;89(2):179–184. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.02046.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouvas A, Petrou P, Douvali M, et al. Intravitreal ranibizumab for the treatment of inflammatory choroidal neovascularization. Retina. 2011;31(5):871–879. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3182003ca8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menezo V, Cuthbertson F, Downes SM. Positive response to intravitreal ranibizumab in the treatment of choroidal neovascularization secondary to punctate inner choroidopathy. Retina. 2010;30(9):1400–1404. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181d374dc
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornish KS, Williams GJ, Gavin MP, et al. Visual and optical coherence tomography outcomes of intravitreal bevacizumab and ranibizumab in inflammatory choroidal neovascularization secondary to punctate inner choroidopathy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2011;21(4):440–445. doi: 10.5301/EJO.2010.6117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barth T, Zeman F, Helbig H, et al. Intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment for choroidal neovascularization secondary to punctate inner choroidopathy. Int Ophthalmol. 2018;38(3):923–931. doi: 10.1007/s10792-017-0536-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Invernizzi A, Franzetti F, Viola F, et al. Optic nerve head tubercular granuloma successfully treated with anti-VEGF intravitreal injections in addition to systemic therapy. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2015;25(3):270–272. doi: 10.5301/ejo.5000528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain S, Agarwal A, Gupta V. Resolution of large Choroidal Tuberculoma following monotherapy with intravitreal ranibizumab. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2020;28(3):494–497. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1582786
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain S, Bajgai P, Tigari B, et al. Bevacizumab for paradoxical worsening treatment adjunct in HIV patient with choroidal tuberculoma. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2016;6(1):42. doi: 10.1186/s12348-016-0112-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agarwal M, Gupta C, Mohan KV, et al. Adjunctive intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor and moxifloxacin therapy in management of intraocular tubercular granulomas. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2023;31(1):158–167. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2021.2002367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dueckers G, Guellac N, Arbogast M, et al. Evidence and consensus based GKJR guidelines for the treatment of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Clin Immunol. 2012;142(2):176–193. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2011.10.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wickremasinghe SS, Ojaimi E, Lim L, et al. Intravitreal methotrexate as adjunctive, palliative therapy in intraocular T-cell lymphoma. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2010;18(3):184–186. doi: 10.3109/09273941003637528
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SM, Jampol LM, Cantrill HL. Intraocular lymphoma presenting as retinal vasculitis. Surv Ophthalmol. 1994;39(2):133–140. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(94)90158-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katoch D, Bansal R, Nijhawan R, et al. Primary intraocular central nervous system lymphoma masquerading as diffuse retinal vasculitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2013;2013(apr30 1):bcr2013009354. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2013-009354
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalafatis NE, Agrawal KU, Ehya H, et al. Cytology-proven primary vitreoretinal lymphoma in a patient with paraneoplastic cloudy vitelliform submaculopathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2022;140(7):744–745. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2022.1554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsberge JB, Johnson RN. Vitreoretinal lymphoma following primary testicular lymphoma: report of two cases and review of the literature. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2021;24:101218. doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2021.101218
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frenkel S, Hendler K, Siegal T, et al. Intravitreal methotrexate for treating vitreoretinal lymphoma: 10 years of experience. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92(3):383–388. doi: 10.1136/bjo.2007.127928
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deng SX, Penland S, Gupta S, et al. Methotrexate reduces the complications of endophthalmitis resulting from intravitreal injection compared with dexamethasone in a rabbit model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47(4):1516–1521. doi: 10.1167/iovs.05-0880
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang E-C, Wang C-P, Lai C-H, et al. Rapid regression of cystoid macular edema associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis in adult acute myeloid leukemia by intravitreal methotrexate combined with oral valganciclovir: a case report with comparison of binocular outcome. Taiwan Journal Of Ophthalmology. 2016;6(3):145–149. doi: 10.1016/j.tjo.2015.07.004
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hardwig PW, Pulido JS, Erie JC, et al. Intraocular methotrexate in ocular diseases other than primary central nervous system lymphoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2006;142(5):883–885. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.06.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SRJ, Habot-Wilner Z, Pacheco P, et al. Intraocular methotrexate in the treatment of uveitis and uveitic cystoid macular edema. Ophthalmol. 2009;116(4):797–801. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.10.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor SRJ, Banker A, Schlaen A, et al. Intraocular methotrexate can induce extended remission in some patients in noninfectious uveitis. Retina. 2013;33(10):2149–2154. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31828ac07d
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae JH, Lee SC. Effect of intravitreal methotrexate and aqueous humor cytokine levels in refractory retinal vasculitis in Behcet disease. Retina. 2012;32(7):1395–1402. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e31823496a3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil HEDM, El Gendy HA, Youssef HAR, et al. The effectiveness of intraocular methotrexate in the treatment of posterior uveitis in Behçet’s disease patients compared to retrobulbar steroids injection. J Ophthalmol. 2016;2016:1678495. doi: 10.1155/2016/1678495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JG, Callaway NF, Ludwig CA, et al. Intravitreal methotrexate and fluocinolone acetonide implantation for Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada uveitis. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2020;19:100859. doi: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2020.100859
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Julian K, Langner-Wegscheider B-J, Haas A, et al. Intravitreal methotrexate in the management of presumed tuberculous serpiginous-like choroiditis. Retina. 2013;33(9):1943–1948. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e318285cdbe
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahin O, Ziaei A. The role of methotrexate in resolving ocular inflammation after specific therapy for presumed latent syphilitic uveitis and presumed tuberculosis-related uveitis. Retina. 2014;34(7):1451–1459. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000000080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chin EK, Almeida DRP, Mahajan VB. Management of choroidal granulomas involving the macula in corticosteroid-intolerant patients. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133(11):1351–1352. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2015.1951
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsui E, Fern CM, Goldberg NR. Treatment of refractory tubercular serpiginous–like choroiditis with intravitreal methotrexate. RETINAL Cases & Brief Reports. 2021;15(2):169–173. doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000767
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mashima A, Usui Y, Umazume K, et al. Successful treatment of necrotizing retinitis with Epstein–Barr virus-Positive ocular fluid by intravitreal methotrexate injection. Ocular Immunology And Inflammation. 2020;28(4):552–555. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1609047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mateo-Montoya A, Baglivo E, de Smet MD. Intravitreal methotrexate for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization in multifocal choroiditis. Eye (Lond). 2013;27(2):277–278. doi: 10.1038/eye.2012.262
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou X, Zhou X, Shi H, et al. Reduced frequency of intravitreal methotrexate injection lowers the risk of keratopathy in vitreoretinal lymphoma patients. BMC Ophthalmol. 2020;20(1):189. doi: 10.1186/s12886-020-01464-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdi F, Mohammadi SS, Falavarjani KG. Intravitreal Methotrexate. J Ophthalmic Vis Res. 2021;16:657–669. doi: 10.18502/jovr.v16i4.9756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharief LAT, Lightman S, Tomkins-Netzer O. Using local therapy to control noninfectious uveitis. Ophthalmol. 2018;125(3):329–331. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.09.033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Zhou H, Liu L. Side effects of methotrexate therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review. Eur J Med Chem. 2018;158:502–516. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.09.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dugel PU, Blumenkranz MS, Haller JA, et al. A randomized, dose-escalation study of subconjunctival and intravitreal injections of sirolimus in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmol. 2012;119(1):124–131. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.07.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen QD, Ibrahim MA, Watters A, et al. Ocular tolerability and efficacy of intravitreal and subconjunctival injections of sirolimus in patients with non-infectious uveitis: primary 6-month results of the SAVE study. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect. 2013;3(1):32. doi: 10.1186/1869-5760-3-32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ibrahim MA, Sepah YJ, Watters A, et al. One-year outcomes of the SAVE study: sirolimus as a therapeutic approach for UVEitis. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2015;4(2):4. doi: 10.1167/tvst.4.2.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen QD, Sadiq MA, Soliman MK, et al. The effect of different dosing schedules of intravitreal sirolimus, a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, in the treatment of non-infectious uveitis (an American Ophthalmological Society Thesis). Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2016;114:T3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen QD, Merrill PT, Clark WL, et al. Intravitreal sirolimus for noninfectious uveitis: a phase III sirolimus study assessing double-masKed uveitis TReAtment (SAKURA). Ophthalmol. 2016;123(11):2413–2423. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamai H, Nishina N, Kikuchi J, et al. Serum cytokines and bone metabolic markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with biological disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(3):721–730. doi: 10.1007/s10067-022-06390-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto M, Furu M, Yamamoto W, et al. Factors associated with the achievement of biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drug-free remission in rheumatoid arthritis: the ANSWER cohort study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2018;20(1):165. doi: 10.1186/s13075-018-1673-1
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sfikakis PP. The first decade of biologic TNF antagonists in clinical practice: lessons learned, unresolved issues and future directions. Curr Dir Autoimmun. 2010;11:180–210.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Duica I, Voinea L-M, Mitulescu C, et al. The use of biologic therapies in uveitis. Rom J Ophthalmol. 2018;62(2):105–113. doi: 10.22336/rjo.2018.16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hosseini H, Safaei A, Khalili MR, et al. Intravitreal infliximab in experimental endotoxin-induced uveitis. Eur J Ophthalmol. 2009;19(5):818–823. doi: 10.1177/112067210901900521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farvardin M, Afarid M, Mehryar M, et al. Intravitreal infliximab for the treatment of sight-threatening chronic noninfectious uveitis. Retina. 2010;30(9):1530–1535. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181d3758a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markomichelakis N, Delicha E, Masselos S, et al. Intravitreal infliximab for sight-threatening relapsing uveitis in Behçet disease: a pilot study in 15 patients. Am J Ophthalmol. 2012;154(3):534–541.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2012.03.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamza MME, Macky TA, Sidky MK, et al. INTRAVITREAL INFLIXIMAB in REFRACTORY UVEITIS in BEHCET’S DISEASE: a safety and efficacy clinical study. Retina. 2016;36(12):2399–2408. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000001109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Refaat M, Abdullatif AM, Hamza MM, et al. MONTHLY INTRAVITREAL INFLIXIMAB in BEHÇET’S DISEASE ACTIVE POSTERIOR UVEITIS. Retina. 2021;41(8):1739–1747. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0000000000003095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giganti M, Beer PM, Lemanski N, et al. Adverse events after intravitreal infliximab (remicade). Retina. 2010;30(1):71–80. doi: 10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181bcef3b
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri P, Lettieri M, Fortuna C, et al. Adalimumab (humiraTM) in ophthalmology: a review of the literature. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol. 2010;17(4):290–296. doi: 10.4103/0974-9233.71588
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tracey D, Klareskog L, Sasso EH, et al. Tumor necrosis factor antagonist mechanisms of action: a comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther. 2008;117(2):244–279. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen QD, Merrill PT, Jaffe GJ, et al. Adalimumab for prevention of uveitic flare in patients with inactive non-infectious uveitis controlled by corticosteroids (VISUAL II): a multicentre, double-masked, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2016;388(10050):1183–1192. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31339-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaffe GJ, Dick AD, Brézin AP, et al. Adalimumab in patients with active noninfectious uveitis. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(10):932–943. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1509852
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suhler EB, Adán A, Brézin AP, et al. Safety and efficacy of adalimumab in patients with noninfectious uveitis in an ongoing open-label study: VISUAL III. Ophthalmol. 2018;125(7):1075–1087. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.12.039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Androudi S, Tsironi E, Kalogeropoulos C, et al. Intravitreal adalimumab for refractory uveitis-related macular edema. Ophthalmol. 2010;117(8):1612–1616. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.12.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamam RN, Barikian AW, Antonios RS, et al. Intravitreal adalimumab in active noninfectious uveitis: a pilot study. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2016;24(3):319–326. doi: 10.3109/09273948.2014.990041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheir WJ, Mehanna C-J, Abdul Fattah M, et al. Intravitreal adalimumab for the control of breakthrough intraocular inflammation. Ocul Immunol Inflamm. 2018;26(8):1206–1211. doi: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1335756
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witmer MT, Connolly BP. CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS AFTER an INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANT in an IMMUNOCOMPETENT PATIENT. Retin Cases Brief Rep. 2021;15(6):670–672. doi: 10.1097/ICB.0000000000000904
   Google Scholar
• Ufret-Vincenty RL, Singh RP, Lowder CY, et al. Cytomegalovirus retinitis after fluocinolone acetonide (Retisert™) implant. American Journal Of Ophthalmology. 2007;143(2):334–335. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.09.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogra M, Rohilla V, Dogra M, et al. Macular cytomegalovirus retinitis following dexamethasone intravitreal implant combined with phacoemulsification. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2018;66(9):1361–1363. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_171_18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar