54
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Research

The effect of anticholinergic drugs on cognition of patients with Parkinson’s disease: a cohort study from the Egyptian population

&
Received 08 Feb 2024, Accepted 22 May 2024, Published online: 30 May 2024

References

  • de Lau LM, Breteler MM. Epidemiology of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(6):525–535. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70471-9
  • Pfeiffer HC, Løkkegaard A, Zoetmulder M, et al. Cognitive impairment in early-stage non-demented Parkinson’s disease patients. Acta Neurol Scand. 2014;129(5):307–318. doi: 10.1111/ane.12189
  • Hely MA, Reid WG, Adena MA, et al. The Sydney multicenter study of Parkinson’s disease: the inevitability of dementia at 20 years. Mov Disord. 2008;23(6):837–844. doi: 10.1002/mds.21956
  • Aarsland D, Kurz MW. The epidemiology of dementia associated with parkinson disease. J Neurol Sci. 2010;289(1–2):18–22. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.034
  • Emre M, Aarsland D, Brown R, et al. Clinical diagnostic criteria for dementia associated with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2007;22(12):1689–1707. doi: 10.1002/mds.21507
  • Pagonabarraga J, Kulisevsky J. Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2012;46(3):590–596. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.029
  • Kehagia AA, Barker RA, Robbins TW. Neuropsychological and clinical heterogeneity of cognitive impairment and dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(12):1200–1213. doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70212-X
  • Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(3):387–392. doi: 10.1001/archneur.60.3.387
  • Albin RL, van der Zee S, van Laar T, et al. Cholinergic systems, attentional-motor integration, and cognitive control in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Brain Res. 2022;269(1):345–371.
  • Narayanan NS, Albin RL. The way forward for cognition in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Brain Res. 2022;269(1):457–462.
  • Zhang Q, Aldridge GM, Narayanan NS, et al. Approach to cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2020;17(4):1495–1510. doi: 10.1007/s13311-020-00963-x
  • Connolly BS, Lang AE. Pharmacological treatment of parkinson disease: a review. JAMA. 2014;311(16):1670–1683. doi: 10.1001/jama.2014.3654
  • Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, et al. Movement disorder society evidence-based medicine committee. International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: Update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2018;33(8):1248–1266. doi: 10.1002/mds.27372
  • Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(12):1591–1601. doi: 10.1002/mds.26424
  • El-Gilany A, El-Wehady A, El-Wasify M. Updating and validation of the socioeconomic status scale for health research in Egypt. East Mediterr Health J. 2012;18(9):962–968. doi: 10.26719/2012.18.9.962
  • Goetz CG, Poewe W, Rascol O, et al. Movement disorder society task force on rating scales for Parkinson’s disease. Movement disorder society task force report on the Hoehn and Yahr staging scale: status and recommendations. Mov Disord. 2004;19(9):1020–1028. doi: 10.1002/mds.20213
  • Abdel-Khalek AM. Internal consistency of an arabic adaptation of the beck depression inventory in four Arab countries. Psychol Rep. 1998;82(1):264–166. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1998.82.1.264
  • El-Hayeck R, Baddoura R, Wehbé A, et al. An Arabic version of the mini-mental state examination for the Lebanese population: reliability, validity, and normative data. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;71(2):525–540. doi: 10.3233/JAD-181232
  • Nasreddine ZS, Phillips NA, Bédirian V, et al. The montreal cognitive assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53(4):695–659. doi: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2005.53221.x
  • Benito-León J, Louis ED, Posada IJ, et al. Population-based case-control study of cognitive function in early Parkinson’s disease (NEDICES). J Neurol Sci. 2011;310(1–2):176–182. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2011.06.054
  • Lessig S, Nie D, Xu R, et al. Changes on brief cognitive instruments over time in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2012;27(9):1125–1128. doi: 10.1002/mds.25070
  • Burté F, Houghton D, Lowes H, et al. Metabolic profiling of Parkinson’s disease and mild cognitive impairment. Mov Disord. 2017;32(6):927–932. doi: 10.1002/mds.26992
  • Aarsland D, Zaccai J, Brayne C. A systematic review of prevalence studies of dementia in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2005;20(10):1255–1263. doi: 10.1002/mds.20527
  • Saredakis D, Collins-Praino LE, Gutteridge DS, et al. Conversion to MCI and dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2019;65:20–31. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.04.020
  • Cameron IG, Watanabe M, Pari G, et al. Executive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: response automaticity and task switching. Neuropsychologia. 2010;48(7):1948–1957. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.03.015
  • Sollinger AB, Goldstein FC, Lah JJ, et al. Mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease: subtypes and motor characteristics. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2010;16(3):177–180. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2009.11.002
  • Allain H, Lieury A, Quemener V, et al. Procedural memory and Parkinson’s disease. Dementia. 1995;6(3):174–178. doi: 10.1159/000106942
  • Cooper JA, Sagar HJ, Jordan N, et al. Cognitive impairment in early, untreated Parkinson’s disease and its relationship to motor disability. Brain. 1991;114(Pt 5):2095–2122. doi: 10.1093/brain/114.5.2095
  • Sullivan EV, Sagar HJ. Double dissociation of short-term and long-term memory for nonverbal material in Parkinson’s disease and global amnesia. A further analysis. Brain. 1991;114(Pt 2):893–906. doi: 10.1093/brain/114.2.893
  • Boller F, Passafiume D, Keefe NC, et al. Visuospatial impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Role of perceptual and motor factors. Arch Neurol. 1984;41(5):485–490. doi: 10.1001/archneur.1984.04050170031011
  • Bohnen NI, Kaufer DI, Hendrickson R, et al. Cognitive correlates of cortical cholinergic denervation in Parkinson’s disease and parkinsonian dementia. J Neurol. 2006;253(2):242–247. doi: 10.1007/s00415-005-0971-0
  • Mattila PM, Röyttä M, Lönnberg P, et al. Choline acetytransferase activity and striatal dopamine receptors in Parkinson’s disease in relation to cognitive impairment. Acta Neuropathol. 2001;102(2):160–166. doi: 10.1007/s004010100372
  • Pasquini J, Brooks DJ, Pavese N. The cholinergic brain in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2021;8(7):1012–1026. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13319
  • Hilker R, Thomas AV, Klein JC, et al. Dementia in Parkinson disease: functional imaging of cholinergic and dopaminergic pathways. Neurology. 2005 13;65(11):1716–1722. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000191154.78131.f6
  • Nobili F, Arnaldi D, Campus C, et al. Brain perfusion correlates of cognitive and nigrostriatal functions in de novo Parkinson’s disease. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2011;38(12):2209–2218. doi: 10.1007/s00259-011-1874-1
  • Silbert LC, Kaye J. Neuroimaging and cognition in Parkinson’s disease dementia. Brain Pathol. 2010;20(3):646–653. doi: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2009.00368.x
  • Kuhl DE, Minoshima S, Fessler JA, et al. In vivo mapping of cholinergic terminals in normal aging, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;40(3):399–410. doi: 10.1002/ana.410400309
  • Fahn S. The medical treatment of parkinson disease from James parkinson to George Cotzias. Mov Disord. 2015;30(1):4–18. doi: 10.1002/mds.26102
  • Scharre DW, Mahler ME. Parkinson’s disease: making the diagnosis, selecting drug therapies. Geriatrics. 1994;49(10):14–16, 20–3.
  • Katzenschlager R, Sampaio C, Costa J, et al. Anticholinergics for symptomatic management of Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2002(2):CD003735. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003735
  • Pisani A, Bernardi G, Ding J, et al. Re-emergence of striatal cholinergic interneurons in movement disorders. Trends Neurosci. 2007;30(10):545–553. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2007.07.008
  • Betz AJ, McLaughlin PJ, Burgos M, et al. The muscarinic receptor antagonist tropicamide suppresses tremulous jaw movements in a rodent model of parkinsonian tremor: possible role of M4 receptors. Psychopharmacology. 2007;194(3):347–359. doi: 10.1007/s00213-007-0844-6
  • Moehle MS, Conn PJ. Roles of the M4 acetylcholine receptor in the basal ganglia and the treatment of movement disorders. Mov Disord. 2019;34(8):1089–1099. doi: 10.1002/mds.27740
  • Arany S, Kopycka-Kedzierawski DT, Caprio TV, et al. Anticholinergic medication: related dry mouth and effects on the salivary glands. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2021;132(6):662–670. doi: 10.1016/j.oooo.2021.08.015
  • Crosby N, Deane KH, Clarke CE. Amantadine in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;2003(1):CD003468. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003468
  • Paquette MA, Martinez AA, Macheda T, et al. Anti-dyskinetic mechanisms of amantadine and dextromethorphan in the 6-OHDA rat model of Parkinson’s disease: role of NMDA vs. 5-HT1A receptors. Eur J Neurosci. 2012;36(9):3224–3234. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08243.x
  • Dubois B, Pilon B, Lhermitte F, et al. Cholinergic deficiency and frontal dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 1990;28(2):117–121. doi: 10.1002/ana.410280202
  • Bédard MA, Pillon B, Dubois B, et al. Acute and long-term administration of anticholinergics in Parkinson’s disease: specific effects on the subcortico-frontal syndrome. Brain Cogn. 1999;40(2):289–313. doi: 10.1006/brcg.1999.1083
  • Syndulko K, Gilden ER, Hansch EC, et al. Decreased verbal memory associated with anticholinergic treatment in Parkinson’s disease patients. Int J Neurosci. 1981;14(1–2):61–66. doi: 10.3109/00207458108985816
  • Nishiyama K, Sugishita M, Kurisaki H, et al. Reversible memory disturbance and intelligence impairment induced by long-term anticholinergic therapy. Intern Med. 1998;37(6):514–518. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.37.514
  • Cooper JA, Sagar HJ, Doherty SM, et al. Different effects of dopaminergic and anticholinergic therapies on cognitive and motor function in Parkinson’s disease. A follow-up study of untreated patients. Brain. 1992;115(Pt 6):1701–1725. doi: 10.1093/brain/115.6.1701
  • Pondal M, Del Ser T, Bermejo F. Anticholinergic therapy and dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol. 1996;243(7):543–546. doi: 10.1007/BF00886877
  • Ehrt U, Broich K, Larsen JP, et al. Use of drugs with anticholinergic effect and impact on cognition in Parkinson’s disease: a cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010;81(2):160–165. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2009.186239
  • Barrett MI, Sargent L, Nawaz H, et al. Antimuscarinic anticholinergic medications in parkinson disease: to prescribe or deprescribe? Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2021;8(8):1181–1188. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.13347
  • Gray SL, Anderson ML, Dublin S, et al. Cumulative use of strong anticholinergics and incident dementia: a prospective cohort study. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(3):401–407. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7663
  • Sheu JJ, Tsai MT, Erickson SR, et al. Association between anticholinergic medication use and risk of dementia among patients with Parkinson’s disease. Pharmacotherapy. 2019;39(8):798–808. doi: 10.1002/phar.2305
  • Meng D, Mohammadi‐Nejad A, Sotiropoulos SN, et al. The Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative. Anticholinergic drugs and forebrain magnetic resonance imaging changes in cognitively normal people and those with mild cognitive impairment. Eur J Neurol. 2022;29(5):1344–1353. doi: 10.1111/ene.15251
  • Weintraub D, Simuni T, Caspell-Garcia C, et al. Parkinson’s progression markers initiative. Cognitive performance and neuropsychiatric symptoms in early, untreated Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord. 2015;30(7):919–927. doi: 10.1002/mds.26170
  • Dubaz OM, Wu S, Cubillos F, et al. Parkinson’s foundation quality improvement initiative investigators. Changes in prescribing practices of dopaminergic medications in individuals with Parkinson’s disease by expert care centers from 2010 to 2017: The Parkinson’s foundation quality improvement initiative. Mov Disord Clin Pract. 2019;6(8):687–692. doi: 10.1002/mdc3.12837
  • Mann A, Miksys SL, Gaedigk A, et al. The neuroprotective enzyme CYP2D6 increases in the brain with age and is lower in Parkinson’s disease patients. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33(9):2160–2171. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.08.014
  • Risacher SL, McDonald BC, Tallman EF, et al. Alzheimer’s disease neuroimaging initiative. Association between anticholinergic medication use and cognition, brain metabolism, and brain atrophy in cognitively normal older adults. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(6):721–732. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.0580
  • López-Álvarez J, Sevilla-Llewellyn-Jones J, Agüera-Ortiz L. Anticholinergic drugs in geriatric psychopharmacology. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:1309. doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01309
  • van Herwaarden G, Berger HJ, Horstink MW. Short-term memory in Parkinson’s disease after withdrawal of long-term anticholinergic therapy. Clin Neuropharmacol. 1993;16(5):438–443. doi: 10.1097/00002826-199310000-00006
  • Rolinski M, Fox C, Maidment I, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies, Parkinson’s disease dementia and cognitive impairment in Parkinson’s disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;2012(3):CD006504. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006504.pub2
  • Dubois B, Tolosa E, Katzenschlager R, et al. Donepezil in Parkinson’s disease dementia: a randomized, double-blind efficacy and safety study. Mov Disord. 2012;27(10):1230–1238. doi: 10.1002/mds.25098
  • Mantri S, Fullard M, Gray SL, et al. Patterns of dementia treatment and frank prescribing errors in older adults with parkinson disease. JAMA Neurol. 2019;76(1):41–49. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2820
  • Song IU, Kim JS, Ryu SY, et al. Donepezil-induced jaw tremor. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2008;14(7):584–585. doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2008.01.003
  • Collins LE, Paul NE, Abbas SF, et al. Oral tremor induced by galantamine in rats: a model of the parkinsonian side effects of cholinomimetics used to treat Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2011;99(3):414–422. doi: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.026
  • Alzahrani H, Venneri A. Cognitive rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. J Parkinsons Dis. 2018;8(2):233–245. doi: 10.3233/JPD-171250
  • Machado-Alba JE, Calvo-Torres LF, Gaviria-Mendoza A, et al. Prescribing patterns of antiparkinson drugs in a group of Colombian patients, 2015. Biomedica. 2018;38(3):417–426. doi: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i4.3781

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.