Clinical considerations when switching antiretroviral therapy

References

• Samji H, Cescon A, Hogg RS, et al. Closing the gap: increases in life expectancy among treated HIV-positive individuals in the United States and Canada. PLOS ONE. 2013;8(12):e81355. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakagawa F, May M, Phillips A. Life expectancy living with HIV: recent estimates and future implications. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(1):17–25. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e32835ba6b1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nanditha NGA, Paiero A, Tafessu HM, et al. Excess burden of age-associated comorbidities among people living with HIV in British Columbia, Canada: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open. 2021;11(1):e041734. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodés B, Cadiñanos J, Esteban-Cantos A, et al. Ageing with HIV: Challenges and biomarkers. EBioMedicine. 2022;77:103896. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood BR. Switching antiretroviral therapy in the setting of virologic suppression: a why and how-to guide. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019;33(3):693–705. doi: 10.1016/j.idc.2019.04.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIDS Study Group (GESIDA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Microbiology and Division for the Control of HIV, STIs, Viral Hepatitis, and Tuberculosis of the Ministry of Health. Consensus document on antiretroviral therapy in adults infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. 2023 Jan [cited 2024 Mar 10]. Available from: https://gesida-seimc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Guia_TAR_V12.pdf
   Google Scholar
• European Aids Clinics Asociation. EACS Guideline. Version12.0. 2023 Oct [cited 2024 Mar 10]. Available from: https://www.eacsociety.org/media/guidelines-12.0.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adults and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in adults and adolescents with HIV. Department of Health and Human Services. [cited 2024 Mar 10]. Available from: https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines/adult-and-adolescent-arv
   Google Scholar
• Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2022 recommendations of the international antiviral society-USA panel. JAMA. 2023;329(1):63–84. doi: 10.1001/jama.2022.22246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• So-Armah K, Benjamin LA, Bloomfield GS, et al. HIV and cardiovascular disease. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(4):e279–93. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30036-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Worm SW, Sabin C, Weber R, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with HIV infection exposed to specific individual antiretroviral drugs from the 3 major drug classes: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D: A: D) study. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(3):318–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyawo O, Brockman G, Goldsmith CH, et al. Risk of myocardial infarction among people living with HIV: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9):e025874. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baum PD, Sullam PM, Stoddart CA, et al. Abacavir increases platelet reactivity via competitive inhibition of soluble guanylyl cyclase. AIDS. 2011;25(18):2243–2248. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32834d3cc3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nan C, Shaefer M, Urbaityte R, et al. Abacavir use and risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: pooled analysis of data from clinical trials. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(5):ofy086. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax PE, Erlandson KM, Lake JE, et al. Weight gain following initiation of antiretroviral therapy: risk factors in randomized comparative clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(6):1379–1389. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz999
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surial B, Mugglin C, Calmy A, et al. Weight and metabolic changes after switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in people living with HIV: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(6):758–767. doi: 10.7326/M20-4853
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venter WDF, Moorhouse M, Sokhela S, et al. Dolutegravir plus two different prodrugs of tenofovir to treat HIV. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(9):803–815. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1902824
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erlandson KM, Carter CC, Melbourne K, et al. Weight change following antiretroviral therapy switch in people with viral suppression: pooled data from randomized clinical trials. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(8):1440–1451. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab444
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallon PWG, Brunet L, Fusco JS, et al. Lipid changes after switch from TDF to TAF in the OPERA Cohort: LDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;9(1):ofab621. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos JR, Saumoy M, Curran A, et al. The lipid-lowering effect of tenofovir/emtricitabine: a randomized, crossover, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;61(3):403–408. doi: 10.1093/cid/civ296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riebensahm C, Berzigotti A, Surial B, et al. Factors associated with liver steatosis in people with human immunodeficiency virus on contemporary antiretroviral therapy. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(11):ofac538. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roh PR, Kim SM, Kang BY, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by blocking the phosphorylation of AKT in intrahepatic mononuclear phagocytes. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;156:113952. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113952
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston A, Post FA, DeJesus E, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide plus emtricitabine versus abacavir plus lamivudine for treatment of virologically suppressed HIV-1-infected adults: a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, non-inferiority phase 3 trial. Lancet HIV. 2018;5(4):e162–71. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30010-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannone V, Passerotto RA, Lamanna F, et al. Changes in metabolic profile in PLWHIV switching to doravirine-based regimen. Viruses. 2023;15(5):1046. doi: 10.3390/v15051046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iannone V, Farinacci D, D’Angelillo A, et al. Cardiovascular disease risk in a cohort of virologically suppressed people living with HIV switching to doravirine: preliminary data from the real life. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2022;38(11):878–880. doi: 10.1089/aid.2022.0050
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggi P, Ricci ED, Martinelli CV, et al. Lipids and transaminase in antiretroviral-treatment-experienced people living with HIV, switching to a doravirine-based vs. A rilpivirine-based regimen: data from a real-life setting. Viruses. 2023;15(7):1612. doi: 10.3390/v15071612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryom L, Lundgren JD, El-Sadr W, et al. Cardiovascular disease and use of contemporary protease inhibitors: the D: A: D international prospective multicohort study. Lancet HIV. 2018;5(6):e291–e300. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30043-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatell JM, Assoumou L, Moyle G, et al. Immediate versus deferred switching from a boosted protease inhibitor-based regimen to a dolutegravir-based regimen in virologically suppressed patients with high cardiovascular risk or age ≥50 years: final 96-week results of the NEAT022 study. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(4):597–606. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy505
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatell JM, Assoumou L, Moyle G, et al. Switching from a ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitor to a dolutegravir-based regimen for maintenance of HIV viral suppression in patients with high cardiovascular risk. AIDS. 2017;31(18):2503–2514. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, DeJesus E, Sax PE, et al. Fixed-dose combination bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir-containing regimens for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: week 144 results from two randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3, non-inferiority trials. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(6):e389–e400. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30099-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckard AR, McComsey GA. Weight gain and integrase inhibitors. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2020;33(1):10–19. doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000000616
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourgi K, Jenkins CA, Rebeiro PF, et al. Weight gain among treatment-naïve persons with HIV starting integrase inhibitors compared to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors or protease inhibitors in a large observational cohort in the United States and Canada. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23(4):e25484. doi: 10.1002/jia2.25484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Halloran JA, Sahrmann J, Parra-Rodriguez L, et al. Integrase strand transfer inhibitors are associated with incident diabetes mellitus in people with HIV. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(12):2060–2065. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tovar Sanchez T, Mpoudi-Etame M, Kouanfack C, et al. Risks of metabolic syndrome in the ADVANCE and NAMSAL trials. Front Reprod Health. 2023;5:1133556. doi: 10.3389/frph.2023.1133556
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nolan NS, Adamson S, Reeds D, O’Halloran JA. Bictegravir-based antiretroviral therapy-associated accelerated hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(5):ofab077. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Halloran JA, Sahrmann J, Butler AM, et al. Brief report: integrase strand transfer inhibitors are associated with lower risk of incident cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;84(4):396–399. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surial B, Chammartin F, Damas J, et al. Impact of integrase inhibitors on cardiovascular disease events in people with human immunodeficiency virus starting antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(5):729–737. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters L, Assoumou L, González-Cordón A, et al. Limited weight impact after switching from boosted protease inhibitors to Dolutegravir in persons with human immunodeficiency virus with high cardiovascular risk: a post hoc analysis of the 96-week NEAT-022 randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(5):861–870. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac827
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sempere A, Assoumou L, González-Cordón A, et al. Incidence of hypertension and blood pressure changes in persons with human immunodeficiency virus at high risk for cardiovascular disease Switching from Boosted protease inhibitors to Dolutegravir: a post-hoc analysis of the 96-week randomised NEAT-022 trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(7):991–1009. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landovitz RJ, Zangeneh SZ, Chau G, et al. Cabotegravir is not associated with weight gain in human immunodeficiency virus-uninfected individuals in HPTN 077. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;70(2):319–322. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton RK, Dr F Jr, Deutsch R, et al. Neurocognitive change in the era of HIV combination antiretroviral therapy: the longitudinal CHARTER study. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60(3):473–480. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu862
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Debalkie Animut M, Sorrie MB, Birhanu YW, et al. High prevalence of neurocognitive disorders observed among adult people living with HIV/AIDS in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. PLoS One. 2019;14(3):e0204636. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nightingale S, Ances B, Cinque P, et al. Cognitive impairment in people living with HIV: consensus recommendations for a new approach. Nat Rev Neurol. 2023;19(7):424–433. doi: 10.1038/s41582-023-00813-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winston A, Spudich S. Cognitive disorders in people living with HIV. Lancet HIV. 2020;7(7):e504–13. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(20)30107-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gras G, Kaul M. Molecular mechanisms of neuroinvasion by monocytes-macrophages in HIV-1 infection. Retrovirology. 2010;7(1):30. doi: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fois AF, Brew BJ. The potential of the CNS as a reservoir for HIV-1 infection: implications for HIV Eradication. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep. 2015;12(2):299–303. doi: 10.1007/s11904-015-0257-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canestri A, Lescure FX, Jaureguiberry S, et al. Discordance between cerebral spinal fluid and plasma HIV replication in patients with neurological symptoms who are receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2010;50(5):773–778. doi: 10.1086/650538
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letendre SL, Mills AM, Tashima KT, et al. extended ING116070 study team. ING116070: a study of the pharmacokinetics and antiviral activity of dolutegravir in cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1-infected, antiretroviral therapy-naive subjects. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Oct;59(7):1032–1037. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciu477
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiraboschi J, Imaz A, Khoo S, et al. Total and unbound bictegravir concentrations and viral suppression in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients (Spanish HIV/AIDS Research Network, PreEC/RIS 56). J Infect Dis. [2020 Apr 7];221(9):1425–1428. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiraboschi J, Scévola S, Penchala SD, et al. Total and unbound doravirine concentrations and viral suppression in CSF. Clin Infect Dis. [2022 May 30];74(10):1855–1858. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croteau D, Rossi SS, Best BM, et al.; CHARTER Group. Darunavir is predominantly unbound to protein in cerebrospinal fluid and concentrations exceed the wild-type HIV-1 median 90% inhibitory concentration. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2013 Mar;68(3):684–689. doi: 10.1093/jac/dks441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letendre S, Marquie-Beck J, Capparelli E, et al. Validation of the CNS penetration-effectiveness rank for quantifying antiretroviral penetration into the central nervous system. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(1):65–70. doi: 10.1001/archneurol.2007.31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tozzi V, Balestra P, Salvatori MF, et al. Changes in cognition during antiretroviral therapy: comparison of 2 different ranking systems to measure antiretroviral drug efficacy on HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders [published correction appears in J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009 Dec 1;52(4): 529]. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2009;52(1):56–63. doi: 10.1097/qai.0b013e3181af83d6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marra CM, Zhao Y, Clifford DB, et al. Impact of combination antiretroviral therapy on cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA and neurocognitive performance. AIDS. 2009;23(11):1359–1366. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32832c4152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funes HA, Apostolova N, Alegre F, et al. Neuronal bioenergetics and acute mitochondrial dysfunction: a clue to understanding the central nervous system side effects of efavirenz. J Infect Dis. 2014;210(9):1385–1395. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiu273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apostolova N, Funes HA, Blas-Garcia A, et al. Efavirenz and the CNS: what we already know and questions that need to be answered. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2015;70(10):2693–2708. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkv183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leutscher PD, Stecher C, Storgaard M, et al. Discontinuation of efavirenz therapy in HIV patients due to neuropsychiatric adverse effects. Scand J Infect Dis. 2013;45(8):645–651. doi: 10.3109/00365548.2013.773067
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ciccarelli N, Fabbiani M, Di Giambenedetto S, et al. Efavirenz associated with cognitive disorders in otherwise asymptomatic HIV-infected patients. Neurology. 2011;76(16):1403–1409. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0b013e31821670fb
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills AM, Cohen C, Dejesus E, et al. Efficacy and safety 48 weeks after switching from efavirenz to rilpivirine using emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-based single-tablet regimens. HIV Clin Trials. 2013;14(5):216–223. doi: 10.1310/hct1405-216
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson M, Kumar P, Molina JM, et al. Switching to doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (DOR/3TC/TDF) maintains HIV-1 virologic suppression through 48 weeks: results of the DRIVE-SHIFT trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;81(4):463–472. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagins D, Orkin C, Daar ES, et al. Switching to coformulated rilpivirine (RPV), emtricitabine (FTC) and tenofovir alafenamide from either RPV, FTC and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or efavirenz, FTC and TDF: 96-week results from two randomized clinical trials. HIV Med. 2018;19(10):724–733. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elzi L, Erb S, Furrer H, et al. Adverse events of raltegravir and dolutegravir. AIDS. 2017;31(13):1853–1858. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001590
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonfanti P, Madeddu G, Gulminetti R, et al. Discontinuation of treatment and adverse events in an Italian cohort of patients on dolutegravir. AIDS. [2017 Jan 28];31(3):455–457. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daar ES, DeJesus E, Ruane P, et al. Efficacy and safety of switching to fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide from boosted protease inhibitor-based regimens in virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1: 48 week results of a randomised, open-label, multicentre, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2018;5(7):e347–56. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(18)30091-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Valero I, Corona D, Martínez N, et al. Real-world discontinuations due to neuropsychiatric symptoms in people living with HIV treated with second-generation integrase inhibitors: a systematic review. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2023;21(6):655–665. doi: 10.1080/14787210.2023.2203914
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cabello-Úbeda A, Baeza AG, García JT, et al. Changes in quality of sleep, mood, and other neuropsychiatric symptoms after switching dolutegravir/lamivudine/abacavir to darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in a randomized study of people with human immunodeficiency virus with poor sleep quality: GESIDA 10418. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022;9(9):ofac345. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Valero I, Blanch J, Martínez E. Perception of HIV physicians in Spain towards diagnosis and management of neuropsychiatric comorbidities in people with HIV. HIV Med. 2022;23(9):969–977. doi: 10.1111/hiv.13296
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIDS Study Group (GESIDA). Of the Spanish society of infectious diseases consensus document for the evaluation and treatment of renal diseases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection (update March 2020). [cited 2024 Mar 10]. Available from: https://gesida-seimc.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/07/GUIA_GESIDA_Renal_2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Swanepoel CR, Atta MG, D’Agati VD, et al. Kidney disease in the setting of HIV infection: conclusions from a kidney disease: improving global outcomes (KDIGO) controversies conference. Kidney Int. 2018;93(3):545–559. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobel H, Domingo P, Suarez-Lozano I, et al. Rate of cardiovascular, renal and bone disease and their major risks factors in HIV-infected individuals on antiretroviral therapy in Spain. Enferm Infec Microbiol ClinEnferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed). 2019;37(6):373–379. doi: 10.1016/j.eimc.2018.09.015
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liatsou E, Tatouli I, Mpozikas A, et al. Tenofovir-induced Fanconi syndrome presenting with life-threatening hypokalemia: review of the literature and recommendations for early detection. J Clin Med. 2023;12(22):7178. doi: 10.3390/jcm12227178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi M, Clark B, Lee TA. Fanconi syndrome in patients with human immunodeficiency virus treated with tenofovir-based antiretroviral therapy: a systematic literature review. Ann Pharmacother. 2023 Nov;6:10600280231206703. doi: 10.1177/10600280231206703 Epub ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Mocroft A, Lundgren JD, Ross M, et al. Cumulative and current exposure to potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals and development of chronic kidney disease in HIV-positive individuals with a normal baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate: a prospective international cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(1):e23–e32. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(15)00211-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Lu X, Yang X, et al. The efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral regimens for HIV-1 therapy: meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(41):e5146. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000005146
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax PE, Wohl D, Yin MT, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, coformulated with elvitegravir, cobicistat, and emtricitabine, for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection: two randomised, double-blind, phase 3, non-inferiority trials [published correction appears in lancet. 2016 Apr 30;387(10030): 1816]. Lancet. 2015;385(9987):2606–2615. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60616-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills A, Crofoot G Jr, McDonald C, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in the first protease inhibitor-based single-tablet regimen for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69(4):439–445. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sax PE, Zolopa A, Brar I, et al. Tenofovir alafenamide vs. tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in single tablet regimens for initial HIV-1 therapy: a randomized phase 2 study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67(1):52–58. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000000225
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mills A, Arribas JR, Andrade-Villanueva J, et al. Switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in antiretroviral regimens for virologically suppressed adults with HIV-1 infection: a randomised, active-controlled, multicentre, open-label, phase 3, non-inferiority study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16(1):43–52. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00348-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant JE, Daar ES, Raffi F, et al. Efficacy and safety of tenofovir alafenamide versus tenofovir disoproxil fumarate given as fixed-dose combinations containing emtricitabine as backbones for treatment of HIV-1 infection in virologically suppressed adults: a randomised, double-blind, active-controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet HIV. 2016;3(4):e158–65. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(16)00024-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada Y, Nishijima T, Watanabe K, et al. High incidence of renal stones among HIV-infected patients on ritonavir-boosted atazanavir than in those receiving other protease inhibitor-containing antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2012;55(9):1262–1269. doi: 10.1093/cid/cis621
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewster UC, Perazella MA. Acute interstitial nephritis associated with atazanavir, a new protease inhibitor. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;44(5):e81–4. doi: 10.1016/S0272-6386(04)01093-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryom L, Dilling Lundgren J, Reiss P, et al. Use of contemporary protease inhibitors and risk of incident chronic kidney disease in persons with human immunodeficiency virus: the data collection on adverse events of anti-HIV drugs (D: A: D) study. J Infect Dis. 2019;220(10):1629–1634. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiz369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jose S, Nelson M, Phillips A, et al. Improved kidney function in patients who switch their protease inhibitor from atazanavir or lopinavir to darunavir. AIDS. 2017;31(4):485–492. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000001353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premaor MO, Compston JE. The hidden burden of fractures in people living with HIV. JBMR Plus. 2018;2(5):247–256. doi: 10.1002/jbm4.10055
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Starup-Linde J, Rosendahl SB, Storgaard M, et al. Management of osteoporosis in patients living with HIV-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;83(1):1–8. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McComsey GA, Kitch D, Daar ES, et al. Bone mineral density and fractures in antiretroviral-naive persons randomized to receive abacavir-lamivudine or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate-emtricitabine along with efavirenz or atazanavir-ritonavir: aids Clinical Trials Group A5224s, a substudy of ACTG A5202. J Infect Dis. 2011;203(12):1791–1801. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir188
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin A, Bloch M, Amin J, et al. Simplification of antiretroviral therapy with tenofovir-emtricitabine or abacavir-lamivudine: a randomized, 96-week trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49(10):1591–1601. doi: 10.1086/644769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedimo R, Maalouf NM, Zhang S, et al. Osteoporotic fracture risk associated with cumulative exposure to tenofovir and other antiretroviral agents. AIDS. 2012;26(7):825–831. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e32835192ae
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloch M, Tong WW, Hoy J, et al. Switch from tenofovir to raltegravir increases low bone mineral density and decreases markers of bone turnover over 48 weeks. HIV Med. 2014;15(6):373–380. doi: 10.1111/hiv.12123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wyk J, Orkin C, Rubio R, et al. Brief report: durable suppression and low rate of virologic failure 3 years after switch to dolutegravir + rilpivirine 2-drug regimen: 148-week results from the SWORD-1 and SWORD-2 randomized clinical trials. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(3):325–330. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llibre JM, Brites C, Cheng CY, et al. Efficacy and safety of switching to the 2-drug regimen Dolutegravir/Lamivudine versus continuing a 3- or 4-drug regimen for maintaining virologic suppression in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1): week 48 results from the phase 3, noninferiority SALSA randomized trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(4):720–729. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciac130
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wyk J, Ajana F, Bisshop F, et al. Efficacy and safety of switching to dolutegravir/lamivudine fixed-dose 2-drug regimen vs continuing a tenofovir alafenamide-based 3- or 4-drug regimen for maintenance of virologic suppression in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: phase 3, randomized, noninferiority TANGO study. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71(8):1920–1929. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciz1243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duvivier C, Kolta S, Assoumou L, et al. Greater decrease in bone mineral density with protease inhibitor regimens compared with nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor regimens in HIV-1 infected naive patients. AIDS. 2009;23(7):817–824. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0b013e328328f789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TT, Moser C, Currier JS, et al. Changes in bone mineral density after initiation of antiretroviral treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine plus atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or raltegravir [published correction appears in J Infect Dis. 2020 Jun 11;221(12): 2083-2084]. J Infect Dis. 2015;212(8):1241–1249. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiv194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown TT, McComsey GA, King MS, et al. Loss of bone mineral density after antiretroviral therapy initiation, independent of antiretroviral regimen. J Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009;51(5):554–561. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0b013e3181adce44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eron JJ, Orkin C, Cunningham D, et al. Week 96 efficacy and safety results of the phase 3, randomized EMERALD trial to evaluate switching from boosted-protease inhibitors plus emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate regimens to the once daily, single-tablet regimen of darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (D/C/F/TAF) in treatment-experienced, virologically-suppressed adults living with HIV-1. Antiviral Res. 2019;170:104543. doi: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104543
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acosta RK, Willkom M, Andreatta K, et al. Switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (B/F/TAF) from dolutegravir (DTG)+F/TAF or DTG+F/Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) in the presence of pre-existing NRTI resistance. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;85(3):363–371. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagins D, Kumar P, Saag M, et al. Switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide in black americans with HIV-1: a randomized phase 3b, multicenter, open-label study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;88(1):86–95. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002731
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huhn GD, Tebas P, Gallant J, et al. A randomized, open-label trial to evaluate switching to elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide plus darunavir in treatment experienced HIV-1-infected adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(2):193–200. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000001193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos JR, Domingo P, Portilla J, et al. A randomized trial of dolutegravir plus darunavir/cobicistat as a switch strategy in HIV-1-Infected patients with resistance to at least 2 antiretroviral classes. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2023;10(11):ofad542. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofad542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podzamczer D, Imaz A, Lopez-Lirola A, et al. Switching to bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide (BIC/FTC/TAF) plus darunavir/cobicistat in heavily antiretroviral-experienced, virologically suppressed HIV-infected adults receiving complex regimens. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2023;78(11):2696–2701. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkad285
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sterman FL, Lalezari JP, Kowalczyk UM, et al. Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide plus doravirine in highly treatment-experienced men with multidrug-resistant HIV. AIDS. 2023;37(7):1057–1064. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sammet S, Touzeau-Römer V, Wolf E, et al. The DoDo experience: an alternative antiretroviral 2-drug regimen of doravirine and dolutegravir. Infection. 2023;51(6):1823–1829. doi: 10.1007/s15010-023-02075-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachega JB, Scarsi KK, Gandhi M, et al. Long-acting antiretrovirals and HIV treatment adherence. Lancet HIV. 2023;10(5):e332–42. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00051-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swindells S, Andrade-Villanueva JF, Richmond GJ, et al. Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine for maintenance of HIV-1 suppression. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1112–1123. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1904398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, Arasteh K, Górgolas Hernández-Mora M, et al. Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine after oral induction for HIV-1 infection. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(12):1124–1135. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1909512
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overton ET, Richmond G, Rizzardini G, et al. Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 2 months in adults with HIV-1 infection (ATLAS-2M), 48-week results: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study. Lancet. 2021;396(10267):1994–2005. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32666-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeger H, Overton ET, Richmond G, et al. Long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine dosed every 2 months in adults with HIV-1 infection (ATLAS-2M), 96-week results: a randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority study. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(11):e679–89. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00185-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, Bernal Morell E, Tan DHS, et al. Initiation of long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine as direct-to-injection or with an oral lead-in in adults with HIV-1 infection: week 124 results of the open-label phase 3 FLAIR study. Lancet HIV. 2021;8(11):e668–78. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00184-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutrell AG, Schapiro JM, Perno CF, et al. Exploring predictors of HIV-1 virologic failure to long-acting cabotegravir and rilpivirine: a multivariable analysis. AIDS. 2021;35(9):1333–1342. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orkin C, Schapiro JM, Perno CF, et al. Expanded multivariable models to assist patient selection for long-acting cabotegravir + rilpivirine treatment: clinical utility of a combination of patient, drug concentration, and viral factors associated with virologic failure. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;77(10):1423–1431. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramgopal MN, Castagna A, Cazanave C, et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of switching to long-acting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine versus continuing fixed-dose bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in virologically suppressed adults with HIV, 12-month results (SOLAR): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b, non-inferiority trial. Lancet HIV. 2023;10(9):e566–77. doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(23)00136-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair HA. Ibalizumab: a review in multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection. Drugs. 2020 Feb;80(2):189–196. doi: 10.1007/s40265-020-01258-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prather C, Lee A, Yen C. Lenacapavir: a first-in-class capsid inhibitor for the treatment of highly treatment-resistant HIV. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2023 Dec 5;80(24):1774–1780. doi: 10.1093/ajhp/zxad223
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derbalah A, Karpick HC, Maize H, et al. Role of islatravir in HIV treatment and prevention: an update. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2022;17(4):240–246. doi: 10.1097/COH.0000000000000740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Promsote W, DeMouth ME, Almasri CG, et al. Anti-HIV-1 antibodies: an update. BioDrugs. 2020;34(2):121–132. doi: 10.1007/s40259-020-00413-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maddali MV, Mehtani NJ, Converse C, et al. Development and validation of HIV-ASSIST, an online, educational, clinical decision support tool to guide patient-centered ARV regimen selection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82(2):188–194. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar