Citizen News Podcasts and Journalistic Role Conceptions in the United States and South Korea

REFERENCES

• Baek, Cheol. 2012. “Podcast Heyday.” Kyunghyang Weekly, February 21. http://weekly.khan.co.kr/khnm.html?mode=view&code=115&artid=201202141848451.
   Google Scholar
• Beers, David. 2006. “The Public Sphere and Online, Independent Journalism.” Canadian Journal of Education 29 (1): 109–130. doi: 10.2307/20054149
   Google Scholar
• Berinsky, Adam J., Gregory A. Huber, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2012. “Evaluating Online Labor Markets for Experimental Research: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk.” Political Analysis 20 (3): 351–368. doi: 10.1093/pan/mpr057
   Google Scholar
• Berry, Richard. 2006. “Will the iPod Kill the Radio Star? Profiling Podcasting as Radio.” Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 12 (2): 143–162. doi: 10.1177/1354856506066522
   Google Scholar
• Boczkowski, Pablo J. 2002. “The Development and Use of Online Newspapers.” In The Handbook of New Media, edited by Leah A. Lievrouw and Sonia Livingstone, 270–286. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bottomley, Andrew J. 2015. “Podcasting: A Decade in the Life of a “New” Audio Medium: Introduction.” Journal of Radio & Audio Media 22 (2): 164–169. doi: 10.1080/19376529.2015.1082880
   Google Scholar
• Carpenter, Serena. 2010. “A Study of Content Diversity in Online Citizen Journalism and Online Newspaper Articles.” New Media & Society 12 (7): 1064–1084. doi: 10.1177/1461444809348772
   Google Scholar
• Carr, Jasun, Matthew Barnidge, Byung Gu Lee, and Stephanie Jean Tsang. 2014. “Cynics and Skeptics: Evaluating the Credibility of Mainstream and Citizen Journalism.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 91 (3): 452–470. doi: 10.1177/1077699014538828
   Google Scholar
• Cassidy, William P. 2005. “Variations on a Theme: The Professional Role Conceptions of Print and Online Newspaper Journalists.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82 (2): 264–280. doi: 10.1177/107769900508200203
   Google Scholar
• Cheon, Kwan, and Ilho Chang. 2011. “Naneun Ggomsuda rocks politics.” SisaIn, October 31. http://m.sisainlive.com/news/articleView.html?idxno=11480.
   Google Scholar
• Cho, Yunho. 2016. “The Advent of Alternative Journalism in the Age of Media Distrust.” Media Today, March 27. http://www.mediatoday.co.kr/?mod=news&act=articleView&idxno=128813.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, Suyeon, and Chongseob Lim. 2013. “Analysis of the Relationships between National TV News, Twitter of the Seoul Mayoral Candidates, and ‘Naneun Ggomsuda’ during the 2011 Seoul Mayoral Election.” Broadcast & Communication 14 (4): 5–35. (in Korean)
   Google Scholar
• Crofts, S., M. Fox, A. Retsema, and B. Williams. 2005. “Podcasting: A New Technology in Search of Viable Business Models.” First Monday 10 (9). http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1273/1193. doi: 10.5210/fm.v10i9.1273
   Google Scholar
• Dahlgren, Peter. 2009. Media and Political Engagement. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, Mark. 2002. “National News Cultures: A Comparison of Dutch, German, British, Australian, and US Journalists.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (1): 134–149. doi: 10.1177/107769900207900110
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, Mark. 2003. “The Web and its Journalisms: Considering the Consequences of Different Types of News Media Online.” New Media & Society 5 (2): 203–230. doi: 10.1177/1461444803005002004
   Google Scholar
• Deuze, Mark, Axel Bruns, and Christoph Neuberger. 2007. “Preparing for an Age of Participatory News.” Journalism Practice 1 (3): 322–338. doi: 10.1080/17512780701504864
   Google Scholar
• Domingo, David, Thorsten Quandt, Ari Heinonen, Steve Paulussen, Jane B. Singer, and Marina Vujnovic. 2008. “Participatory Journalism Practices in the Media and Beyond: An International Comparative Study of Initiatives in Online Newspaper.” Journalism Practice 2 (3): 326–342. doi: 10.1080/17512780802281065
   Google Scholar
• Downie, Leonard, and Michael Schudson. 2009. “The Reconstruction of American Journalism.” Columbia Journalism Review. http://www.cjr.org/reconstruction/the_reconstruction_of_american.php.
   Google Scholar
• Edelman Trust Barometer. 2012. The 2012 Edelman Trust Barometer. http://www.edelman.com/insights/intellectual-property/2012-edelman-trust-barometer/.
   Google Scholar
• Edison Research. 2015. Podcast research. http://www.edisonresearch.com/media-research/podcast-research/.
   Google Scholar
• Einhorn, Dom. 2015. “The Medium is the Message: The Rise of Citizen Journalism and Podcasting.” Born2Invest, February 1. http://born2invest.com/cdn/the-medium-is-the-message-the-rise-of-citizen-journalism-and-podcasting/.
   Google Scholar
• Evans, Chris. 2008. “The Effectiveness of m-learning in the Form of Podcast Revision Lectures in Higher Education.” Computers & Education 50 (2): 491–498. doi: 10.1016/j.compedu.2007.09.016
   Google Scholar
• Fico, Frederick, Stephen Lacy, Steven S. Wildman, Thomas Baldwin, Daniel Bergan, and Paul Zube. 2013. “Citizen Journalism Sites as Information Substitutes and Complements for United States Newspaper Coverage of Local Governments.” Digital Journalism 1 (1): 152–168. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2012.740270
   Google Scholar
• Fouhy, Ed, and Jan Schaffer. 1995. “Civic Journalism--Growing and Evolving.” Nieman Reports 49 (1): 16.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, Lex. 2013. “Apple: One Billion iTunes Podcast Subscriptions and Counting.” Macworld, July 22. http://www.macworld.com/article/2044958/apple-one-billion-itunes-podcast-subscriptions-and-counting.html.
   Google Scholar
• Fuchs, Christian. 2010. “Alternative Media as Critical Media.” European Journal of Social Theory 13 (2): 173–192. doi: 10.1177/1368431010362294
   Google Scholar
• Globescan. 2016. BBC Poll: Trust in Media. http://www.globescan.com/news_archives/bbcreut_country.html.
   Google Scholar
• Greiff, Felicia. 2015. “Podcasts Seem to Show Audience Engagement That Other Media Would Envy.” Advertising Age, May 20. http://adage.com/article/internet-week-new-york/golden-age-podcasts-audience-engagement-king/298708/.
   Google Scholar
• Hallin, Daniel C., and Paolo Mancini. 2004. Comparing Media Systems: Three Models of Media and Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haygood, Daniel M. 2007. “A Status Report on Podcast Advertising.” Journal of Advertising Research 47 (4): 518–523. doi: 10.2501/S0021849907070535
   Google Scholar
• Heider, Don, Maxwell McCombs, and Paula M. Poindexter. 2005. “What the Public Expects of Local News: Views on Public and Traditional Journalism.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 82 (4): 952–967. doi: 10.1177/107769900508200412
   Google Scholar
• Howard, Philip N. 2011. The Digital Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Information Technology and Political Islam. Oxford, MA: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huck, Peter. 2006. “Dispatches.” The Guardian, July 31. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2006/jul/31/mondaymediasection10.
   Google Scholar
• Huff, Connor, and Dustin Tingley. 2015. “Who are these People? Evaluating the Demographic Characteristics and Political Preferences of MTurk Survey Respondents.” Research & Politics 2 (3): 1–12. doi: 10.1177/2053168015604648
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, Thomas J., and Barbara K. Kaye. 2002. “Webelievability: A Path Model Examining how Convenience and Reliance Predict Online Credibility.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 79 (3): 619–642. doi: 10.1177/107769900207900306
   Google Scholar
• Johnstone, John W. C., Edward J. Slawski, and William W. Bowman. 1972. “The Professional Values of American Newsmen.” Public Opinion Quarterly 36 (4): 522–540. doi: 10.1086/268036
   Google Scholar
• Kang, Myung Koo. 2005. “The Struggle for Press Freedom and Emergence of “Unelected” Media Power in South Korea.” In Asian Media Studies: Politics of Subjectivities, edited by John N. Erni and Siew K. Chua, 75–90. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufhold, Kelly, Sebastian Valenzuela, and Homero Gil De Zúñiga. 2010. “Citizen Journalism and Democracy: How User-Generated News Use Relates to Political Knowledge and Participation.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 87 (3–4): 515–529. doi: 10.1177/107769901008700305
   Google Scholar
• Kepplinger, Hans M., and Marcus Maurer. 2005. Abschied vom rationalen Wähler. Warum Wahlen im Fernsehen entschieden warden (The vanishing of rational voter: Why television decides elections). Freiburg, Germany: Verlag Karl Alber.
   Google Scholar
• Kern, Thomas, and Sang-hui Nam. 2009. “The Making of a Social Movement Citizen Journalism in South Korea.” Current Sociology 57 (5): 637–660. doi: 10.1177/0011392109337649
   Google Scholar
• Khamis, Sahar, and Katherine Vaughn. 2011. “Cyberactivism in the Egyptian revolution: How civic engagement and citizen journalism tilted the balance.” Arab Media and Society 14 (3): 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Kyung. 2005. “The Effects of Internet on the Participation in Collective Action: Focusing on 2002 Candle-Light Demonstration.” Hankook Sahuehak [Korean Sociology] 40 (1): 183–211.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Seung. 2010. Media Market and Publicness. Seoul, South Korea: Hanul.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Bo. 2011. “Meaningful Discourse Greets Golden Age.” Hankyoreh 21, September 27. http://h21.hani.co.kr/arti/special/special_general/30491.html.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Jie. 2012. Let’s Evolve into Homo Smartcus. Seoul, South Korea: Haenam.
   Google Scholar
• Kim, Yeojin, and Wilson Lowrey. 2014. “Who are Citizen Journalists in the Social Media Environment? Personal and social determinants of citizen journalism activities.” Digital Journalism 3 (2): 298–314. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2014.930245
   Google Scholar
• Kiousis, Spiro. 2001. “Public Trust or Mistrust? Perceptions of Media Credibility in the Information Age.” Mass Communication & Society 4 (4): 381–403. doi: 10.1207/S15327825MCS0404_4
   Google Scholar
• Kohring, Matthias, and Jörg Matthes. 2007. “Trust in News Media Development and Validation of a Multidimensional Scale.” Communication Research 34 (2): 231–252. doi: 10.1177/0093650206298071
   Google Scholar
• Koo, Chulmo, Namho Chung and Dan J. Kim. 2014. “How do Social Media Transform Politics” The Role of a Podcast ‘Naneun Ggomsuda’ in South Korea.” Information Development 31 (5): 421–434. doi: 10.1177/0266666913516883
   Google Scholar
• Korea Press Foundation. 2014. A Survey of Media Users’ Perception for the Media. Seoul, South Korea: Korea Press Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Kperogi, Farooq A. 2010. “Cooperation with the Corporation? CNN and the Hegemonic Cooptation of Citizen Journalism through iReport.com.” New Media & Society 13 (2): 314–329. doi: 10.1177/1461444810373530
   Google Scholar
• Kwak, Ki-Sung. 2012. Media and Democratic Transition in South Korea. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lambeth, Edmund B. 1998. “Public Journalism as a Democratic Practice.” In Assessing Public Journalism, edited by Edmund B. Lambeth, Philip E. Meyer, and Esther Thorson, 15–35. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lasica, Joseph D. 2003. “Blogs and Journalism need Each Other.” Nieman Reports 57 (3): 70–74.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Sook-Jong. 2005. “Democratization and Polarization in Korean Society.” Asian Perspective 29 (3): 99–125.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Young. 2012. “Re-examining Naneun Ggomsuda.” Culture & Science 4 (3): 24–35.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Jeongki, and Hyunsoo Kim. 2012. “A Study on the Impacts of using Politics Podcasts on On/Off-line Political Participation.” Korea Journalism & Communication Studies 10: 163–189.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Ki, Young Lee, Kyung Hwang, Ji Chae, Hye Cheon, and Sook Kwon. 2012. “A Critical Analysis of < I am a Weasel> and its Implications.” Korea Association for Communication and Information Studies 58: 74–105. (in Korean)
   Google Scholar
• Lüders, Marika. 2008. “Conceptualizing personal media.” New Media & Society 10 (5): 683–702. doi: 10.1177/1461444808094352
   Google Scholar
• Markman, Kris M. 2011. “Doing Radio, Making Friends, and Having Fun. Exploring the Motivations of Independent Audio Podcasters.” New Media & Society 14 (4): 547–565. doi: 10.1177/1461444811420848
   Google Scholar
• Markman, Kris M., and Caroline E. Sawyer. 2014. “Why Pod? Further Explorations of the Motivations for Independent Podcasting.” Journal of Radio & Audio Media 21 (1): 20–35. doi: 10.1080/19376529.2014.891211
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, Justin. 2014. “Trust in Mass Media Returns to All-Time Low.” Gallup, September 17. http://www.gallup.com/poll/176042/trust-mass-media-returns-time-low.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• McClung, Steven, and Kristine Johnson. 2010. “Examining the Motives of Podcast Users.” Journal of Audio and Radio Media 17 (1): 82–95. doi: 10.1080/19376521003719391
   Google Scholar
• Merritt, Davis Jr. 1991. “Your Vote Counts: The Wichita Eagle ‘s Election Project.” The Wichita Eagle. unpublished document.
   Google Scholar
• Merry, Stephanie. 2014. “‘Serial’: An Investigative Journalism Podcast becomes a Cultural Obsession.” The Washington Post, November 13. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/style-blog/wp/2014/11/13/serial-an-investigative-journalism-podcast-becomes-a-cultural-obsession/.
   Google Scholar
• Murray, Simmone. 2009. “Servicing ‘Self-Scheduling Consumers’: Public Broadcasters and Audio Podcasting.” Global Media and Communication 5 (2): 197–219. doi: 10.1177/1742766509341610
   Google Scholar
• Na, Jeong-ju. 2011. “Podcast ‘Naggomsu’ Challenges Mainstream Media.” The Korea Times, November 11. http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2011/11/113_98580.html.
   Google Scholar
• Nam, Sang-Wook. 2009. “Crisis of Journalism and the Responsibility of the Journalists.” Breaking the (Ideological) Wall conference. Korea Press Foundation, Seoul, South Korea.
   Google Scholar
• Nip, Joyce, Y. M. 2006. “Exploring the Second Phase of Public Journalism.” Journalism Studies 7 (2): 212–236. doi: 10.1080/14616700500533528
   Google Scholar
• O’Connell, Michael. 2015. “The ‘Serial’ Effect: Programmers Ramping Up on Podcasts.” The Hollywood Reporter, April 3. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/serial-effect-programmers-ramping-up-786688.
   Google Scholar
• O’Neill, Brian. 2006. “CBC.ca: Broadcast Sovereignty in a Digital Environment.” Convergence 12 (2): 179–197. doi: 10.1177/1354856506066116
   Google Scholar
• Park, Jijong. 2011. “What brought the syndrome of Naneun Ggomsuda.” Medius, October 24. http://www.mediaus.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=20558.
   Google Scholar
• Park, Chang Sup. 2013. “Political Carnivalism and an Emerging Public Sphere: Examination of a New Participatory Culture on Twitter.” International Journal of Electronic Governance 6 (4): 302–318. doi: 10.1504/IJEG.2013.060645
   Google Scholar
• Park, Kiyong. 2015. “Knowledge politics by people in their fifties.” The Hankyoreh Daily , May 22. http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/politics/politics_general/692529.html.
   Google Scholar
• Park, Chang Sup. 2015. “Korean Media Often Allied with Ruling Political Parties.” Newspaper Research Journal 36 (2): 265–278. doi: 10.1177/0739532915587297
   Google Scholar
• Pasek, J., K. Kenski, D. Romer, and K. H. Jamieson. 2006. “America's Youth and Community Engagement how Use of Mass Media is Related to Civic Activity and Political Awareness in 14-to 22-Year-Olds.” Communication Research 33 (3): 115–135. doi: 10.1177/0093650206287073
   Google Scholar
• Pew Research Center. 2013. “Over a Quarter of Internet Users Download or Listen to Podcasts.” December 27 . http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/12/27/over-a-quarter-of-internet-users-download-or-listen-to-podcasts/.
   Google Scholar
• Pew Researh Center. 2015. Podcasting: Fact Sheet. http://www.journalism.org/2015/04/29/podcasting-fact-sheet/.
   Google Scholar
• Podbbang. 2016. Podcast Ranking. http://www.podbbang.com.
   Google Scholar
• Rosen, Jay. 1999. What Are Journalists For?. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rotter, Julian B. 1967. “A New Scale for the Measurement of Interpersonal Trust.” Journal of Personality 35 (4): 651–665. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1967.tb01454.x
   Google Scholar
• Savel, Richard H., Evan B. Goldstein, Eli N. Perencevich, and Peter B. Angood. 2007. “The iCritical Care Podcast: a Novel Medium for Critical Care Communication and Education.” Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 14 (1): 94–99. doi: 10.1197/jamia.M2205
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, David. 2009. “Alternative Media.” In Mediascapes: New Patterns in Canadian Communication, edited by Leslie R. Shade, 2nd ed., 25–45. Toronto, Canada: Thomson Nelson.
   Google Scholar
• Smythe, Suzanne, and Paul Neufeld. 2010. ““Podcast Time”: Negotiating Digital Literacies and Communities of Learning in a Middle Years ELL Classroom.” Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 53 (6): 488–496. doi: 10.1598/JAAL.53.6.5
   Google Scholar
• So, Sung. 2014. “The Era of Podcast Broadcasting.” ET News, September 26. http://www.etnews.com/20140923000368.
   Google Scholar
• Stanley, Graham. 2006. “Podcasting: Audio on the Internet Comes of Age.” TESL-EJ 9 (4): 1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Stovall, James G. 2004. Web Journalism: Practice and Promise of a New Medium. Boston, MA: Pearson.
   Google Scholar
• Thurman, Neal, and Ben Lupton. 2008. “Convergence Calls.” Convergence: The Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 14 (4): 439–455. doi: 10.1177/1354856508094662
   Google Scholar
• Tsagkias, Manos, Martha Larson, and Maarten De Rijke. 2010. “Predicting Podcast Preference: An Analysis Framework and its Application.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 61 (2): 374–391.
   Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Yariv, and Joseph N. Cappella. 2003. “Do People Watch what they do not Trust? Exploring the Association between News Media Skepticism and Exposure.” Communication Research 30 (5): 504–529. doi: 10.1177/0093650203253371
   Google Scholar
• Tsfati, Yariv, and Yoram Peri. 2006. “Mainstream Media Skepticism and Exposure to Sectorial and Extranational News Media: The Case of Israel.” Mass Communication & Society 9 (2): 165–187. doi: 10.1207/s15327825mcs0902_3
   Google Scholar
• Tynes, Natasha. 2015. “Nine Podcasts for Journalists.” International Journalists’ Network, January 21. https://ijnet.org/en/blog/nine-podcasts-journalists.
   Google Scholar
• Vogt, Nancy. 2016. “Podcasting: Fact Sheet.” Pew Research Center, June 15. http://www.journalism.org/2016/06/15/podcasting-fact-sheet/
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, David H., and G. Cleveland Wilhoit. 1981. “Foreign News Coverage in two U.S. Wire Services.” Journal of Communication 31 (2): 55–63. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1981.tb01228.x
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, David H., and G. Cleveland Wilhoit. 1986. The American Journalist: A Portrait of U.S. News People and Their Work. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, David H., and G. Cleveland Wilhoit. 1996. The American Journalist in the 1990s: U.S. News People at the End of an Era. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Weaver, David H., and Lars Willnat. 2012. The Global Journalist in the 21st Century. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Weiner, Jonah. 2014. “The Voices: Toward a Critical Theory of Podcasting.” Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/arts/ten_years_in_your_ears/2014/12/what_makes_podcasts_so_addictive_and_pleasurable.html.
   Google Scholar
• Willens, Max. 2015. Americans Listen to 21 Million Hours of Podcasts Every Day, Cutting into Radio, Research Finds. International Business Times, January 23. http://www.ibtimes.com/americans-listen-21-million-hours-podcasts-every-day-cutting-radio-researchfinds-1792814.
   Google Scholar
• Wrather, Kyle. 2016. “Making ‘Maximum Fun’ for Fans: Examining Podcast Listener Participation Online.” Radio Journal: International Studies In Broadcast & Audio Media 14 (1): 43–63.
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, Masahiro, Tien-Tsung Lee, and Weina Ran. 2016. “Media Trust in a Community Context: A Multilevel Analysis of Individual-and Prefecture-Level Sources of Media Trust in Japan.” Communication Research 43 (1): 131–154. doi: 10.1177/0093650214565894
   Google Scholar
• You, Chang. 2011. “Naneun Ggomsuda: A New Phenomenon in the Social Network Age.” PoliNews, December 6. http://www.polinews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=87023.
   Google Scholar
• Youn, Young. 2001. Democracy and Media in Korea. Seoul, South Korea: Yumin Cultural Fund.
   Google Scholar