2,220
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Digital Humanitarians

Citizen journalists on the virtual front line of natural and human-caused disasters

REFERENCES

  • Aitamurto, Tanja. 2015. “Crowdsourcing as a Knowledge-Search Method in Digital Journalism: Ruptured Ideals and Blended Responsibility.” Digital Journalism: 1–18. doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1034807.
  • Allan, Stuart. 2013. Citizen Witnessing - Key Concepts in Journalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Allan, Stuart, and Chris Peters. 2015. “The ‘Public Eye’ or ‘Disaster Tourists.’” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 477–494. doi:10.1080/21670811.2015.1034517.
  • Andén-Papadopoulos, Kari, and Mervi Pantti. 2013a. “Re-imagining Crisis Reporting: Professional Ideology of Journalists and Citizen Eyewitness Images.” Journalism 14 (7): 960–977. doi:10.1177/1464884913479055.
  • Andén-Papadopoulos, Kari, and Mervi Pantti. 2013b. “The Media Work of Syrian Diaspora Activists: Brokering Between the Protest and Mainstream Media.” International Journal of Communication 7: 2185–2206. http://ijoc.org.
  • Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Brabham, Daren C. 2013. Crowdsourcing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. http://www.myilibrary.com?ID=485159.
  • Burns, Ryan. 2015a. “Digital Humanitarianism and the Geospatial Web: Emerging Modes of Mapping and the Transformation of Humanitarian Practices.” ProQuest. http://0-search.proquest.com.libraries.colorado.edu/docview/1722049030?pq-origsite=summon&accountid=14503&selectids=10000115,10000021,1006269,1008042.
  • Burns, Ryan. 2015b. “Rethinking Big Data in Digital Humanitarianism: Practices, Epistemologies, and Social Relations.” GeoJournal 80: 477–490. doi:10.1007/s10708-014-9599-xRethinking.
  • Campbell, Alison. 2015. “Information Is Aid.” Internews (Blog). http://www.internews.org/our-stories/project-updates/information-aid-syrian-refugees.
  • Chapelier, Carole, and Anita Shah. 2013. “Improving Communication between Humanitarian Aid Agencies and Crisis-affected People.” London.
  • Collins, Katie. 2013. “How AI, Twitter and Digital Volunteers Are Transforming Humanitarian Disaster Response.” Wired. http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2013-09/30/digital-humanitarianism.
  • Conneally, Paul. 2015. “Digital Humanitarianism.” In Humanitarianism, Communications and Change, edited by Simon Cottle and Glenda Cooper, 61–64. New York: Peter Lang. http://www.peterlang.com/download/datasheet/85909/datasheet_312526.pdf.
  • Crawford, Kate, and Megan Finn. 2015. “The Limits of Crisis Data: Analytical and Ethical Challenges of Using Social and Mobile Data to Understand Disasters.” GeoJournal 80 (4): 491–502. doi:10.1007/s10708-014-9597-z.
  • Creswell, John W. 2003. Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Dailey, Dharma, and Kate Starbird. 2014. “Journalists as Crowdsourcerers: Responding to Crisis by Reporting with a Crowd.” Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 23: 445–481. doi:10.1007/s10606-014-9208-z.
  • Digital Humanitarian Network. n.d. “Partners | DHN.” http://digitalhumanitarians.com/partners.
  • Downman, Scott. 2013. “Reporting Disasters from Inside a Repressive Regime: A Citizen Journalism.” Australian Journal of Communication 40 (1): 153–172.
  • European Journalism Centre. 2014. Verification Handbook: Homepage. First. Maastricht: European Journalism Centre. http://verificationhandbook.com/book/chapter7.php.
  • Eurostat. 2016. “Record Number of over 1.2 Million First Time Asylum Seekers Registered in 2015.” Eurostat. Luxembourg City, LU. http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/7203832/3-04032016-AP-EN.pdf/790eba01-381c-4163-bcd2-a54959b99ed6.
  • Global Solutions Network. 2014. “Digital Humanitarian Network: Leveraging Digital Networks for Humanitarian Response - Lighthouse Case Study.” http://gsnetworks.org/wp-content/uploads/Digital-Humanitarian-Network.pdf.
  • Hieber, Loretta. 2001. “Lifeline Media Reaching Populations in Crisis. A Guide to Developing Media Projects in Conflict Situations.”
  • Howe, Jeff. 2006. “The Rise of Crowdsourcing.” Wired Magazine. http://www.wired.com/2006/06/crowds/.
  • Hughes, Amanda Lee, and Andrea H. Tapia. 2015. “Social Media in Crisis When Professional Responders Meet Digital Volunteers .” Homeland Security & Emergency Management 12 (3): 679–706.
  • Imran, Muhammad, Carlos Castillo, Ji Lucas, Patrick Meier, and Sarah Vieweg. 2014. “AIDR - Artificial Intelligence for Disaster Response.” In WWW’14 Companion, 1–5. Seoul, Korea: ACM. doi:10.1145/2567948.2577034.
  • Internews. 2015. “European Refugee Response.” Humanitarian Data Exchange. https://data.humdata.org/dataset/european-mediterranean-refugee-response.
  • Kawulich, Barbara B. 2005. “Participant Observation as a Data Collection Method.” Forum: Qualitative Social Research 6 (2). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0502430.
  • Lewis, Seth C. 2012. “The Tension between Professional Control and Open Participation.” Information, Communication & Society 15 (6): 836–866. doi:10.1080/1369118X.2012.674150.
  • Lewis, Seth C., and Oscar Westlund. 2015. “Big Data and Journalism.” Digital Journalism 3 (3): 447–466. doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.976418.
  • Ley, Benedikt, Thomas Ludwig, Volkmar Pipek, Dave Randall, Christian Reuter, and Torben Wiedenhoefer. 2014. “Information and Expertise Sharing in Inter-organizational Crisis Management.” Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) 23: 347–387. doi:10.1007/s10606-014-9205-2.
  • Ludwig, Thomas, Christian Reuter, and Volkmar Pipek. 2013. “What You See is What I Need: Mobile Reporting Practices in Emergencies.” In ECSCW 2013: Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, edited by Olav W. Bertelsen, Luigina Ciolfi, Maria Antonietta Grasso, and George Angelos Papadopoulos. Paphos, Cyprus: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-5346-7.
  • Ludwig, Thomas, Christian Reuter, and Volkmar Pipek. 2015. “Social Haystack: Dynamic Quality Assessment of Citizen-Generated Content During Emergencies.” ACM Trans. Comput.-Hum. Interact. Article 22 (17). doi:10.1145/2749461.
  • Madianou, Mirca. 2015. “Digital Inequality and Second-Order Disasters: Social Media in the Typhoon Haiyan Recovery.” Social Media +  Society 1 (2). doi:10.1177/2056305115603386.
  • Martin-Shields, Charles. 2013. “The Technologists Dilemma: Ethical Challenges of Using Crowdsourcing Technology in Conflict and Disaster-Affected Regions.” Georgetown Journal of International Affairs 14: 157–163. doi:10.1525/sp.2007.54.1.23.
  • McClure, Dan, and Ian Gray. 2015. “Engineering Scale Up in Humanitarian Innovations Missing Middle.” In IEEE 2015 Global Humanitarian Technology Conference (GHTC), edited by Paul Wesling, 114–122. Seattle, WA, USA: IEEE. doi:10.1109/GHTC.2015.7343963.
  • Meier, Patrick. 2013. “AIDR: Artificial Intelligence for Disaster Response.” iRevolution. https://irevolutions.org/2013/10/01/aidr-artificial-intelligence-for-disaster-response/.
  • Novak, Julie M, and Kathleen G Vidoloff. 2011. “New Frames on Crisis: Citizen Journalism Changing the Dynamics of Crisis Communication.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 29 (3): 181–202.
  • Örnebring, Henrik. 2013. “Anything You Can Do, I Can Do Better? Professional Journalists on Citizen Journalism in Six European Countries.” International Communication Gazette 75 (1): 35–53. doi:10.1177/1748048512461761.
  • Palen, Leysia. 2013. “Disaster Management as a Socially Distributed Information System.” Selected Papers of Internet Research 14.0. http://spir.aoir.org/index.php/spir/article/viewFile/864/442.
  • Palen, Leysia, Sarah Vieweg, and Kenneth Mark Anderson. 2010. “Supporting “Everyday Analysts” in Safety- and Time-critical Situations.” The Information Society 27 (1): 52–62. doi:10.1080/01972243.2011.534370.
  • Paulussen, Steve, Ari Heinonen, David Domingo, and Thorsten Quandt. 2007. “Doing It Together: Citizen Participation In The Professional News Making Process.” Observatorio (OBS*) 1 (3): 131–154. doi:1646-5954/ERC123483/2007131.
  • Phillips, Jennie. 2015. “Exploring the Citizen-driven Response to Crisis in Cyberspace, Risk and the Need for Resilience.” In Humanitarian Technology Conference (IHTC2015), 2015 IEEE Canada International, 1–6. Ottawa, ON: IEEE. doi:10.1109/IHTC.2015.7238051.
  • Read, Róisín, Bertrand Taithe, and Roger MacGinty. 2016. “Data Hubris - Humanitarian Information Systems and the Mirage of Technology.” Third World Quarterly: 1–18. doi:10.1080/01436597.2015.1136208.
  • Reese, Stephen D. 2016. “The New Geography of Journalism Research.” Digital Journalism 1–11. doi:10.1080/21670811.2016.1152903.
  • Reese, Stephen D., and Pamela J. Shoemaker. 2016. “Media Sociology and the Hierarchy of Influences Model a Levels of Analysis Perspective on the Networked Public Sphere.” Mass Communication & Society: 1–39. doi:10.1080/15205436.2016.1174268.
  • Shklovski, Irina, Leysia Palen, and Jeannette Sutton. 2008. “Finding Community through Information and Communication Technology During Disaster Events.” In CSCW 08, 127–136. San Diego, CA: ACM. http://www.ics.uci.edu/~ishklovs/pubs/cscw08.pdf.
  • Sienkiewicz, Matt. 2014. “Start Making Sense: A Three-Tier Approach to Citizen Journalism.” Culture & Society 36 (5): 691–701. doi:10.1177/0163443714527567.
  • Standby Task Force. n.d. “Our Activation Criteria.” Standby Task Force. http://www.standbytaskforce.org/for-humanitarian-agencies/our-activation-criteria/.
  • Starbird, Kate, and Leysia Palen. 2013. “Working & Sustaining the Virtual ‘Disaster Desk.’” CSCW Conference Paper. http://faculty.washington.edu/kstarbi/cscw2013_final-2.pdf.
  • Sutton, Jeannette, Leysia Palen, and Irina Shklovski. 2005. “Backchannels on the Front Lines: Emergent Uses of Social Media in the 2007 Southern California Wildfires.” In Proceedings of the 5th International ISCRAM Conference, edited by F. Fiedrich and B. Van de Walle, 624–632. Washington, DC: ISCRAM.
  • Tapia, Andrea H., and Kathleen Moore. 2014. “Good Enough Is Good Enough - Overcoming Disaster Response Organizations Slow Social Media Data Adoption.” Computer Supported Cooperative Work 23: 438–512. doi:10.1007/s10606-014-9206-1.
  • Thorsen, Einar, and Stuart Allan, eds. 2009. Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives, Volume 1. New York: Peter Lang. http://citizenjournalism.me.
  • Thorsen, Einar, and Stuart Allan, eds. 2014. Citizen Journalism: Global Perspectives, Volume 2. New York: Peter Lang. http://citizenjournalism.me.
  • United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2015. “Incorporating Big Data into Humanitarian Opeartions.” http://digitalhumanitarians.com/sites/default/files/resource-field_media/IncorporatingBigDataintoHumanitarianOps-2015.pdf.
  • Van Der Haak, Bregtje, Michael Parks, and Manuel Castells. 2012. “The Future of Journalism: Networked Journalism.” International Journal of Communication 6: 2923–2938.
  • Vultee, Fred, and Denise M Vultee. 2011. “What We Tweet About When We Tweet About Disasters: The Nature and Sources of Microblog Comments During Emergencies.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters 29 (3): 221–242.
  • Waisbord, Silvio. 2011. “Can NGOs Change the News?” International Journal of Communication 5: 142–165. http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/787/515.
  • Waisbord, Silvio. 2013a. “Post-Professional Journalism.” In Reinventing Professionalism: Journalism and News in Global Perspective, 202–221. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Waisbord, Silvio. 2013b. “The Professional Logic of Journalism.” In Reinventing Professionalism: Journalism and News in Global Perspective, 121–148. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press.
  • Wall, Melissa. 2015. “Citizen Journalism.” Digital Journalism 3 (6): 797–813. doi:10.1080/21670811.2014.1002513.
  • Wall, Melissa, and Sahar El Zahed. 2015. “Embedding Content from Syrian Citizen Journalists: The Rise of the Collaborative News Clip.” Journalism 16 (2): 163–180. doi:10.1177/1464884914529213.
  • Watson, Hayley. 2011. “Preconditions for Citizen Journalism: A Sociological Assessment.” Sociological Research Online 16 (3). doi:10.5153/sro.2417.
  • Watson, Hayley. 2013. “Citizen Journalism as Data for Disaster Research.” International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 31 (2): 219–246.
  • Wright, Kate. 2015. “‘These Grey Areas.’” Journalism Studies, June 1–21. doi:10.1080/1461670X.2015.1036904.
  • Yin, Robert K. 2014. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 5th ed. Los Angeles: SAGE.
  • Ziemke, Jen. 2012. “Crisis Mapping: The Construction of a New Interdisciplinary Field?” Journal of Map and Geography Libraries 8: 101–17. doi:10.1080/15420353.2012.662471.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.