480
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ARTICLES

Future Photographs of U.S. Women in Combat

Gatekeeping and hierarchy of influences

ORCID Icon

REFERENCES

  • Arnow, Pat. 2005. “Where Have All the Bodies Gone?” Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, July. http://fair.org/index.php.
  • Babbie, Earl. 2011. The Basics of Social Research. Boston, MA: Cengage Learning.
  • Balabanović, Marko, Lonny L Chu, and Gregory J Wolff. 2000. “Storytelling with Digital Photographs.” Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. The Hague, The Netherlands, April 1–6.
  • Beasley, Berrin, and Tracy Collins Standley. 2002. “Shirts vs. Skins: Clothing as an Indicator of Gender Role Stereotyping in Video Games.” Mass Communication and Society 5 (3): 279–293. doi: 10.1207/S15327825MCS0503_3
  • Bell, Emily. 2014. “Silicon Valley and Journalism: Make Up or Break Up.” Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, Presented at the Reuters Memorial Lecture 2014, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. http://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/events/silicon-valley-and-journalism-make-or-break.
  • Bennett, Lance W. ed. 2004. “Gatekeeping and Press–Government Relations: A Multigated Model of News Construction.” In Handbook of Political Communication Research, edited by Lynda Lee Kaid, 283–313. Mahwah, NN: Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Berger, John. 1972. Ways of Seeing London. London, UK: British Broadcasting Corporation and Penguin Books.
  • Berger, John. 2008. Ways of Seeing. UK: Penguin.
  • Bishop, Ronald. 2003. “Missing in Action Feature Coverage of Women’s Sports in Sports Illustrated.” Journal of Sport & Social Issues 27 (2): 184–194.
  • Bissell, Kimberly L. 2000. “A Return to ‘Mr. Gates’: Photography and Objectivity.” Newspaper Research Journal 21 (3): 81–93.
  • Blanton, DeAnne. 1993. “Women Soldiers of the Civil War.” National Archives. Prologue Magazine 25 (1).
  • Blanton, DeAnne, and Lauren Cook Wike. 2002. They Fought Like Demons: Women Soldiers in the American Civil War. Baton Rouge: Louisianna State University Press.
  • Bock, Mary Angela. 2008. “Together in the Scrum.” Visual Communication Quarterly 15 (3): 169–179. doi: 10.1080/15551390802235511
  • Boczkowski, Pablo J. 2004. “The Processes of Adopting Multimedia and Interactivity in Three Online Newsrooms.” Journal of Communication 54 (2): 197–213. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02624.x
  • Boczkowski, Pablo J. 2005. Digitizing the News: Innovation in Online Newspapers. Cambridge, MA; London, UK: The MIT Press.
  • Bro, Peter, and Filip Wallberg. 2015. “Gatekeeping in a Digital Era.” Journalism Practice 9 (1): 92–105. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2014.928468
  • Bullock Museum. 2013. Women Shaping Texas in the 20th Century. Austin, TX: Bullock Museum.
  • Bumiller, Elisabeth, and Thom Shanker. 2013. “Pentagon is Set to Lift Combat Ban for Women.” The New York Times.
  • Campbell, David E., and Christina Wolbrecht. 2006. “See Jane Run: Women Politicians as Role Models for Adolescents.” The Journal of Politics 68 (2): 233–247. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00402.x
  • Cassidy, William P. 2006. “Gatekeeping Similar for Online, Print Journalists.” Newspaper Research Journal 27 (2): 6–23.
  • Charters, Elizabeth. 2003. “The Use of Think-aloud Methods in Qualitative Research: An Introduction to Think-Aloud Methods.” Brock Education 12 (2): 68–82.
  • CNN Staff. 2013a. By the Numbers: Women in the U.S. Military. http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/24/us/military-women-glance/.
  • CNN Staff. 2013b. Pentagon Says Women in All Combat Units by 2016. http://www.cnn.com/2013/06/18/politics/women-combat/, CNN Politics, 1.
  • Coleman, Renita. 2006. “The Effects of Visuals on Ethical Reasoning: What’s a Photograph Worth to Journalists Making Moral Decisions?” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 83 (4): 835–850. doi: 10.1177/107769900608300407
  • Corbin, Juliet, and Anselm Strauss. 2008. Basics of Qualitative Research: Techniques and Procedures for Developing Grounded Theory. Los Angeles: Sage.
  • Dalglish, Lucy. 2004. “Censoring The Truth About War.” The News Media and the Law (Summer): 1.
  • Edell, Julie A, and Richard Staelin. 1983. “The Information Processing of Pictures in Print Advertisements.” Journal of Consumer Research 10 (1): 45–61. doi: 10.1086/208944
  • Ette, Mercy. 2013. “Gendered Frontlines: British Press Coverage of Women Soldiers Killed in Iraq.” Media, War & Conflict 6 (3): 249–262. doi: 10.1177/1750635213487276
  • Fahmy, Shahira, and Wayne Wanta. 2007. “What Visual Journalists Think Others Think the Perceived Impact of News Photographs on Public Opinion Formation.” Visual Communication Quarterly 14 (1): 16–31. doi: 10.1080/15551390701361632
  • Furia, Stacie R, and Denise D Bielby. 2009. “Bombshells on Film: Women, Military Films, and Hegemonic Gender Ideologies.” Popular Communication 7 (4): 208–224. doi: 10.1080/15405700903046369
  • Gettleman, Jeffrey. 2004. Enraged Mob in Falluja Kills 4 American Contractors. nytimes.com.
  • Gibbons, Sheila. 2009. “No Excuses: Women at the Top Deserve Coverage.” Media Report to Women 37 (1): 24–25.
  • Graber, Doris A. 1990. “Seeing is Remembering: How Visuals Contribute to Learning from Television News.” Journal of Communication 40 (3): 134–156. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-2466.1990.tb02275.x
  • Graber, Doris A. 1996. “Say It with Pictures.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 546: 85–96. doi: 10.1177/0002716296546001008
  • Harrington, Peter. 2009. “Women in War: Western Art of the Last 500 Years Illustrates the Diverse Roles Women Have Played in Times of Conflict.” MHQ: The Quarterly Journal of Military History 22 (1): 88–93.
  • Herbert, Melissa S. 2000. Camouflage Isn’t Only for Combat: Gender, Sexuality, and Women in the Military. New York: NYU Press.
  • Hodges, Louis W. 1986. “The Journalist and Professionalism.” Journal of Mass Media Ethics 1 (2): 32–36. doi: 10.1080/08900528609358264
  • Holland, Shannon L. 2006. “The Dangers of Playing Dress-up: Popular Representations of Jessica Lynch and the Controversy Regarding Women in Combat.” Quarterly Journal of Speech 92 (1): 27–50. doi: 10.1080/00335630600687123
  • Howard III, John W, and Laura C Prividera. 2004. “Rescuing Patriarchy or Saving Jessica Lynch: The Rhetorical Construction of the American Woman Soldier.” Women and Language 27 (2): 89.
  • Johnstone, Christopher J, Nicole A Bottsford-Miller, and Sandra J Thompson. 2006. “Using the Think Aloud Method (Cognitive Labs) to Evaluate Test Design for Students with Disabilities and English Language Learners. Technical Report 44.” National Center on Educational Outcomes, University of Minnesota.
  • Kamarck, Kristy N. 2015. “Women in Combat: Issues for Congress.” (CRS Report R42075). Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service.
  • Katz, Elihu, Hanna Adoni, and Pnina Parness. 1977. “Remembering the News: What the Picture Adds to Recall.” Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 54 (2): 231–239. doi: 10.1177/107769907705400201
  • Kinnick, Katherine N, Dean M Krugman, and Glen T Cameron. 1996. “Compassion Fatigue: Communication and Burnout Toward Social Problems.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 73 (3): 687–707. doi: 10.1177/107769909607300314
  • Labre, Magdala Peixoto, and Lisa Duke. 2004. ““Nothing Like a Brisk Walk and a Spot of Demon Slaughter to Make a Girl’s Night”: The Construction of the Female Hero in the Buffy Video Game.” Journal of Communication Inquiry 28 (2): 138–156. doi: 10.1177/0196859903261795
  • Lewalter, Doris. 2003. “Cognitive Strategies for Learning from Static and Dynamic Visuals.” Learning and Instruction 13 (2): 177–189. doi: 10.1016/S0959-4752(02)00019-1
  • Lichtman, Doug, and Eric Posner. 2006. “Holding Internet Service Providers Accountable.” Supreme Court Economic Review 14: 221–259. doi: 10.1086/scer.14.3655313
  • Martinez, Luis. 2013. Pentagon to Lift Ban on Women in Combat. abcnews.go.com. http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/women-combat-defense-secretary-leon-panetta-lifts-pentagon/story?id=18295570.
  • McCracken, Grant. 1988. Qualitative Research Methods Series: The Long Interview. Newbury Park: Sage Publications.
  • McKinley, Christopher J, and Shahira Fahmy. 2011. “Passing the “Breakfast Test”: Exploring the Effects of Varying Degrees of Graphicness of War Photography in the New Media Environment.” Visual Communication Quarterly 18 (2): 70–83. doi: 10.1080/15551393.2011.574060
  • Moeller, Susan D. 1999. Compassion Fatigue: How the Media Sell Disease, Famine, War and Death. New York: Routledge.
  • Morris, Jon D, Chong Moo Woo, and A. J. Singh. 2005. “Elaboration Likelihood Model: A Missing Intrinsic Emotional Implication.” Journal of Targeting, Measurement and Analysis for Marketing 14 (1): 79–98. doi: 10.1057/palgrave.jt.5740171
  • New York Times. 2015. “Mother of Two is Third Woman to Graduate as an Army Ranger.” Women in the World. http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2015/10/13/mother-of-two-is-the-third-woman-to-graduate-as-an-army-ranger/.
  • Newhall, Beaumont. 1964. The History of Photography from 1839 to the Present Day. New York: Museum of Modern Art.
  • Newton, Julianne. 2001. The Burden of Visual Truth: The Role of Photojournalism in Mediating Reality. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Nielsen, Rasmus Kleis. 2014. “Varieties of Online Gatekeeping.” Rethinking Journalism II: The Societal Role & Relevance of Journalism in a Digital Age, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Available at SSRN 2675055.
  • Olmsted-Hawala, Erica L, Elizabeth D Murphy, Sam Hawala, and Kathleen T Ashenfelter. 2010. “Think-Aloud Protocols: A Comparison of Three Think-Aloud Protocols for Use in Testing Data-Dissemination Web Sites for Usability.” Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
  • Pantti, Mervi, and Stefanie Sirén. 2015. “The Fragility of Photo-Truth.” Digital Journalism 3 (4): 495–512. doi: 10.1080/21670811.2015.1034518
  • Patten, Eileen, and Kim Parker. 2011. Women in the US military: Growing Share, Distinctive Profile. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
  • Perlmutter, David D. 1999. Visions of War: Picturing Warfare from the Stone Age to the Cyber Age. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Pew Research Center. 2012. “Exposure to Combat Rises for Women in the Military.” Pew Research Center. Accessed February 10 2012. http://www.pewresearch.org/daily-number/exposure-to-combat-rises-for-women-in-the-military/.
  • Rakow, Lana F. 2011. “Commentary: Interviews and Focus Groups as Critical and Cultural Methods.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 88 (2): 416–428. doi: 10.1177/107769901108800211
  • Reese, Stephen D. 2001. “Understanding the Global Journalist: A Hierarchy-of-Influences Approach.” Journalism Studies 2 (2): 173–187. doi: 10.1080/14616700118394
  • Rees, M. B. 2007. “Fiction Can be More Real Than Journalism.” In Journalism, the Color Gray too often Comes out a Muddy Brown. Neiman Reports, Summer, June 16–17.
  • Robinson, Sue. 2014. “Introduction.” Journalism Practice 8 (2): 113–120. doi: 10.1080/17512786.2013.859822
  • Rozendaal, Esther, Moniek Buijzen, and Patti M Valkenburg. 2012. “Think-Aloud Process Superior to Thought-Listing in Increasing Children’s Critical Processing of Advertising.” Human Communication Research 38 (2): 199–221. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2958.2011.01425.x
  • Ryan, Kathleen M. 2015. “Military Life: Coordinating WWII Magazine Publicity by the US Naval Women's Reserve.” Journalism History 40 (4): 217.
  • Sasson-Levy, Orna. 2002. “Constructing Identities at the Margins: Masculinities and Citizenship in the Israeli Army.” The Sociological Quarterly 43 (3): 357–383. doi: 10.1111/j.1533-8525.2002.tb00053.x
  • Shapiro, Michael A, and A Lang. 1994. Think-Aloud and Thought-List Procedures in Investigating Mental Processes, Measuring Psychological Responses to Media Messages. New York: Routledge.
  • Schanberg, Sydney. 1991. “A Muzzle for the Press.” The Gulf War Reader: History, Documents, Opinions: 368.
  • Shoemaker, Pamela J, Martin Eichholz, Eunyi Kim, and Brenda Wrigley. 2001. “Individual and Routine Forces in Gatekeeping.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 78 (2): 233–246. doi: 10.1177/107769900107800202
  • Shoemaker, Pamela J, and Stephen D Reese. 1996. Mediating the Message White Plains. New York: Longman.
  • Shoemaker, Pamela J, and Stephen D Reese. 2013. Mediating the Message in the 21st Century: A Media Sociology Perspective. New York: Routledge.
  • Shoemaker, Pamela J, and Tim P Vos. 1996. “Media Gatekeeping.” An Integrated Approach to Communication Theory and Research 79–91.
  • Silcock, B William, and Carol B Schwalbe. 2010. “Visual Gatekeeping: A New Model for a Classic Theory.” Broadcast Education Association, Las Vegas, Nevada, April 15, 2010.
  • Singer, Jane B. 1997. “Changes and Consistencies: Newspaper Journalists Contemplate Online Future.” Newspaper Research Journal 18 (1): 2–18.
  • Singer, Jane B. 2006. “Stepping Back from the Gate: Online Newspaper Editors and the Co-production of Content in Campaign 2004.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 83 (2): 265–280. doi: 10.1177/107769900608300203
  • Smolkin, Rachel. 2004. “Photos of the Fallen: The Controversy over Coffin Photos Illustrates News Organizations’ Frustrations with Depicting Death in the Iraq War.” American Journalism Review 26 (3): 14–16.
  • Sontag, Susan. 1977. On Photography. New York: Picador.
  • Tan, Michelle. 2016. “Meet the Army’s First Female Infantry Officer.” Army Times. http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/careers/army/officer/2016/04/27/meet-armys-first-female-infantry-officer/83591066/.
  • Tuchman, Gaye. 1978. Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press.
  • Van den Haak, Maaike J, and Menno D. T. de Jong. 2003. “Exploring Two Methods of Usability Testing: Concurrent Versus Retrospective Think-Aloud Protocols.” Professional Communication Conference, 2003. IPCC 2003. Proceedings, IEEE International.
  • Voss, Barbara L. 2006. “Engendered Archaeology: Men, Women, and Others.” In Historical Archaeology, edited by Martin Hall, and Stephen Silliman, 107–127. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Washington Post. 2013, 2014. Faces of the Fallen. http://apps.washingtonpost.com/national/fallen/.
  • Weaver, David Hugh, and G Cleveland Wilhoit. 1996. The American Journalist in the 1990s: US News People at the End of an Era. Mahwah, NJ: Laurence Erlbaum.
  • Welter, Barbara. 1966. “The Cult of True Womanhood: 1820–1860.” American Quarterly 18 (2), Part 1 (Summer 1966): 151–174. doi: 10.2307/2711179
  • White, David Manning. 1950. “The Gatekeeper: A Case Study in the Selection of News.” Journalism Quarterly 27 (4): 383–390.
  • Zelizer, Barbie. 2005. “Journalism through the Camera’s Eye.” In Journalism: Critical Issues, edited by Stuart Allan, 167–176. Berkshire, England: Open University Press.
  • Zelizer, Barbie. 2010. About to Die. How News Images Move the Public. London/New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Zillmann, Dolf, Rhonda Gibson, and Stephanie L Sargent. 1999. “Effects of Photographs in News-Magazine Reports on Issue Perception.” Media Psychology 1 (3): 207–228. doi: 10.1207/s1532785xmep0103_2

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.